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PubMed2005

Desensitizing effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride/Sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice.

Stannous fluoride (0.4%) has been incorporated into oral hygiene products to reduce dentinal hypersensitivity since the 1960s. The present study was designed to assess the desensitizing efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice compared to a sodium fluoride control dentifrice. This was a double-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial conducted according to the American Dental Association Guidelines for the Acceptance of Products for the Treatment of Dentinal Hypersensitivity. Seventy-seven subjects who met the entrance criteria were stratified based on age, gender, and air-sensitivity scores and randomly assigned to either the stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice or the sodium fluoride control dentifrice. Subjects were instructed to brush twice daily for 8 weeks. Oral soft tissue examination and efficacy assessments including tactile (Yeaple probe) and thermal (Schiff Air Index) sensitivity were made at baseline, week 4, and week 8. The mean sensitivity score based on the Schiff Air Index for the experimental group was statistically significantly lower than that of the sodium fluoride control group, at both weeks 4 and 8 (P < .0001). The mean sensitivity score based on the Yeaple Probe Index for the stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate group was statistically significantly higher, indicating a reduction in sensitivity, than that of the sodium fluoride control group, at both weeks 4 and 8 (P < .0001). The results demonstrate that the stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice provides clinically and statistically significant reductions in dentinal hypersensitivity when compared to the sodium fluoride control dentifrice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Reactivity of fluoride dentifrices with artificial caries. III. Quantitative aspects of acquired acid resistance (AAR): F uptake, retention, surface hardening and remineralization.

A pH cycling remineralization/dimineralization model has been used to compare remineralization and acid resistance benefits provided by commercial MFP and NaF dentifrices. Test results show that fluoride dentifrice systems were effective in enhancing lesion remineralization and providing acquired acid resistance (AAR) to carious lesions, with AAR benefits considerably greater in magnitude. Fluoride uptake into the carious lesions was associated with remineralization and AAR benefits. Dentifrices containing the highest levels of soluble ionic fluoride were found most effective in this protocol with MFP dentifrices showing significantly less activity. MFP dentifrice efficacy was enhanced slightly in calcium abrasives. The enhanced activity could be explained by increased levels of background ionic fluoride in the formulations. In contrast to the latter effects, a dual-active NaF+MFP dentifrice in a calcium abrasive system exhibited decreased efficacy relative to a silica abrasive formulation due to incompatibility of free fluoride ion. Comparison of analytical techniques for measurement of AAR in shallow lesions demonstrates that surface microhardness methods match radiographic measures and are thus adequate for ICT measurement of cariogenicity and F remineralization.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Fluorine profiles in human enamel after in vitro treatment with dentifrices of different compositions and acidities.

Fluorine uptake has been measured in human enamel after in vitro treatment with slurries of dentifrices of different compositions and acidities. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to determine the quantitative in-depth distribution profiles of fluorine. Five dentifrices were examined: ACTA (pH 5.5) with 250, 1000 and 1500 ppm F as NaF; Colgate (pH 7) with 1000 ppm F as MFP and 400 ppm F as NaF; and Pepsodent (pH 7) with 1000 ppm F as MFP. The results establish that acidulated dentifrice with low F concentration gives about the same fluorine uptake in near-surface enamel as do pH 7 dentifrices with higher F contents. In addition, at depths greater than ca 3 microns, the low F acid dentifrice in fact introduces considerably higher levels of fluorine, and yields at least three times deeper penetration, than do the non-acidulated toothpastes. The study illustrates the advantages of enhanced fluorine uptake, and thereby improved cariostatic effect, by using acidulated dentifrices even at relatively low fluoride concentration.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1993

The relative anticaries effectiveness of sodium monofluorophosphate and sodium fluoride as contained in currently available dentifrice formulations.

