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PubMed2003

Adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) at maintenance are more sensitive to diets containing excess vitamin A than to vitamin A-deficient diets.

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the physiological responses of adult cockatiels at maintenance to dietary vitamin A (VA) concentrations, and to identify concentrations associated with deficiency and toxicity. Adult cockatiels at maintenance (n = 22, 2-3 y of age) were fed a diet of 0, 600, 3000 or 30,000 microg VA/kg (0, 2000, 10,000 or 100,000 IU), and monitored for signs of VA deficiency or toxicity for up to 706 d. The analyzed diet concentrations were 0, 835, 2815 and 24,549 microg/kg, respectively. After 269 d, birds fed the 30,000 microg/kg VA diet had greater plasma retinal concentrations, markedly intensified vocalization patterns, pancreatitis and multifocal accumulation of lymphocytes in the lamina propria of the duodenum compared to birds fed the 600 microg/kg diet (P < 0.05). The 3000 microg/kg VA diet induced increased plasma retinol, splenic hemosiderosis and altered vocalization patterns (P < 0.05), although not as striking as those induced by the 30,000 microg/kg VA diet. The secondary antibody response was reduced after 225 d and vocalization patterns were altered in birds fed 0 microg/kg VA (P < 0.05), but after almost 2 y there were no changes in body condition, plasma retinol, organ pathology or classical signs of deficiency such as squamous metaplasia of nasal epithelia. Thus, adult cockatiels at maintenance were more susceptible to VA toxicity than to VA deficiency and concentrations > or = 3000 microg VA/kg diet can cause toxicity. It is possible that disturbances in VA nutrition contribute to the widespread incidence of behavioral problems reported in companion birds.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Diet-induced thermogenesis and glucose oxidation in broiler chickens: influence of genotype and diet composition.

The main objectives of this study were to explore the role of diet-induced thermogenesis in the regulation of voluntary feed intake and to determine the glucose oxidation of broiler chicken strains, known to differ in glucose-insulin balance. From 2 to 7 wk of age, male broiler chickens of a fat and a lean line were reared on 1 of 2 isoenergetic diets with constant gross energy and carbohydrate levels but with substitutions between fat and protein. The low protein (LP/HF) diet contained 126 g of protein/kg and 106 g of fat/kg, whereas the low fat (LF/HP) diet contained 242 g of protein/kg and 43 g of fat/kg. There was no significant effect of the genetic background of the broilers on the glucose oxidation rate (as measured by stable isotope breath test) or protein oxidation (as measured by plasma uric acid levels). Considering the difference in carcass composition (fat content) of both lines, this leads to the hypothesis that the lines differ predominantly in fat metabolism. Although there was no line effect on plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations, it was hypothesized that there might be differences in fat oxidation or de novo lipogenesis, or both, between the genotypes. Diet-induced thermogenesis per metabolic body weight (kg of BW0.75) per 24 h, expressed per gram of feed intake, was not significantly influenced by genetic background or by diet composition. Therefore, a model linking feed intake to diet-induced thermogenesis, as postulated for adult mammals, could not be corroborated for growing broiler chickens.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2001

Trends in diet, nutritional status, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases in China and India: the economic costs of the nutrition transition.

Undernutrition is being rapidly reduced in India and China. In both countries the diet is shifting toward higher fat and lower carbohydrate content. Distinct features are high intakes of foods from animal sources and edible oils in China, and high intakes of dairy and added sugar in India. The proportion of overweight is increasing very rapidly in China among all adults; in India the shift is most pronounced among urban residents and high-income rural residents. Hypertension and stroke are relatively higher in China and adult-onset diabetes is relatively higher in India. Established economic techniques were used to measure and project the costs of undernutrition and diet-related noncommunicable diseases in 1995 and 2025. Current WHO mortality projections of diet-related noncommunicable diseases, dietary and body composition survey data, and national data sets of hospital costs for healthcare, are used for the economic analyses. In 1995, China's costs of undernutrition and costs of diet-related noncommunicable diseases were of similar magnitude, but there will be a rapid increase in the costs and prevalence of diet-related noncommunicable diseases by 2025. By contrast with China, India's costs of undernutrition will continue to decline, but undernutrition costs did surpass overnutrition diet-related noncommunicable disease costs in 1995. India's rapid increase in diet-related noncommunicable diseases and their costs projects similar economic costs of undernutrition and overnutrition by 2025.

