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PubMed1990

Electrical activity of the posterior thalamic nucleus and the hippocampus during wakefulness and desynchronized sleep in the rat: a spectral analysis.

The electrical activity of the posterior thalamic nuclear complex was studied in rats and related to the simultaneous hippocampal electro-oscillogram. Electrocorticographic tracings and spectral analysis showed that during attentive wakefulness the electro-oscillogram peaked at 8 Hz and in desynchronized sleep it oscillated at regular frequencies between 8 and 9 Hz. In quiet wakefulness, frequency was lower (around 6 Hz) and during synchronized sleep rhythmicity disappeared. The electrophysiological patterns during wakefulness and desynchronized sleep are proposed to be linked to the retrieval and combination of information for the generation of attention and dream content.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parental dreams, dilemmas, and decision-making in cinéma vérité.

Our film Dreams and Dilemmas: Parents and the Practice of Neonatal Care is on its way to meeting its goal of furthering the "Principles for Family Centered Neonatal Care" (Harrison H. Pediatrics 1993;92:643-50) through cinéma vérité depiction of parental involvement in decision-making. Reality-based filmmaking can provide valuable and successful educational material that advances care and understanding. However, there are real practical and ethical concerns such as privacy, consent, and uncertain or unknown future impact on participants. Successful reality-based filmmaking in a complex medical environment such as a neonatal intensive care unit requires careful attention to ways of ensuring full communication between all those involved and efforts to allay participants' anxiety about being portrayed unfavorably. The most important ingredient, however, is the skill and ability of the filmmaker to engender trust.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2006

Sleep and wakefulness disturbances in Parkinson's disease.

Patients with Parkinson's disease experience prominent difficulties in maintaining sleep, painful night-time abnormal movements, and daytime sleepiness, sometimes culminating in sleep attacks. Recent insights into the pathophysiology of sleep disorders in PD points to a complex interaction between movement disorders, side-effects of dopamine agents and lesions in sleep-wake regulating systems. Treatment with dopamine agonists provides a twice higher risk of daytime sudden sleep episodes than levodopa, with no difference between ergotic and non ergotic compounds. Insomnia can be improved by a better control of night-time disability, restless legs syndrome and dystonia using subthalamic nucleus stimulation or night-time levodopa. A specific REM sleep disorder contributes to REM sleep behavior disorder and also to hallucinations (suggesting they could be awake dreams) and excessive daytime sleepiness. The management of sleep and alertness problems requires to analyze their potential causes, to monitor night-time and daytime sleep, and to subtly adjust psychotropic and dopaminergic treatment.

Hallucinations↗
PubMed2005

Heart failure and sleep apnoea: to sleep perchance to dream.

Heart failure and sleep apnoea are major health problems with an increasingly recognized association; evidence suggests that sleep apnoea may play a role in the progression of heart failure. However, confounding factors such as obesity, hypertension and coronary heart disease make this relationship uncertain and an independent correlation remains unproven. Diagnosis of sleep apnoea is suboptimal, as it is often asymptomatic and polysomnography is expensive and time-consuming. A simple and reliable screening protocol is required. All heart failure patients should be considered to be at high risk of sleep apnoea, as this association might be linked to adverse outcome. Continuous positive airway pressure has shown some beneficial effects, but long-term outcome and improvement in survival remains to be demonstrated. Despite recent advances in the understanding of the complex relationship between heart failure and sleep apnoea, there are a number of areas requiring further investigation, which may have important implications for the management and prognosis of a significant number of patients.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure↗
PubMed1999

DREAM++: flexible docking program for virtual combinatorial libraries.

We present a set of programs, DREAM+2 (Docking and Reaction programs using Efficient seArch Methods written in C++), for docking computationally generated ligands into macromolecular binding sites. DREAM++ is composed of three programs: ORIENT++, REACT++ and SEARCH++. The program ORIENT++ positions molecules in a binding site with the DOCK algorithm. Its output can be used as input to REACT++ and SEARCH+2. The program REACT++ performs user-specific chemical reactions on a docked molecule, so that reaction products can be evaluated for three dimensional complementarity with the macromolecular site. The program SEARCH++ performs an efficient conformation search on the reaction products using a hybrid backtrack and incremental construction algorithm. We have applied the programs to HIV protease-inhibitor complexes as test systems. We found that we can differentiate high-affinity ligands based on several measures: interaction energies, occupancy of protein subsites and the number of successfully docked conformations for each product. Encouraged by the results in the test case, we applied the programs to propose novel inhibitors of HIV protease. These inhibitors can be generated by organic reactions using commercially available reagents. They are alternatives to the inhibitors synthesized by Glaxo.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

The phallic castration complex and primary femininity: paired developmental lines toward female gender identity.