A 36-month double-blind clinical caries study was conducted to determine the comparative anticaries efficacy of sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) and sodium fluoride (NaF) as incorporated in dentifrice formulations. The test dentifrices which were utilized are commercially available in the United States and all have been granted the American Dental Association Seal of Acceptance for anticaries efficacy. The study was conducted in accordance with the 1988 Guidelines of the American Dental Association Council on Dental Therapeutics. The two formulations used in the NaF versus MFP comparison were Colgate Winterfresh Gel with 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a silica base and Crest Regular Flavor Toothpaste with 0.24% sodium fluoride in a silica base. A third commercially-available NaF dentifrice, Colgate Junior Toothpaste with 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base, was included in the study for further comparison. Schoolchildren residing in Maine, U.S.A. received a baseline caries clinical examination and then were randomly assigned to the twice-daily use of one of the three dentifrices which were purchased in the marketplace and repackaged in plain white tubes. Caries clinical examinations were subsequently conducted after 2 and 3 years' use of the dentifrices. A total of 2,222 children participated in both the 2 and 3-year caries clinical examinations. The 36-month DFS (decayed and filled surfaces) and the DFT (decayed and filled teeth) mean caries increments for the three dentifrice groups were virtually identical. The children using the MFP formulation experienced a DFS of 1.50 and a DFT of 1.08; those using the Crest NaF formulation experienced a DFS of 1.48 and a DFT of 1.07; subjects in the third group (Colgate Junior Toothpaste, 0.243% NaF) had a DFS of 1.49 and DFT of 1.06. The statistical evaluation of the data consisted of the calculation of 90% confidence bounds for the ratio of (true) mean increments, in accordance with the 1988 American Dental Association Guidelines. Expressed in the language of the Guidelines, the analyses indicated that, (1) the anticaries efficacy provided by the MFP formulation, (Colgate Winterfresh Gel with 0.76% MFP) is "as good as" that provided by the NaF formulation, (Crest Regular Flavor Toothpaste, with 0.243% NaF), and (2) the anticaries efficacy provided by the one NaF formulation (Colgate Junior Toothpaste, with 0.243% NaF) is "as good as" that provided by the other, (Crest Regular Flavor Toothpaste, with 0.243% NaF).

American Dental Association↗
PubMed1994

The effect of Parodontax dentifrice on gingival bleeding.

In this study on twenty-two adult subjects, the effectiveness of Parodontax dentifrice was compared to a control dentifrice on gingival bleeding parameters. The periodontal probe bleeding index of Ainamo and Bay, modified to evaluate slight and moderate bleeding, was used to evaluate efficacy. There was no significant difference between the two groups at baseline. After four weeks, Parodontax dentifrice produced a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in bleeding on probing compared both to baseline (p < 0.01) and to the control group (p < 0.05), and an increase (p < 0.05) in the number of sites with no bleeding compared to the control dentifrice. The control had no significant decrease in bleeding on probing from baseline to four weeks. The number of bleeding sites were significantly reduced in the Parodontax dentifrice group from baseline to week four (p < 0.001), and there was no significant statistical change in the number of bleeding sites for the control group. The Parodontax dentifrice group bleeding sites at four weeks were significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Clinical efficacy of dentifrices in the control of calculus, plaque, and gingivitis.

Several dentifrices are available in the market for the control of calculus, plaque, and gingivitis. The anticalculus activity of the pyrophosphate dentifrice formulation has been convincingly demonstrated. Recently, dentifrices containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% Gantrez have been shown to possess some anticalculus activity, in addition to their antiplaque and antigingivitis properties. Similarly, sequential application of sanguinarine-containing dentifrice with a brush, followed by a rinse of 30 to 60 seconds, also provides sustained antiplaque and antigingivitis effects. However, other dentifrices have had much less convincing clinical results. It is therefore important for dentists to interpret the therapeutic claims of various antiplaque and antigingivitis dentifrices cautiously before recommending these products to patients.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1994

Fluoride and potassium availability in a new dentifrice that treats hypersensitivity and controls tartar.

