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PubMed1992

[Psychology and psychopathology of creativity].

The investigation deals with some aspects of creativity, normal and pathological, and presents a brief account on various trends from psychoanalytical ones to factor analysis of creativity. The draw authors attention to the necessity to supplement the phenomenological approach by investigations of objective indicators of creativity. Subsequently they analyze some manifestations and sings of creativity in drawings of schizophrenic patients, children and their analogy with art of primitive nations.

Creativity↗
PubMed1992

Creativity, depression and suicide.

The relationship between suicide and creativity has long been a subject of considerable concern. The author presents evidence indicating that in fact depression, suicide, and creativity are related. Several hypotheses for the relationship are posited. It is suggested that the same changes in the serotonergic system that are associated with depression in general and with impulsive suicides and homicides in the extreme may also be responsible for an element of risk taking that characterizes creativity and innovation in a person psychodynamically predisposed to being creative.

Creativity↗
PubMed1990

[University and creativity].

The University is a natural environment for the development of the creative aspects of man. Professional training and the solution of specific problems, though important, are secondary objectives. For those working in the University, freedom must be turned into a way of living; thus, creativity becomes possible. The University belongs to the nation and not to governments. This is the origin of the autonomous nature of the University and more than a privilege, it must be viewed as a basic requirement for creativity. The University is basically democratic since creativity is not related to race, religion, or politics. Finally, it is hierarchical since credit must be given to talent, training and experience.

Creativity↗
PubMed1988

Creativity and the homospatial process. Experimental studies.

Through empirical studies involving intensive and extensive interviewing of outstanding creative persons in literature, visual art, and science, a specific creative cognitive operation involving complex mental imagery was identified. This operation has been designated the "homospatial process" and defined as actively conceiving two or more discrete entities occupying the same space, a conception leading to the articulation of new identities. Four experimental assessments involving exposure to stimuli designed to evoke the homospatial process have been carried out with groups of talented persons as follows: (1) 43 writers produced short poetic metaphors in response to 10 different pairs of slide stimuli. Subjects were randomly assigned to view the pairs either superimposed upon one another, and thereby appearing to occupy the same spatial location, or separated and side by side on the screen as a control condition. (2) 46 writers were similarly divided and exposed for a shortened period of time to the same stimuli in order to encourage mental elaboration in the creation of poetic metaphors. (3) Drawings were created by 43 artists separated into a group exposed to three superimposed images and a control group exposed to the same component images side by side. (4) 39 artists were separated into a group exposed to three superimposed images and a control group exposed to the same images constructed into a single-image figure-ground display. Findings were that, in all four experiments, subjects' productions in response to the superimposed visual stimuli were rated significantly higher in creativity, by independent experts, than productions in response to the control condition. Therefore, the externalized representations of the homospatial process facilitated both literary and artistic creativity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The creative process and the narcissistic personality disorder.

This paper describes the emergence of the creative process during the psychoanalysis of a patient suffering from a narcissistic personality disorder. Infantile history revealed an unending series of failures in the maternal holding environment to which the patient had reacted by withdrawal into fantasy, apathy, and hypochondriasis. The transference material made affective reconstructions of early life possible, and a creative communication was initiated. The newly liberated creative capacity permitted an important sublimatory release for the blocking which had hitherto threatened the patient' emotional health. As infantile fantasies were reexamined and their role as a reaction against threatening experience was understood, the creative arrest was slowly lifted. By creation of artifacts concerned with distorted scoptophiliac derivatives, the patient brought into consciousness material which reflected a broadening of his perceptual field.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Changes in positive mood states by analytic and creative information processing].

