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PubMed2005

[Risk factors for delinquent behavior in schizophrenic patients -- a survey from Krafft-Ebing till today].

The dangerousness of psychotic, especially schizophrenic patients has always been a matter for controversial discussion. On the one side psychiatrists got under suspicion to show too much understanding for deviant and aggressive acts of their patients and to forget the public need for security. On the other side experts disagreed in their opinion on the risk of aggressive behaviour. The following paper reviews the development in evaluation of risk factors from Krafft-Ebing to the presence. On this way the studies of Böker are a milestone in forensic psychiatry. The doctrine "schizophrenic = irresponsible = dangerous" was not valid any more. He showed that the risk for violence depends on much more than the diagnosis of mental illness. Based on the outcome of his study and his differentiated descriptions of subtypes of schizophrenia and their individual risk of violence modern psychological prognostic instruments were developed.

Crime↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of carrying a weapon and related behaviors in urban schoolchildren, 1989 to 1993.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the prevalence of weapon carrying in an epidemiologic sample of about 1500 urban schoolchildren between spring 1989 and spring 1993. DESIGN: A descriptive analysis based on 5 years of cross-sectional confidential survey data. SETTING: An urban public school system in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. PARTICIPANTS: The study base included all children who were interviewed in each year from 1989 to 1993, disregarding the number of prior or subsequent interviews. The mean age of the participants in the sample was 9 years when the survey began. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Carrying a nonlethal or lethal weapon (eg, a stick, knife, or gun) to defend or to threaten or hurt someone, assessed by self-report. Reports of interpersonal aggression also were obtained. RESULTS: Knife and gun carrying increased with age while stick carrying decreased. In 1989, carrying a lethal weapon (eg, knife or gun) was reported by 11.7% of boys and 3.3% of girls; in 1993, these proportions had increased to 22.2% and 15.3%, respectively. Gun carrying increased over time; by 1993, 9.9% of boys and 1.4% of girls reported that they had carried a gun in the previous year. Carrying a weapon to defend or protect oneself was more commonly reported than to hurt or threaten someone. Various types of interpersonal aggression were frequently reported among boys and girls in each year. Our findings support the hypothesis that early involvement with a weapon is associated with later more serious involvement with a weapon. CONCLUSIONS: Involvement in weapons-related behavior starts young, well before the middle school year. Effective intervention programs may require attention to the early determinants of involvement with weapons, sex differences, and perhaps also the changing profile of reasons given for carrying and using weapons in conjunction with other forms of aggressive behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Developmental issues in the assessment and treatment of adolescent perpetrators of sexual abuse.

Sexual abuse perpetrated by adolescents is not recognized as a major problem. While there may be similarities between adults and adolescents who perpetrate sexual abuse, adolescent sexual abusers face developmental issues which are different from those of adults. It is argued that the specific needs of the adolescent sexual abuser cannot be fully understood by simply extrapolating knowledge derived from work with adult perpetrators. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the importance of the developmental issues facing the adolescent perpetrator of sexual abuse and their implications for the assessment and treatment of this group of sexual abusers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Adolescent health-threatening and health-enhancing behaviors: a study of word association and imagery.

PURPOSE: To examine the ways in which perceived risks and benefits relate to health-threatening and health-enhancing behaviors by adolescents. METHOD: The study used a word association methodology to explore adolescents' thoughts and affective feelings associated with five health-threatening behaviors (e.g., drinking beer, smoking cigarettes) and three health-enhancing behaviors (e.g., exercising, using a seat belt). RESULTS: Each behavior elicited a mix of positive and negative associations. Health-threatening behaviors had many positive associations in common, such as having fun, social facilitation, and physiological arousal. Health-enhancing behaviors had much less commonality in their positive associations. Patterns of negative associations were not highly similar across behaviors. The content and affective tone of the associations were closely linked to participation in health-threatening behaviors and health-enhancing behaviors. Participants in an activity were far more likely than nonparticipants to associate that activity with positive outcomes, concepts, and affect and less likely to produce outcomes, concepts, and affect and less likely to produce negative associations. CONCLUSIONS: The word association methodology provides a useful technique for exploring adolescents' cognitions and affective reactions with regard to health-related behaviors. The data provided by this method have implications for prevention and intervention programs, as well as for future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1968

The effects and side effects of punishing the autistic behaviors of a deviant child.