The availability and stability of the active ingredients in a Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice have been evaluated in this study. The Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice contains 5% potassium nitrate as the anti-hypersensitivity agent, 0.243% sodium fluoride as the anti-caries agent, 2% tetrasodium pyrophosphate and 1.5% polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer as the antitartar system. The availability of potassium and fluoride from this dentifrice was tested and found to be acceptable in both freshly prepared and aged samples. Fluoride and potassium availability were also tested at dilutions similar to in vivo brushing levels, and the ability of the Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice to provide fluoride to enamel and reduce enamel solubility was measured. In these tests the Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice performed similarly to commercial fluoride dentifrices. Potassium availability was equal to Crest Sensitivity Protection, a product shown to be clinically effective against tooth sensitivity; fluoride availability and activity was shown to be equal to Crest Tartar Control, a product with published clinical anti-caries effectiveness.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Effect of a baking soda-peroxide dentifrice on post-surgical wound healing.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of a baking soda-hydrogen peroxide (0.75%) dentifrice on wound healing, plaque formation, gingival inflammation, patient comfort, probing depth, and clinical attachment level following gingival flap surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind crossover study involving 25 patients requiring bilateral maxillary gingival flap surgery was completed. The effects of twice daily brushing with a baking soda-hydrogen peroxide dentifrice (Mentadent) or a placebo dentifrice (Crest) were observed over a 28-day post-surgical period. Gingival Index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival bleeding index (BI) were recorded pre-surgically and at day 28 for each surgical sextant. At days 7 and 14, soft tissue appearance/wound healing (STA) was assessed based on color and edema, PIs were determined and patient comfort was ascertained by report. RESULTS: Post-surgical wound healing was statistically significantly improved at day 7 with the trend continuing to day 14 when Mentadent dentifrice was used as compared to Crest dentifrice. However, there was no statistical difference in the PI values between the test and control dentifrice throughout the study. Use of Mentadent may be an effective aid in the early phase of healing following gingival flap surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Clinical anticaries efficacy of NaF and SMFP dentifrices: overview and resolution of the scientific controversy.

Since the introduction of commercially marketed fluoride-containing dentifrices in the 1950s, the evolution of these products has seen a number of formulation changes, particularly with regard to the specific types of active fluoride agents they contain. Most currently marketed dentifrices contain one of two major fluoride compounds--sodium fluoride (NaF), or sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP)--and much research effort has gone into continued investigations geared toward determining which, if either, of these two agents provides dentifrices with greater levels of anticaries efficacy. Historically, among clinical studies, most single-investigation attempts to resolve this issue have yielded equivocal results. During the past two years, however, renewed attempts on a larger scale have been made, including scientific symposia in Toronto, London, and Stockholm sponsored by major manufacturers of dentifrices. The conflicting conclusions derived from these undertakings have resulted in a scientific controversy as to which represents the most accurate resolution to the fluoride-comparison issue. The present paper considers processes for addressing this controversy, and identifies the key points of difference among those processes by which the three symposia arrived at their respective conclusions. An objective procedure for addressing the fluoride-comparison issue is offered, and applied to the clinical data which is currently available in the literature. The results of this analysis indicate that: 1) There is no statistically significant difference between the anticaries effectiveness of dentifrices containing fluoride as SMFP, and those containing fluoride as NaF; and 2) There is no clinically meaningful difference between the anticaries effectiveness of dentifrices containing fluoride as SMFP, and those containing fluoride as NaF.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1995

Enhanced anticaries efficacy of a 0.243% sodium fluoride/10% xylitol/silica dentifrice: 3-year clinical results.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of a sodium fluoride (NaF)/silica/xylitol dentifrice compared with that of a positive control NaF/silica dentifrice on caries increments in school children over a 3-year period in an area without an optimal level of fluoride in the drinking water (mean level <0.1 ppm). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 3-year, double-blind clinical caries study was conducted in 2,630 children initially aged 8-10 years at 17 schools in the San Jose, Costa Rica metropolitan area. Clinical dental examinations were performed at participating schools utilizing portable dental equipment. Caries evaluations employed conventional tactile/visual methodology consisting of artificial light, dental mirrors and single-edge #23 explorers. Children accepted into the study were stratified by age and sex into two balanced groups within each school, and randomly assigned to use either a positive control dentifrice containing 0.243% NaF/silica or a test dentifrice containing 0.234% NaF/silica/10% xylitol. Children were instructed to brush with the assigned dentifrice twice daily. Caries evaluations were conducted at baseline, 2 years, and 3 years. RESULTS: After 3 years, subjects using the 0.234% NaF/silica/10% xylitol dentifrice had statistically significantly reduced decayed/filled surfaces (DFS; -12.3% reduction; P < or = 0.001) and decayed/filled buccal and lingual surfaces (DFS-BL; -10.5% reduction; P < or = 0/01).

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1996

Ingestion of fluoride dentifrice by a group of mentally handicapped children during toothbrushing.