Reviews concerning research on the influence of mood on behavior show (a) that mainly the influence of mood on behavior was investigated and (b) that achievements in memory and cognitive tasks were of central concern (Fiedler, 1988; Isen, 1987). Social behavior was analyzed as a function of these factors. Recent reviews restrict themselves to positive feeling states. Summarizing, Fiedler (1988) describes the information processing style in positive feeling states as "loosening" to capture its qualitative aspects. This study investigates the opposite direction of influence, i.e. the effect of cognitive style on positive feeling states. This study restricts itself to positive feeling states. The compatibility thesis which postulates a necessary interaction of feeling state and information processing style is tested. Equivalent states and productions have to go together to generate the mood effects. In a 2 x 2 x 5 mixed design 70 female students (non-psychologists) served as subjects. Using a 20-minute mood induction procedure (autobiographical recollection methodology) a positive or neutral feeling state was elicited in half of the participants. During the next 10 minutes half of each group worked either on a verbal creativity test (Schoppe, 1975) or on an intelligence test (Amthauer, 1973) to establish an creative or analytic style of information processing. Repeated sampling of a measurement repetition factor served as baseline assessments, manipulation checks, and measurements of the feeling states during the task completion of the creativity or intelligence test. The feeling states were assessed by means of a short version (BSK-1982) of the "Eigenschaftswörterliste" (Janke & Debus, 1978). The results confirm the compatibility thesis. Only the group in which a positive feeling state and a creative processing style interact reported a positive mood throughout the task completion. Unexpectedly, a slight deterioration of mood was found in the group with a neutral feeling state and analytic reasoning, suggesting that the neutral mood induction might in fact, elicit a mild negative feeling state and that the compatibility thesis might, also be applicable to the field of negative emotions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Leading change is leading creativity.

Leadership is the leading of creativity which leads to creative change. To innovate or die is the question that faces our health care future. It is no longer enough for us to operate with just our serial, mathematical thinking. We must also be concerned about the spirit and the heart and how we integrate this into whole brain thinking. The challenge for us is to constantly transform and rewire our brains through the creativity process and to rewire the processes of the places where we work. We know that we can cultivate and energize our organizations through the interplay of serial, parallel, and quantum thinking processes. But we can't wait. Health care and the world of nursing are changing rapidly. We need the creative processes to build the change needed for the future for the care of our patients.

Creativity↗
PubMed1976

Vicarious effects on the creative behavior of retarded and nonretarded children.

The effects of observing a model's overt display of a creative drawing response and hearing a description of these actions were assessed with 54 retarded and 68 nonretarded children. The modeled creative strategy was designed to be high in the dimension of elaboration. A multivariate research design was employed to assess the target dimension of elaboration, as well as to determine transfer to tasks of varying degrees of similarity to the model's task and to creative dimensions other than elaboration. The overt modeling of a creative strategy was most effective in improving elaboration, although verbal descriptions also aided performance. Retarded children were less able than nonretarded children to discriminate the essential elements of the model's elaboration strategy and displayed less acquisition of the elaboration strategy but showed comparable gradients of transfer.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Creativity and imagination in autism and Asperger syndrome.

Three studies are reported that address the often described impoverished creativity in autism. Using the Torrance Creativity Tests, Experiment 1 found that children with autism and Asperger syndrome (AS) showed impairments. Experiment 2 tested two explanations of these results: the executive dysfunction and the imagination deficit hypotheses. Results supported both hypotheses. Children with autism and AS could generate possible novel changes to an object, though they generated fewer of these relative to controls. Furthermore, these were all reality-based, rather than imaginative. Experiment 3 extended this using a test of imaginative fluency. Children with autism and AS generated fewer suggestions involving attribution of animacy to foam shapes, compared to controls, instead generating reality-based suggestions of what the shapes could be. Although this is evidence of executive dysfunction, it does not directly account for why imaginative creativity is more difficult than reality-based creativity.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2005

A rugged landscape model for self-organization and emergent leadership in creative problem solving and production groups.