Timeout procedures in the home and extinction and reinforcement of incompatible behaviors in the laboratory failed to eliminate the disruptive and dangerous climbing behavior of a deviant child. Punishment with electric shock was used to eliminate this behavior in the laboratory and then in the home. The effects were reversible and were restricted to specific stimulus conditions. A less severe form of punishment was used to eliminate the child's autistic rocking. Other behaviors of the subject were continuously measured in the laboratory to determine the side effects of punishment. No suppression of other behaviors correlated with punishment was noted. However, the rate of some behaviors increased when punishment was used to eliminate deviant behaviors, but these increases were, primarily, desirable.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Reduction of severe behavior problems in the community using a multicomponent treatment approach.

Problem behavior often prevents community integration of people with developmental disabilities. Therefore, we evaluated a multicomponent approach for remediating problem behavior in public community settings (specifically, supermarkets). We selected treatments based on hypotheses about the variables controlling the problem behavior (hypothesis-driven model). The multicomponent intervention included choice making, embedding, functional communication training, building tolerance for delay of reinforcement, and presenting discriminative stimuli for nonproblem behavior. Treatment progress was monitored using measures of latency and task completion rather than traditional measures of frequency and time sampling. Results showed substantial increases in task completion and duration of time spent in supermarkets without problem behavior. Outcomes were socially validated by group-home staff and cashiers. We discuss how the intervention approach taken can resolve some of the issues involved in assessing, measuring, and treating problem behavior in the community.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

Mentally abnormal offenders. Evaluation and management of violence.

Over the past two decades, much has been learned about the evaluation and management of violent patients. This has been translated into clinical guidelines for the evaluation and management of violent persons with psychiatric disorders. New research on neurotransmitters and the use of technology that can explore neurophysiologic and chemical activity in the brain promises continued advances in this area of psychiatry.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Risk behaviors syndrome and subjective health and life satisfaction in youth aged 15 years].

UNLABELLED: THE PURPOSE of this study was to define risk behaviour syndrome and its influence on subjective health and life satisfaction in adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was based on the HBSC study (HBSC -- Health Behaviour in School Aged Children. A WHO Cross-National Collaborative Study) carried out in Poland in 2002. The sample (N=2152) was selected as representative of pupils from III grade of secondary schools (mean age 15.7). Multivariate logistic regression models were estimated to assess the risk of poor health, frequent psychological or somatic complaints and low life satisfaction in relation to number of escalated risk behaviours, gender, place of residence, family affluence and school achievements. RESULTS: The index of multiple escalated risk behaviours was derived by summing six components: every day smoking, frequent episodes of drunkenness, drug abuse, early sexual initiation, frequent bullying and fighting (alpha-Cronbach=0.696). Almost 43% of adolescents reported at least one out of six behaviours, while 12%, three or more. The number of risk behaviours is increasing dramatically in adolescents from lower social classes and in students with poor school achievement. Boys are less likely to report poor health and low life satisfaction, but more likely than girls to be involved in multiple health compromising behaviours. Adolescents engaged in 4 or more risk behaviours, comparing to not engaged, were at higher risk of poor health (OR=2.39; CI(OR)=(1.51-3.78)) and low life satisfaction (OR=1.65; CI(OR)=(1.06-2.58)). In girls even single risk behaviour resulted in negative health outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Psychoactive substances abuse, early sexual initiation and frequent contact with violence form internally consistent syndrome of risk behaviours in youth. Adolescents from poor families and with poor school achievements are more likely to be involved in multiple risk behaviours, especially in deprived urban areas. Subjective well-being is highly associated with the expression of risk behaviours.

Adolescent↗