China↗

PubMed2005

Reductive effect of body weight in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet by Saesaengmyung Diet.

The Saesaengmyung Diet (SD) is a newly developed dietary product to help control weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether SD combined with a high-fat (HF) diet could influence body weight, fat accumulation, and glucose levels in blood. C57BL/6J mice were fed for 8 weeks with a standard diet, an HF diet, and an HF + 10% or HF + 20% SD diet. Body weight was recorded weekly, and plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and glucose were analyzed at the end of the study. Weight increases in the 10% or 20% SD group were significantly less than in the HF diet group (p < 0.05). Plasma total cholesterol level significantly decreased by 33.5% in the 10% SD group and 38.8% in the 20% SD group, but the LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and glucose levels in the SD groups were not significantly changed. Our findings indicate that SD may be beneficial to overweight individuals in the reduction of weight gain induced by an HF diet.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed1991

Diet and body composition. Effect of very low calorie diets and exercise.

Obesity is the presence of excess body fat and is associated with a variety of medical conditions which increase morbidity and mortality. Millions of individuals participate in weight-reduction programmes which include reduced calorie diets and may also include exercise. Very low calorie diets (VLCD) of 400 to 800 kcal/day appear attractive as they generally show an increase in weight loss from 0.2 to 0.5 kg/week found with the traditional diet to 1.5 to 2.0 kg/week. Early use of very low calorie diets with poor quality protein and loose medical supervision resulted in about 60 deaths, many of which were attributed to loss of lean body mass and in particular, cardiac muscle atrophy. Although current very low calorie diets are presumed safe, concern regarding preservation of lean body mass (LBM) remains. Investigators have used exercise to slow the depletion of lean body mass during very low calorie diets; however, the results are not conclusive. A host of different methodologies and questionable documentation and design of exercise protocols precludes a definitive statement for the benefits of exercise during very low calorie diets for the purpose of LBM retention.

Body Composition↗

PubMed2001

Belly-nosing in early-weaned piglets is not influenced by diet quality or the presence of milk in the diet.

Early weaning of piglets can lead to an increase in belly-nosing and other oral-nasal behavior (nosing, chewing, or sucking other piglets), but the causative factors involved in these behavior patterns are largely unknown. Because these behavior patterns resemble massaging the udder and sucking, they may be associated with feeding. The objectives of this study were to determine any effect of diet quality or the presence of milk in the diet on belly-nosing behavior of piglets weaned at 14 to 18 d. During the first 2 wk after weaning, piglets were fed diets differing in quality and inclusion of milk products. Six replicates of eight piglets per replicate, blocked by initial body weight, (n = 192) were offered one of four dietary treatments: HQM: high quality, high in milk products; HQ: high quality, no milk products; PQ: poor quality, no milk products; HQ+MR: high quality, no milk products (as HQ) sprayed with milk replacer five times daily. Thereafter, the piglets were fed a standard nursery diet. Feed intake was measured daily for wk 1 and again at the end of wk 2. Behavior was recorded every 5 min during two 4-h periods on d 2 to 7, 10, 14, 17 and 21 after weaning. Dietary treatment influenced ADFI and ADG during wk 1. Average daily feed intake (P < 0.05) and ADG (P < 0.05) of piglets on PQ were less than those of piglets on the other treatments. During wk 2, ADFI (P > 0.10) and ADG (P > 0.10) were the same across all treatments. Overall, ADFI was not influenced by the inclusion of milk products in the diet or the addition of milk replacer (P > 0.10); however, ADG was. Piglets on HQM had higher ADG than those on HQ during wk 2 (P < 0.05) and 3 after weaning (P < 0.05). However, milk replacer did not influence ADG (P > 0.10). Although the dietary treatments did affect ADFI and ADG, there were no effects on any behavior pattern recorded, including time spent at the feeder (P > 0.10). Lower weight-for-age piglets performed more oral-nasal behavior, in total, than higher weight-for-age piglets (P < 0.03). Neither feeding a poor-quality diet nor the presence of milk in the diet had an effect on belly-nosing or other oral-nasal behavior patterns during the first 3 wk after weaning. Belly-nosing does not seem to be associated with feeding.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2001