The process by which an initially leaderless group differentiates into one containing leadership and secondary role structures was examined using the swallowtail catastrophe model and principles of selforganization. The objectives were to identify the control variables in the process of leadership emergence in creative problem solving groups and production groups. In the first of two experiments, groups of university students (total N = 114) played a creative problem solving game. Participants later rated each other on leadership behavior, styles, and variables related to the process of conversation. A performance quality measure was included also. Control parameters in the swallowtail catastrophe model were identified through a combination of factor analysis and nonlinear regression. Leaders displayed a broad spectrum of behaviors in the general categories of Controlling the Conversation and Creativity in their role-play. In the second experiment, groups of university students (total N = 197) engaged in a laboratory work experiment that had a substantial production goal component. The same system of ratings and modeling strategy was used along with a work production measure. Leaders in the production task emerged to the extent that they exhibited control over both the creative and production aspects of the task, they could keep tension low, and the externally imposed production goals were realistic.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Improving rehabilitation effectiveness by enhancing the creative process.

Creativity is a tacit component of a rehabilitation program that must be exercised by a clinician to avoid stagnation of rehabilitative innovation. Enhancing creativity can improve rehabilitation effectiveness but requires a conscious effort on the part of a clinician. There are many components to encouraging the creative process, but few authors have grouped them into a single step-by-step process. The authors of this paper have developed the CLEAR method to enhancing creativity. This method represents a summation of various strategies offered in the literature and comprises five steps: 1) challenging old routines, 2) learning new attitudes, 3) enlisting idea-generation exercises, 4) assessing the new idea for safety, and 5) revising the idea so that it is safe and suitable for rehabilitation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

The creative abilities of children with social and emotional problem.

The specific creative abilities of children with social and emotional problems were at issue. The children's responses on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking were compared to those from the standardization sample. Thirty-eight emotionally disturbed children constituted the initial sample, and 40 emotionally disturbed children made up a cross-validation sample. The children in both samples were close to the average standardization score in their ability to arrive at a number of different ideas, experienced some difficulty in coming up with original ideas, and were substantially below the average in the other areas of creativity. Presenting particular difficulty for the disturbed children was the area of elaboration, that is, the addition of details to ideas. The discussion focused on comparisons with learning-disabled children.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2006

Frequency-spatial organization of brain electrical activity in creative verbal thought: the role of the gender factor.

Gender-related differences in the EEG correlates of creative thought were studied by mapping EEG power during performance of a Remote Associations Task as compared with verbal word-generation and simple association tasks. Right-handed students (18 male, 21 female) took part in the studies. Gender-related differences were seen in the factor structure of measures of verbal activity and in the larger number of words generated for a given letter in women than in men. In terms of the originality of the associations, men and women showed no significant difference, though the dynamics of the power of the beta-2 rhythm during creative thought differed. In males, the search for original associations was accompanied by increases in beta-2 power in both hemispheres at the initial stages of performing the task, with local increases in the beta-2 rhythm in the central parts of the cortex at the end of testing. In women, the increase in beta-2 power was initially greater in the right hemisphere than the left, while there was a relative decrease in beta activity in the parietal-temporal areas of the cortex and an increase in the left anterior frontal areas at the terminal stage of task performance. It is suggested that creative verbal thought is based mostly on an "insight" strategy in males, while women additionally use an "intellectual" strategy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

EEG alpha oscillations during the performance of verbal creativity tasks: differential effects of sex and verbal intelligence.

Task-related power changes in the EEG alpha band were analyzed in 31 participants (17 males and 14 females) during performance of two verbal creativity tasks. Participants were confronted with verbal problems that are in need of explanation (insight problems) and utopian situations that will actually never happen. In both tasks they were instructed to generate as many but also as unusual, unique or original ideas as possible. To assess brain responses that come along with highly original ideas, individual responses were divided into more and less original ideas (within each participant). Creative problem solving was generally accompanied by lower levels of cortical arousal (i.e., increases in alpha power from a pre-stimulus reference to an activation interval). Additionally, more original (vs. less original) responses were associated with a stronger task-related alpha synchronization in posterior (particularly centroparietal) cortices. Task-related alpha power changes during creative problem solving were also moderated by verbal IQ and sex.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Temperamental commonalities and differences in euthymic mood disorder patients, creative controls, and healthy controls.