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of fluoride dentifrice ingested by mentally handicapped children during toothbrushing. A group of 24 mentally handicapped children, aged between 3 and 12 years, were used in the study. There were encouraged to brush in their usual way with a sodium fluoride dentifrice from a preweighed tube. Rinsings and excess dentifrice were collected, and fluoride analyses were performed on the rinsings and controls. The amount of fluoride retained was in the range of 14 to 269 micrograms, with a mean of 87 micrograms, equivalent to a mean retention of 23.5% of dentifrice. This is similar to findings of studies of children of normal intelligence. Thus, fluoridated dentifrices should be used by mentally handicapped children, but, as with all young children, small amounts of dentifrice should be used, preferably under direct adult supervision.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Salivary fluoride content after toothbrushing with a sodium fluoride and an amine fluoride dentifrice followed by different mouthrinsing procedures.

The aim of the present study was to determine the salivary fluoride content after toothbrushing with a sodium fluoride and amine fluoride dentifrice followed by two different mouthrinsing procedures. Twenty-four dental students took part in this six-treatment, six-period study with a cross-over design. They brushed their teeth with an amine fluoride, a sodium fluoride, and a non-fluoridated dentifrice. After toothbrushing the subjects spat out the saliva/dentifrice slurry and underwent one of the following procedures: 1) mouthrinsing with 20 ml distilled water; 2) no mouthrinsing after spitting out. Whole saliva samples were collected before (baseline), 10 and 90 min after toothbrushing and mouthrinsing, respectively. Fluoride analysis was performed with a fluoride-sensitive electrode. Both dentifrices caused an elevated fluoride level in saliva after brushing. Use of the amine fluoride dentifrice resulted in higher salivary fluoride contents compared to the sodium fluoride toothpaste. However, this difference was statistically significant only 90 min after toothbrushing when preceded by mouthrinsing after brushing. Mouthrinsing with water after brushing led to significantly lower fluoride levels compared to the non-rinsing technique 10 min after brushing. Mouthrinsing after toothbrushing with fluoride dentifrices reduces the salivary fluoride concentration of both an amine and a sodium fluoride dentifrice.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Influence of rinsing and expectoration after toothbrushing on fluoride dose and ingested amount by use of conventional and children's fluoride dentifrices.

The purpose of this study was to assess the amount of ingested fluoride and the fluoride dose to which children are subjected during toothbrushing with a conventional dentifrice (1500 ppm F) and a children's dentifrice with special flavor (1100 ppm F) and evaluate the influence of rinsing and expectoration after brushing. Six brushings followed by 6 residue collections (3 per dentifrice) were performed by 42 Brazilian children (aged 20 to 30 months). The concentration of fluoride in the residues and dentifrices was determined. The amount ingested was obtained by the difference principal. 64.3% of the children did not expectorate or rinse after brushing. For both toothpastes, no significant difference was found for fluoride doses comparing children that rinsed to those that did not rinse (p > or = 0.05). When children's toothpaste was used, children who did not expectorate were exposed to a higher dose than those who did expectorate (p = 0.032). The same was not observed when conventional toothpaste (p = 0.081) was used. In conclusion, rinsing and expectoration after brushing had no influence on the dose of fluoride to which children were exposed by use of the dentifrices. However, expectoration was directly associated to the fluoride dose when the children's dentifrice was used.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1997

[Efficacy of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice in the control of plaque and gingivitis: a six-month study in China].

A total of one hundred fifty three healthy male and female adults were entered into a six month, double-blind clinical study designed to evaluate the effect of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base, relative to a 0.243% sodium fluoride silica base control dentifrice on supragingival plaque accumulation and gingivitis. Plaque and gingivitis were scored after 3 and 6 months' use of the assigned dentifrice. At the end of the study, the dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer demonstrated an average reduction, relative to the control dentifrice of 16.1% in plaque accumulation and 24.3% in gingivitis. Both were statistically significant(P < 0.001). It was concluded that the twice-daily use of the triclosan/copolymer containing dentifrice resulted in a significant reduction in plaque formation and a significant improvement in gingival health. No side-effects were observed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Comparison of the effect of fluoride and non-fluoride dentifrices on enamel demineralization and remineralization in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the experiment is to investigate the effect of fluoride dentifrices in China on the intact and artificial caries-like bovine enamels. METHODS: The artificial caries-like lesions were created by dipping the teeth into an acid buffered solution. Both the bovine intact enamels and the artificial caries-like enamels were assigned tooth brushing 20 times every half an hour with 3 kinds of fluoride dentifrices and one kind of non-fluoride dentifrices respectively. The amount of calcium dissolved by lactic acid was determined as the susceptibility of demineralization by atomic adsorption spectrometry (AAS). RESULTS: The group treated with fluoride dentifrice showed significantly less demineralization than the non-fluoride group (P < 0.02). The effect of inhibition of acid solubility in artificial caries-like enamel after tooth brushing is significantly greater than that in intact enamel. CONCLUSION: Fluoride dentifrices in this experiment can prevent both intact enamel and artificial caries-like enamel from acid solubility after tooth brushing, and it seems that the effect of the fluoride dentifrices on the redemineralization is greater than the reduction of enamel solubility.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of tartar control dentifrices in in vitro models of dentin sensitivity.