The Hawaii Diet: ad libitum high carbohydrate, low fat multi-cultural diet for the reduction of chronic disease risk factors: obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the health effects of a high carbohydrate, low fat multi-cultural traditional diet, The Hawaii Diet, fed ad libitum to an adult population. METHODS: Twenty-two adults recruited from various cultural backgrounds in Hawaii were fed, without calorie or portion size restriction, the Hawaii Diet for 21 days. The Hawaii Diet, based on familiar traditional foods from different cultures, is high in complex carbohydrate (77% of calories), low in fat (12% of calories), and moderate in protein (11% of calories). Participants were encouraged to eat to satiety. RESULTS: There was a significant weight loss on The Hawaii Diet averaging 10.8 lbs (23.8 kg) (P < .0001). Blood pressure was decreased from an average of 136.0/82.7 mm Hg to 125.5/78.9 mm Hg yielding a significant decrease of 10.4 mm Hg for systolic (P < .01). Beginning diastolic levels were normal so decreases in these values were not significant. Average lipid values also decreased with total serum cholesterol being significantly reduced from 205.3 to 156.9 mg/dl (P < .0001); LDL from 125.9 to 94.9 mg/dl (P < .001); and HDL from 38.3 to 31.3 mg/dl (P < .0005). Triglycerides (238.7 to 152.2 mg/dl) and the Chol:HDL ratio (5.8 to 5.2) improved at marginally significant levels (P < .08). There was also a significant reduction in blood glucose levels from 112.2 to 91.5 mg/dL (P < .01). CONCLUSION: The Hawaii Diet consisting of high carbohydrate, low fat ethnic meals appears to have a beneficial influence on weight loss and in decreasing systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, and blood glucose values. Marginal improvement occurred for triglyceride levels. There was also a significant drop in HDL levels, however, the Chol:HDL was ratio did not increase. Further studies of longer duration with a control group should be conducted to test the effectiveness of The Hawaii Diet in maintaining these health benefits over a longer period of time.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Studies on iodine content in daily diets, particularly elderly people's diets.

Poland represents moderate degree of severity of iodine deficiency. In 1997 a national program has been introduced of obligatory iodine prophylaxis including the iodination of household salt. In order to assess the extent of iodine consumption, the assessment were carried out on iodine content in average Polish diets with regard elderly people's diets. The aim of the study was also to analyse the composition of supplements allowed for trade in Poland, with regard to iodine content in these products. The assessment of iodine content in Polish diets was performed on the basis of the data of the household budgets and the data of iodine content in food products (without kitchen salt). The calculated iodine content in average Polish daily diets (adults and children) ranged from 40.4 microg to 50.7 microg. The iodine content in elderly people's diets was 75.5 microg/daily diets. In all studied diets the amount of iodine coming from food products, not taking into account iodinated salt, was insufficient for the realization of Polish RDA for this element. It shows that iodination of kitchen salt in Poland is necessary. Moreover on the Polish market exist supplements including iodine (20-200 microg iodine in tablet).

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and proteoglycan synthesis rates in young rats: a comparative study between the regional diet of São Paulo state and casein diets.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), also known as somatomedin-C, is an important mediator of growth regulation. Serum concentrations of IGF-I and proteoglycan synthesis rates in the tibial epiphysis, an estimate of the biological response to IGF-I in a target tissue, were compared in weanling Wistar rats fed ad libitum (group 1) and with 50% restriction (group 2) with the regional diet of São Paulo State (RDSPS--a mean diet consumed by low-income families with rice, beans, sugar, meat, milk, fruits and other vegetables) and in pair-fed animals fed with casein diets (groups 3 and 4). Data are reported as mean +/- SD for 8 rats in each group. Proteoglycan synthesis rates (cpm/mg) were significantly higher in rats fed with the RDSPS-based diet (groups 1 and 2: 210.8 +/- 58.8, 136.6 +/- 17.6) than in pair-fed animals fed with an 11% casein diet (groups 3 and 4: 62.9 +/- 11.6, 37.7 +/- 13.7) and in control animals fed ad libitum with a 20% casein diet (group 5: 58.1 +/- 22.7). Furthermore, these rates were higher in animals fed ad libitum than in those fed with the same diets but with 50% restriction. However, similar differences between groups 1 to 4 were not observed in serum concentrations (ng/100 microliters) of IGF-I (group 1: 44.1 +/- 7.1; group 2: 40.8 +/- 3.8; group 3: 46.0 +/- 3.6; group 4: 41.6 +/- 3.4, and group 5: 63.2 +/- 7.8). These results suggest that serum IGF-I levels are not reliable indicators of IGF-I status in this experimental model.