I suggest that two developmental lines contribute to the achievement of female gender identity. One is rooted in the phallic castration complex, and the other in primary femininity. Far from being mutually exclusive, the two comprise necessary aspects of every girl's progress toward becoming a woman. To that extent, every woman's analysis will include the analysis of compromise formations that emerge from both. In distinguishing clinical manifestations of each developmental line, I suggest that it may be useful to conceptualize primary femininity and the phallic castration complex as affect-defense configurations which incorporate two fundamentally different ideas about danger. In conflicts of primary femininity, danger is anticipated: anxiety is the signal for compromise formation, since what is actually possessed (the female genital) is valued and is therefore imagined as subject to danger. In the phallic castration complex, danger is imagined already to have occurred. Depressive affect becomes the primary motive for defense, based on a fantasy that what is valued (the male genital) has already been lost. This distinction may facilitate our efforts to specify exactly how recent revisions in theories of female development have explicit implications for practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

From the cell biology to the development of new chemotherapeutic approaches against trypanosomatids: dreams and reality.

Members of the Trypanosomatidae family comprise a large number of species that are causative agents of important diseases such as sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease and Leishmaniasis. These organisms are also of biological interest since they are able to change the morphology according to the environment where they live, through a process of reversible cell transformation, and possess structures and organelles that are not found in mammalian cells. This review analyses the process of transformation, which takes place during the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Special attention is given to the interaction of the parasite with vertebrate cells. In addition, the present knowledge of structures and organelles such as the nucleus, the plasma membrane, the sub-pellicular microtubules, the flagellum, the kinetoplast-mitochondrion complex, the peroxisome (glycosome), the acidocalcisome and the structures and organelles involved in the endocytic pathway, is reviewed from a cell biology perspective. The possible use of available data for the development of new anti parasite drugs is also discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Women reconstruct more details than men for a complex five-minute narrative: implications for right-hemispheric factors in the serial memory effect.

A total of 20 men and 20 women listened to a 5-min. ambiguous narrative (the "Billy" story). When the subjects were asked (unexpectedly) to reconstruct the details of the story as a written narrative 30 min. later, women employed about 50% more words and comparably more accurate detail than the men. Covariance for pre-experimental experiences suggested that the women's proficiency could be related to the greater representation of linguistic processes within the right (non-dominant) hemisphere. The hypothesis that the classic deficit of reconstructional accuracy for events during the middle of a story is related to right-hemispheric inhibition was also supported. Subjects who recalled the fewest details reported more vivid dreaming during the subsequent two days.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG PET study.

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a behavioral state characterized by cerebral cortical activation with dreaming as an associated behavior. The brainstem mechanisms involved in the generation of REM sleep are well-known, but the forebrain mechanisms that might distinguish it from waking are not well understood. We report here a positron emission tomography (PET) study of regional cerebral glucose utilization in the human forebrain during REM sleep in comparison to waking in six healthy adult females using the 18F-deoxyglucose method. In REM sleep, there is relative activation, shown by increased glucose utilization, in phylogenetically old limbic and paralimbic regions which include the lateral hypothalamic area, amygdaloid complex, septal-ventral striatal areas, and infralimbic, prelimbic, orbitofrontal, cingulate, entorhinal and insular cortices. The largest area of activation is a bilateral, confluent paramedian zone which extends from the septal area into ventral striatum, infralimbic, prelimbic, orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex. There are only small and scattered areas of apparent deactivation. These data suggest that an important function of REM sleep is the integration of neocortical function with basal forebrain-hypothalamic motivational and reward mechanisms. This is in accordance with views that alterations in REM sleep in psychiatric disorders, such as depression, may reflect dysregulation in limbic and paralimbic structures.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antisense tumor therapy (a dream under construction).