The effects of anticalculus dentifrices were compared with other commercially available dentifrices in in vitro models of dentin sensitivity. Changes in the hydraulic conductance of dentin discs were measured with and without a smear layer before and after treatment and also after a post-treatment acid etch. The capacity of dentifrices to occlude open dentinal tubules in vitro was also assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There was good correlation (R = 0.98) between our test and values reported in the literature. Tartar control dentifrices gave reductions in fluid flow rates through the dentin discs comparable to those obtained with Promise, Sensodyne, Thermodent and Denquel. Additionally, tartar control dentifrices did not remove microcrystalline debris (smear layers) from the surfaces of dentin in vitro. These results were confirmed by SEM. Thus, according to the hydrodynamic theory of dentin sensitivity, these in vitro results suggest that pyrophosphate-containing dentifrices should reduce dentinal sensitivity.

Dental Calculus↗
PubMed2005

Sustained antibacterial actions of a new stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice containing sodium hexametaphosphate.

Stannous fluoride has been used as a chemotherapeutic agent for years to improve oral health. The benefits of stannous fluoride in controlling caries, plaque, and gingivitis are directly associated with its antimicrobial actions. Recently, a novel dentifrice was developed that combines stannous fluoride with an anticalculus agent, sodium hexa. metaphosphate. A series of independent evaluations were conducted to assess the long-lasting antimicrobial activity of stannous fluoride in the new stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice: an in vitro Live/Dead assay; an in vivo Plaque Glycolysis and Regrowth Model study; a rapid in vitro salivary bacteria metabolic activity study; and a 12-hour in vivo tin-retention study. In the Live/Dead study, the new stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice killed approximately 90% to 99% of the salivary microbes 16 hours after a single exposure. Similarly, the stannous fluoride dentifrice produced statistically significant reductions in plaque acid production and plaque regrowth activity compared to plaque treated with a standard fluoride dentifrice at all time intervals measured after product exposure (15 and 45 minutes). Results from the final two studies collectively demonstrated the presence of total soluble tin, which serves as a marker for the active stannous fluoride, at levels above the minimum concentration for inhibition of salivary bacteria metabolic activity 12 hours posttreatment. These findings confirm the long-lasting antibacterial action of the new stannous fluoride dentifrice, which serves as a basis for its therapeutic benefits.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Anticalculus efficacy and safety of a stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice.

The purpose of this study was to assess the anticalculus efficacy and long-term safety of a new stannous fluoride dentifrice containing sodium hexametaphosphate. This trial was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, 6-month study where, after a prophylaxis, subjects brushed twice daily with either a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/13% sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice (Crest Pro-Health) or a marketed multibenefit triclosan/copolymer control dentifrice. Study subjects were known to form supragingival calculus and had previously demonstrated the ability to form at least 1.5 mm using the Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index over a 2-month pretest period. Comparisons between treatments for anticalculus efficacy were performed using analysis of covariance. Eighty subjects were randomized into one of two treatment groups after stratification on gender and baseline calculus scores and then monitored for calculus formation, soft tissue tolerance, and extrinsic stain. The mean calculus score for the stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate group was statistically significantly lower than that of the triclosan/copolymer group at both months 3 and 6 (P < .01). At month 3, the stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate group had an adjusted mean 54% lower than that of the triclosan/copolymer group. At month 6, the stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate group had an adjusted mean 56% lower than that of the triclosan/copolymer group. Both dentifrices were well tolerated and neither dentifrice group developed appreciable extrinsic stain over the 6-month trial period. Overall, the stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice had superior anticalculus efficacy relative to the marketed triclosan/copolymer control and a comparable soft tissue safety and extrinsic stain profile.

Adult↗