Aging↗

PubMed1989

[Vegetarian diets and rheumatoid arthritis. Is it possible that a vegetarian diet might influence the disease?].

For several decades representatives of Scandinavian health food movements have categorically recommended that victims of rheumatoid arthritis should switch to a vegetarian diet to obtain a cure for the disease. A very strict vegan diet (i.e., completely lacking in animal protein) is usually recommended, with certain features said to be particularly beneficial to rheumatic patients. These notions have been widely disseminated and have been adopted with remarkable faith by the public. Although a measure of support for the subjective palliative effects of a vegan diet has derived from certain medical studies, it should be borne in mind that, apart from exceptional cases, the inflammatory joint condition has persisted unabated; nor has the diet shown any tendency to forestall subsequent joint damage. More recent studies of the importance of various dietary factors vis-à-vis rheumatoid arthritis have to some extent improved our understanding of vegan diets, and shown there to be features of this type of diet which might contribute to the subjective improvement experienced by patients. The findings of such studies may provide a basis for speculation as to the form a more rational health food diet for rheumatic patients in the future.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗

PubMed1987

Studies on dental and periodontal conditions in normal mice and mice with genetic disorders. I. The effect of a hard diet or a soft sucrose-rich diet in the absence or presence of Streptococcus mutans in the normal (non-gnotobiotic) mouse, strain C57BL/6J.

Periodontal bone loss and caries development were studied in 45 pigmented mice of the C57BL/6J strain. At the age of 22-30 days the animals were divided into three groups. After 4.5 months one group, which received a hard pellet diet, presented no caries lesions. A second group, which received a soft sucrose-rich diet, had only 2 superficial caries lesions. The animals of the third group, finally, which also received a soft sucrose-rich diet but in addition were exposed to Strep. mutans, had all decayed teeth with only one exception. From this single mouse, Strep. mutants was not recovered. By using a scoring system for periodontal bone loss it could be shown that mice infected with Strep. mutans presented an increased distance between the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and the alveolar crest compared with non-infected mice receiving the same soft sucrose-rich diet. Mice kept on the hard pellet diet showed an even greater distance between CEJ and bone crest. This increased distance is suggested to be a result of both increased periodontal bone resorption and of an accelerated tooth eruption, the later probably due to an increased wear of the teeth, especially in the hard diet group, and a compensating elongation of the roots. The experimental model, using mice infected with Strep. mutans and given a sucrose-rich diet combined with the scoring system presented, is suggested to be useful in the study of the influence of endogenous factors on dental and periodontal tissues.

Alveolar Process↗

PubMed2002

Nutritional habits in the Mediterranean Basin. The macronutrient composition of diet and its relation with the traditional Mediterranean diet. Multi-centre study of the Mediterranean Group for the Study of Diabetes (MGSD).

OBJECTIVE: To compare the nutritional habits among six Mediterranean countries and also with the various official recommendations and the 'Mediterranean diet' as originally described. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: Three centres in Greece, two in Italy and one in Algeria, Bulgaria, Egypt and Yugoslavia. SUBJECTS: Randomly selected non-diabetic subjects from the general population, of age 35-60, not on diet for at least 3 months before the study. INTERVENTIONS: A dietary questionnaire validated against the 3-Day Diet Diary was used. Demographic data were collected and anthropometrical measurements done. RESULTS: All results were age adjusted. Energy intake varied in men, from 1825 kcal/day in Italy-Rome to 3322 kcal/day in Bulgaria and in women, from 1561 kcal/day in Italy-Rome to 2550 kcal/day in Algeria. Protein contribution (%) to the energy intake varied little, ranging from 13.4% in Greece to 18.5% in Italy-Rome, while fat ranged from 25.3% in Egypt to 40.2% in Bulgaria and carbohydrates from 41.5% in Bulgaria to 58.6% in Egypt. Fibre intake, g/1000 kcal, ranged from 6.8 in Bulgaria to 13.3 in Egypt and the ratio of plant to animal fat from 1.2 in Bulgaria to 2.8 in Greece. The proportion of subjects following the WHO and the Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the EASD recommendations for carbohydrates, fat and protein ranged from 4.2% in Bulgaria to 75.7% in Egypt. Comparison with the Mediterranean diet, as defined in the seven Country Study, showed significant differences especially for fruit, 123-377 vs 464 g/day of the Mediterranean diet, meat, 72-193 vs 35 g/day, cheese, 15-79 vs 13 g/day, bread, 126-367 vs 380 g/day. CONCLUSIONS: (a) Dietary habits of the 'normal' population vary greatly among the Mediterranean countries studied. (b) Egypt is closest to the DNSG recommendations. (c) Significant differences from the originally described Mediterranean diet are documented in most Mediterranean countries, showing a Westernization of the dietary habits.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

[Behavior of certain parameters of lipid and energy metabolism. 5. Effects of high-fat and low-fat diets on certain biochemical parameters in rat livers before and after change of diet].