Cancer, as a genetic disease, is a logical target for gene-oriented therapy--either by replacing the missing/nonfunctioning gene or by depressing the activity of an unwanted gene. The latter is really the inhibition of gene expression using oligonucleotide-based or "antisense" treatment. There are several strategies to achieve this: anti-gene or anti-code with triplex formation; ribozyme with endogenous catalytic RNase activity; antisense with oligonucleotides through steric inhibition or RNaseH activation; and sense strategy to inhibit or trap proteins by nucleic acids. There are two essential partners of the approach: targeted sequence in the unwanted gene/molecule and the complementary antisense oligo (-ribo- or -deoxyribonucleotide). The antisense sequences require chemical modifications (mostly on the phosphodiester backbone, less in the sugar or in the bases) to avoid nucleases, to form complexes for better delivery (in the organism and also in the cell). The activity of the unwanted target should be non-randomly associated with cancer (e.g. abl/ber). Both aspects of antisense treatment require further improvements to get longer lasting and real sequence-specific antitumor effect which could be competitive with the available therapeutic modalities.

DNA, Antisense↗
PubMed2004

Envy: one or many?

This paper reports conceptual and clinical research about envy. It consists of an examination and comparison of Klein's points of view of 1952, where the feeling of exclusion from the envious object is stressed, and of 1957, based on the split death instinct that is projected onto the envied object. These two approaches are contrasted with the point of view of the author, where envy is understood as the result of a particular kind of object relation, in which the subject registers an asymmetry with its peer, that he considers unfair, due to the biased action of an idealized omnipotent object, on whom the subject depends and that gives to the envied one, and deceives the envious one, leading to experiencing a compound of emotions: hatred, love, sense of unfairness, wish of revenge, helplessness and incapacity of the subject to provide for himself. The mental state just described emerges from clinical observations, and is illustrated with the passage from the Bible where Abel, the envied one, is killed by Cain, the envious one, showing their relationship with Jehovah, biased in his preferences, a situation designated by the author as 'Cain's complex'. In this paper some considerations are also made concerning the modalities of envy: penis envy in women, the relationship between envy and narcissism, the difference between envy and jealousy, and the interpretative handling of envy. To answer the question posed in the title, the conclusion is that envy presents a central nucleus with different elaborative branches.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

A child reading: some educational and psychological considerations.

This paper notes that reading is a significant and complex task; effective reading skills are crucial for educational success and psychological integration; Data from the Remedial Reading Clinic, Institute of Education and data from a reading survey amongst 1,157 Primary Six pupils from 18 schools is with the two aspects noted above as a framework. The work of Bruno Bettelheim, a noted child psychiatrist is given special attention.

Asia↗
PubMed2006

Normal sleep and circadian rhythms: neurobiologic mechanisms underlying sleep and wakefulness.

Sleep is a vital, highly organized process regulated by complex systems of neuronal networks and neurotransmitters. Sleep plays an important role in the regulation of central nervous system and body physiologic functions. Sleep architecture changes with age and is easily susceptible to external and internal disruption. Reduction or disruption of sleep can affect numerous functions varying from thermoregulation to learning and memory during the waking state.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1976

Psychoanalytic treatment of the obese person. Part III.