OBJECTIVE: Understanding of mood disorders can be enhanced through assessment of temperamental traits. We explored temperamental commonalities and differences among euthymic bipolar (BP) and unipolar (MDD) mood disorder patients, creative discipline graduate student controls (CC), and healthy controls (HC). METHODS: Forty-nine BP, 25 MDD, 32 CC, and 47 HC completed self-report temperament/personality measures including: The Affective Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS-A); the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R); and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). RESULTS: Euthymic BP, MDD, and CC, compared to HC, had significantly increased cyclothymia, dysthymia and irritability scores on TEMPS-A; increased neuroticism and decreased conscientiousness on NEO-PI-R; and increased harm avoidance and novelty seeking as well as decreased self-directedness on TCI. TEMPS-A cyclothymia scores were significantly higher in BP than in MDD. NEO-PI-R openness was increased in BP and CC, compared to HC, and in CC compared to MDD. TCI self-transcendence scores in BP were significantly higher than in MDD, CC, and HC. LIMITATIONS: Most of the subjects were not professional artists, and represented many fields; temperament might be different in different art fields. CONCLUSIONS: Euthymic BP, MDD, and CC compared to HC, had prominent temperamental commonalities. However, BP and CC had the additional commonality of increased openness compared to HC. BP had particularly high Cyclothymia scores that were significantly higher then those of MDD. The prominent BP-CC overlap suggests underlying neurobiological commonalities between people with mood disorders and individuals involved in creative disciplines, consistent with the notion of a temperamental contribution to enhanced creativity in individuals with bipolar disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

An exploration of the patient's experience of electro-convulsive therapy in mid-twentieth century creative literature: a historical study with implications for practice today.

BACKGROUND: Understanding a patient's subjective experience of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) is important. Creative literature may both express such experiences and influence how ECT is perceived since scenarios and characters in literature become incorporated into cultural stereotypes and mythologies. Clinical discussions with patients and their families suggest that One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest still has an impact on their perceptions of ECT, and therefore still has clinical relevance today. This study aims to explore experiences of ECT through creative literature focussing on novels from the 1960s. METHOD: Study of three novels depicting ECT in their historical context. RESULTS: Various factors identified in the books studied may be associated with reluctance to accept ECT as a treatment, in particular images related to electricity. LIMITATIONS: Since this is a historical survey rather than a clinical research project, and is based on creative literature, it may not reflect 21st century reality. CONCLUSIONS: Fear of electricity and other factors in the practice of ECT in the past may still be important in the acceptance of ECT as a clinical treatment. This warrants further qualitative exploration.

Creativity↗
PubMed1998

Creative discovery in imagery and perception: combining is relatively easy, restructuring takes a sketch.

A figure combination task, in which three components are combined into an object, was administered under imagery-alone and externalization conditions to subjects with different levels of sketching expertise. In externalization conditions the imaged combinations were sketched. In accordance with earlier studies, the combinations were rated equally creative across conditions. The combinations were scored with regard to the novelty of their spatial configurations of the components (combining score), and with regard to the novelty of the structure of the components (restructuring score). For expert sketchers the latter score was found to be increased by sketching. Creativity ratings correlated with both combining and restructuring scores in the sketching condition, but only with combining scores in the imagery condition. The results are interpreted in terms of a model in which creative processes use combining and restructuring strategies in a flexible way. Whereas restructuring draws heavily on both externalization and expertise in externalization, combining can be used independently of externalization and expertise.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The benefits of Newman and Parse in helping nurse teachers determine methods to enhance student creativity.

Nurse educators have long been interested in producing graduates who are creative. But, what guidance is available which will assist faculty members in helping not hindering, the creativity of students? In this article, we address the guidance which is available in the nursing theories of Newman and Parse. In fact, we attempt to show that in operationalizing these theories, faculty members will also enhance their own creativity.

Creativity↗