Typical metabolic patterns are detectable in the livers of growing rats after feeding diets with high (25%) or low (2%) fat contents. In view of the elucidation of problems related to the regulation of the metabolic processes, it is of interest to know in what way these metabolic patterns change after short-time change from the one diet to the other and if there are hierarchies. Within 2 days after change of diet, the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD-malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and fatty acid synthase were affected, only the 3'.5'-c AMP-splitting phosphodieterase showed no change. The metabolites lactate and pyruvate also changed, inversely to lactate dehydrogenase activity, the lactate-pyruvate ratio remaining almost constant. Acetyl CoA also responded in a characteristic manner. The single parameters were differently affected by the kind of the change of diet (from high-fat to low-fat diet or inversely). For example, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase responded very rapidly to the change from the high-fat to the low-fat diet, malate dehydrogenase behaved inversely, and citrate synthase responded to both changes. Consequently, the regulatory processes after change of diet start from different sides. It is thinkable that this behaviour is related to the different roles of the determined parameters in fat and energy metabolism.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMed1993

Effect of a high-carbohydrate diet intake on muscle glycogen repletion after exercise in rats previously fed a high-fat diet.

The effect of a high-carbohydrate (C) diet intake on muscle glycogen repletion during the early period of recovery from exercise was studied in rats previously fed a high-fat (F) diet. In experiment 1, 3 week-old male and in experiment 2, 3 week-old female rats were used. Rats were fed either the F or the C diet for 2-10 weeks ad libitum and then were meal-fed regularly twice a day for 25 days in experiment 1, or for 5 weeks in experiment 2. During the period of regular feeding, half of the rats in both dietary groups continued to eat as before (F-F and C-C) but the other half of the rats were switched to the counterpart diets (F-C and C-F) in experiment 1. In experiment 2, half of the F-F group were switched to the C diet (F-C) for 3, 7, and 14 days after the period of regular feeding. Pre-exercise glycogen content in soleus, red gastrocnemius, and heart muscles and liver was higher in rats fed the C diet (C-C and F-C) than in rats fed the F diet (F-F and C-F) in experiment 1. Glycogen repletion in red muscle 2 h after the ingestion of a glucose and citrate (3.0 and 0.5 g, respectively, per kg body mass) drink was also higher in the former than in the latter. There was a positive relationship in skeletal muscles between pre-exercise glycogen content and the rate of glycogen repletion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Glucose tolerance factor potentiation of insulin action in adipocytes from rats raised on a torula yeast diet cannot be attributed to a deficiency of chromium or glucose tolerance factor activity in the diet.

The nature of the dietary component responsible for adipocytes having the ability to respond to Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF) was investigated. Rats were raised on either a control diet or one of three diets differing only in the protein source (torula yeast, brewer's yeast, or casein). Only in adipocytes from rats fed the torula yeast diet did a GTF fraction prepared from brewer's yeast potentiate the action of suboptimal concentrations of insulin in the incorporation of label from D-[1-14C]-glucose and D-[U-14C]-glucose into CO2 and fatty acids. It was concluded that this potentiation was not the result of a deficiency of GTF activity in torula yeast, because a GTF fraction prepared from torula yeast had similar insulin potentiating activity. Differences in response among diets were not owing to differences in levels of amino acids or owing to concentrations of 22 (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb S, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Zn) of the 23 trace elements investigated. The level of Mn was low in all diets, but particularly low in the torula yeast diet. Mn deficiencies have previously been implicated in perturbations of glucose metabolism, so that it is possible that this deficiency may be responsible for the effects attributed to the torula yeast diet.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of a high saturated fat diet with a high carbohydrate diet during pregnancy and lactation: effects on insulin sensitivity in offspring of rats.