This paper is an attempt to clarify some of the issues which face the psychiatrist in his efforts at treating the obese patient through analytic means. A thoroughgoing bias in Western culture impairs the psychiatric and non-psychiatric medical care of the obese person. Inconclusive evidence concerning the causal relation between obesity and chronic disease does not deter this cultural bias from exaggerating the role that obesity is thought to play in disease process. Whatever contribution it makes to physical illness, obesity remains a substantial social disability that is frequently associated with self-hate and feelings of ineffectiveness. Scientific investigations indicate that adiposity is determined by interactions of genetic and environmental influences acting at different levels of complexity within the organism. Hence, the adipocyte itself may influence existing fatness and retard weight reduction. Constitutional factors affecting the hypothalamus may contribute to obesity in certain individuals. Also, cortical effects determine maladaptive eating behavior and excessive adiposity. Poor eating habits which are associated with emotional conflict seem to strongly affect the development and continuance of obesity in most fat persons. The interaction among adipocyte, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex remains unclear. The various treatments of obesity have been shown to be of little impact in helping overweight persons to sustain weight loss. Diet control, exercise, group psychotherapy, and behavior modification show slight benefit. Recent controlled studies dispute earlier claims that behavior modification is effective in achieving meaningful and lasting weight loss. Claims that intestinal bypass procedures are a useful treatment also require further supporting evidence. Psychoanalytic or intensive sustained psychotherapeutic treatment of the obese person emphasizes exploration of the entire personality. As long-neglected constructive forces are stregthened, weight loss may proceed. Psychoanalytic treatment is not indicated for obesity uncomplicated by neurotic distortions. In the presence of interpersonal problems and personal ineffectiveness, psychoanalysis has real utility. It is not clear that obesity is a major determinant of impaired physical or emotional health. Rather, the medical indictment of obesity seems to stem from the need to justify an intensely negative cultural bias. Casual disregard of this fact and of the complexity involving issues of etiology and treatment may signify inadequate appreciation in the psychoanalyst of the extent to which he participates in this cultural bias. The continuing failure of medical science to devise a means to help fat persons sustain weight loss to any meaningful degree has prevented the development of studies which would show if weight reduction truly does provide uniformly enhanced physical and emotional well-being...

Dreams↗
PubMed1996

A revised psychoanalytic view of menopause.

The traditional psychoanalytic view of menopause regards it as inevitably accompanied by reactive depression resulting from the loss of reproductive function. This view is grounded on a theory of female sexual development that stresses the centrality of the phallic castration complex. The inevitable menopausal depression involves a remobilization of this complex and a reexperiencing of castration fears. The new view, based on the concept of primary feminine identity, complements the concept of a phallic castration complex with the related concept of female castration anxiety. In this view menopause, though it typically involves physical discomfort and a reworking of maternal identification, involves an interplay of both types of castration fears. By understanding and analyzing these fears, progressive adaptation to menopause, including the opportunity for enhanced creativity and emotional fulfillment, is possible. A clinical case example is presented to illustrate these ideas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Apropos of a paranoid filiation delirium: the "intelligence" complex of dementia and psychiatry with associated absence of critical "control"].

Based on a clinical observation of a paranoid filiation delirium, the authors raise the fundamental question of the nature of psychotic structure itself. They suggest an interpretation of the structure of the psychosis as an attempt to rationalize and give shape to an inarticulate discourse. This work as a whole should be looked upon in the perspective of a new approach to the psychiatric occurrence through what might be called a relativist epistemology.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Working with women survivors of the Holocaust: affective experiences in transference and countertransference.

This paper describes and discusses some late effects of massive traumatization on two women survivors of the Holocaust. Both had appeared to recover from their affective experience of psychic death and hopelessness in Auschwitz and to have moved towards a resumption of further stages of the life cycle. The normal transitional crises of adolescence, when children emotionally separate from their parents, led to severe breakdown in both these patients. Analysis showed that denial, repression and splitting had enabled them to distance themselves from the overwhelming horror of their past, but it had also led to concrete thinking as opposed to metaphorical, and to non-differentiation of psychic and somatic pain. Their inability to dream and the absence of fantasy life in the material could neither facilitate the analytic task of working through these patients' unbearable experience, nor enable them at first to face and recover unbearable affects during the course of the analysis. Hence the analyst's acceptance of an unbearable countertransference and careful monitoring of the affects evoked proved to be an invaluable tool.

Affect↗
PubMed1986

The place of Germanic language and culture in Freud's discovery of psychoanalysis between 1895 and 1900.

Freud's self-analysed dreams between 1895 and 1900 point out: His attachment to his German mother tongue and the use of its peculiarities to represent certain polymorphous perverse fantasies of childhood (voyeurism, masochistic mostly); the recourse to living foreign languages (English and French mostly) to name the parts of the self both left alive and foreign to the consciousness; the use of Latin and Greek words to constitute one scientific universal language fitting to the knowledge of the unconscious. For Freud, the German culture is the culture to which he belongs; the antique Mediterranean culture being the culture of reference. It allows him to get free from the motherly symbiosis and to discover the Oedipus complex. The variety of languages and cultures is necessary to the preconscious activity of the psychoanalyst to whom it provides 'intermediate ideas'.

Austria↗