Insulin resistance plays a critical role in metabolic syndrome and is influenced by the amount and saturation of dietary fat. Both prenatal over and under nutrition can program susceptibility to insulin resistance. The aim of the study was to explore the impact of dietary fat given to mothers during gestation on the insulin sensitivity of the offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed with diets rich in carbohydrate (CHO) or saturated fat (SAFA) during pregnancy. The male offspring was split into 5 subgroups: groups 1 (control) and 3 continued on CHO or SAFA after birth, respectively. Group 2 with mothers on CHO continued on the CHO diet during the nursing period and changed to SAFA postweaning. Group 4 with mothers on SAFA continued on SAFA during the weaning period and changed to CHO postweaning. For group 5 the offspring of mothers given SAFA diet was changed to nursing mothers on CHO diet immediately after birth and continued on the same diet postweaning. At the age of 16 weeks, a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp was performed. The glucose infusion rate was lowered in the groups receiving the SAFA diet (group 2, 24.7 +/- 2.0 mg/kg per minute; group 3, 22.0 +/- 1.9 mg/kg per minute; P < .05) compared with group 1 (32.2 +/- 2.3 mg/kg per minute). We did not detect any alterations in the rate of glucose disappearance during the clamp for any of the groups compared with group 1. A diet high in SAFA given to mothers during gestation and/or the weaning period does not seem to have deleterious effects on the insulin sensitivity in the offspring.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Serum lipid changes associated with modified protein diets: results from the feasibility phase of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study.

The use of low-protein diets for the management of progressive renal insufficiency may require increases in dietary fats to maintain caloric balance. This raises the concern that such diets might exacerbate the lipid problems already prevalent in chronic renal insufficiency. We present a study in which protein-restricted diets were followed by a group of patients with renal insufficiency without a compensatory increase in fat calories and without adverse effects on serum lipids. Ninety-six patients with renal insufficiency were enrolled in the feasibility phase of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study and were assigned to dietary protein intakes of 1.3, 0.575, or 0.28 g/kg body weight/d. The last diet was supplemented with amino acids or their keto analogs. Of this group, 25 participants were excluded from the present study of lipids because of changes in their intake of medications with known effects on serum lipids, three were excluded because of proteinuria increasing by more than 2 g/d, and seven were excluded because of incomplete measurements. For the remaining 61 participants, median serum total cholesterol at baseline was 215 mg/dL. In 72% of participants it exceeded the age- and sex-adjusted median of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study. Glomerular filtration rates varied from 8 to 56 mL/min/1.73 m2. The patients' serum lipid levels were stable by 6 months on assigned diets. Serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels tended to decrease with reduced protein intake. The baseline to follow-up change in protein intake calculated from urinary urea measurements was significantly correlated with the change in serum total cholesterol (Spearman r = 0.31, P < 0.05) and also with change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.34, P < 0.01). Surprisingly, correlations between change in serum cholesterol and intake of fats were small in magnitude and did not approach statistical significance. Protein intake did correlate, however, with intake of cholesterol. We conclude that the use of low-protein diets for patients with renal insufficiency did not adversely affect serum lipids.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

High-fat corn oil diet promotes the development of high histologic grade rat DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinomas, while high olive oil diet does not.

Effects of a high corn oil and a high olive oil diet on the histopathologic characteristics of rat dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced mammary adenocarcinomas were investigated in comparison with those of a control low-fat diet. Two experimental series (A and B) studied the influence of a high corn oil diet on the initiation and the promotion of mammary carcinogenesis, while another one (C) assessed the effects of the two dietary lipids on the promotion. Nine parameters have been analyzed and a new histologic grading method, adapted to rat tumors, has been applied in each carcinoma. High corn oil diets, particularly when acting as promoters, associated with higher-grade carcinomas than control (p < 0.05) and high olive oil groups. Stromal invasion and tumoral necrosis were more prominent and a prevailing cribriform pattern was observed (p < 0.05). High olive oil diet adenocarcinomas exhibited a predominantly low histologic grade and few necrotic and invasive areas, similar to the control, and they presented the highest percentage of papillary areas. Lymphoplasmacytic and mast cell infiltration were also influenced by the dietary lipids. Thus, high corn oil diet adenocarcinomas presented a higher degree of morphological malignancy than control and high olive oil tumors, which is in line with the greater clinical malignancy described in rats from the former group and the non-promoting effect of the high olive oil diet. As far as we are concerned, a similar histopathologic approach of the effects of the dietary lipids on experimental breast cancer has not been carried out up to now.

Adenocarcinoma↗