Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Contraceptive Distribution”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Effect of price and access on contraceptive use.

The Family Planning Program in Bangladesh has been very successful. The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) has increased from 13% in 1979 to 49% in 1996. Now that the program has matured and demand for family planning has been created, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) of the Government of Bangladesh is concerned with increasing its financial sustainability. Options to increase financial sustainability include cost sharing and a gradual transition from doorstep to static clinic delivery of contraceptives. Many of these alternatives would involve additional travel time or charges for consumers, and it is important to estimate the effect that these additional prices would have on the use of contraception. The effect of economic constraints, such as cash price and access to services on contraceptive method use, the choice of contraceptive method and provider choice, has been analyzed, taking into account the socioeconomic factors that influence decision-making for individual family members. Two data sources have been used for this analysis: (1) a survey on use of contraception and (2) two baseline surveys of 1993 and 1994 in the two field sites of the MCH-FP Extension Project (Rural) of International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. No effect of cash prices was found on the probability of use of any contraceptive method, but clients were to a limited extent responsive to price in making choices about contraceptive methods and providers. In addition, couples were less likely to use contraception or choose methods if the travel time to fixed clinics was greater than 30 min.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Provision of emergency contraceptive pills to spermicide users in ghana.

This study evaluated the effect of two approaches to provision of emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) on ECP use and unprotected intercourse among women relying on spermicides for contraception. The study enrolled 211 women at 4 family planning clinics in Ghana. At two clinics, participants were advised to return to the clinic within 3 days after unprotected intercourse to obtain ECPs. At the other two clinics, participants were given ECPs to take home for use if unprotected intercourse occurred. All participants were asked to maintain daily diaries for 8 weeks to record information on sexual activity, spermicide use, and ECP use. Women at all clinics used ECPs after at least 78% of unprotected coital acts. ECPs were used more promptly by women who had the pills at home. At three of the clinics, at most 1.3% of the coital acts were unprotected; at the fourth, 6.7% were unprotected. Our data did not suggest that the availability of ECPs increased the frequency of unprotected intercourse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene and gonadotrophin suppression influence the effectiveness of hormonal male contraception.

OBJECTIVE: Nonuniformity in suppression of spermatogenesis induced by various hormones or hormone combinations has impeded the development of an effective hormonal male contraceptive. The basis for this heterogeneity in response remained unresolved to date; however, the presence of ethnic differences points to an involvement of genetic factors. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: In a retrospective analysis we investigated the impact of a CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor and polymorphic sites in the oestrogen and FSH receptor genes on spermatogenic suppression in 85 Caucasian men treated with different regimens of hormonal contraception. RESULTS: Failure to reduce sperm concentrations below 3 million/ml was significantly associated with insufficient suppression of gonadotrophins. The extent of gonadotrophin suppression was not explained by any polymorphism but was primarily pharmacological, resulting from addition of gestagens to testosterone. When LH and FSH suppression was rapid and persistent none of the polymorphisms studied explained why some men failed to achieve azoospermia. In cases with incomplete gonadotrophin suppression the chances of becoming azoospermic were 2.5 times higher in men having more than 22 CAG repeats. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our analysis shows that in a subset of men, effective hormonal male contraception can be achieved even in the absence of complete gonadotrophin suppression.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antiperspirant use as a risk factor for breast cancer in Iraq.

Some internet communications have addressed the link between antiperspirant use and breast cancer. We studied the possible association between the use of antiperspirants and some other factors with the development of breast cancer in Al-Kadhmia teaching hospital. Thus, 54 cases of breast cancer and 50 controls were interviewed. We found 82.0% of the controls used antiperspirants compared with 51.8% of cases (P< 0.05). The use of antiperspirants had no association with the risk of breast cancer, while family history and oral contraceptives use were found to be associated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Atypical progressive stroke syndrome associated with oral contraceptives and cigarette use.

We report a case of progressive multifocal intracranial distal arterial branch occlusive disease in a young adult who smoked heavily and used oral contraceptives. The distribution of the angiographic lesions and the associated telangiectasias and rete mirabile resemble Moya-Moya disease except for clearly absent proximal carotid arterial disease. This type of distal multifocal cerebral arterial occlusive pattern appears to be a very rare manifestation of cigarette and oral contraceptive use. The patient has remained without symptoms for greater than 3 years off oral contraceptives and cigarettes and on antiplatelet agents.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Problems in distribution of scientific knowledge: intrauterine contraceptive devices and drug catalogs.

Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are a popular method of contraception worldwide. However, some serious problems have been associated with them. Finland has developed and now manufactures and exports IUDs. Therefore, drug control and the quality of drug information existing in Finland are significant for other countries, as well. This study analyzes the information in the Finnish commercial drug catalog on copper-releasing IUDs and compares it with the scientific literature, the instructions from the licensing authority, and material in its U.S. counterpart, during the last two decades. The results indicate that the distribution of scientific knowledge to the drug catalogs has often been slow. In the early 1980s Finnish manufacturers did not give any practical information on their products, and then and later the Finnish catalog was less comprehensive than the U.S. catalog. The variations in the control system in different nations were reflected in the contents of the Finnish catalog. For practitioners, drug catalogs are important sources of medical information. The results of this study demonstrate (1) that more attention should be paid to the contents of these catalogs, and (2) the continuous need for up-to-date, unbiased drug information.

Catalogs, Drug as Topic↗
PubMed1997

Predicting contraceptive vigilance in adolescent females: a projective method for assessing ego development.

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that ego development would predict contraceptive use. Problems in ego development were defined in terms of three factors: (1) realism, (2) complexity, and (3) discontinuity. METHODS: Forty-one respondents aged 14-17 years were selected from a group of 233 adolescents who were administered a projective pregnancy scenario and participated in a 12-month follow-up. Twenty of these adolescents were randomly selected from the group determined to be effective contraceptive users, while 21 were randomly selected from the group of poor contraceptors. RESULTS: Chi-square test revealed a significant association (p < .0005) between the composite ego maturity (EM) measure and contraceptive outcome (chi 2 = 13.82, with df-1). Low scores on the ego maturity measure predicted poor contraceptive use. EM was unrelated to age but was associated with race (chi 2 = 7.535, .025 < p < .05). However, EM predicted contraceptive use when controlling for the effects of race. CONCLUSIONS: A simple, time-efficient projective pregnancy scenario is an effective way of determining adolescent females at risk for poor contraceptive effectiveness and, therefore, untimely pregnancy. These stories are analyzed using factors related to the ego development of the adolescent. Subjects who scored lower on this measure have poor contraceptive effectiveness while subjects with higher levels demonstrated effective contraception use, at 1-year follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Sex preference and contraceptive behaviour among men in Mbeya region, Tanzania.

While recent studies confirm parental child sex preference in less developed countries, its pattern varies. Son preference is especially prevalent in Bangladesh, China, India, and Pakistan. Sex preference in sub-Saharan Africa is a neglected area of enquiry. Completed research focuses on women's views to the neglect of men, despite the latter's importance as primary decision-makers. This study identifies factors influencing contraceptive behaviour among men in Mbeya region, Tanzania, demonstrating how it is affected by their preferred family sex composition. Data used were collected from a cross-sectional survey of 600 men aged 16-50 and six focus groups conducted in the region's rural and urban areas. Using single statements and Coombs' Scales, sex preference was found to be prevalent in the study area, with sons strongly preferred to daughters. Sex preference is significantly associated with the number of existing daughters a man has, his marital status, residence and occupation. Findings suggest programmes should be initiated to challenge men's attitudes towards one-sex family composition. Men should be educated about the advantages of small family sizes and persuaded that both children's sexes are equally important. Such measures can assist men in reconsidering their desired family sizes, reduce biases towards one sex, minimise marital problems and improve women's status. Efforts to increase contraceptive use in Tanzania will be hampered, however, if men maintain their preference for sons over daughters.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraception among young women attending high school in rural Nova Scotia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine contraceptive methods used by rural adolescent women and socio-demographic factors associated with not using effective contraception. METHODS: Students in three Nova Scotia high schools participated in a survey concerning sexual activity, behaviours, and contraception used at last intercourse. Proportions using no effective contraception were examined with respect to socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 80%; 46% of 922 young women aged 15-19 had had intercourse in the previous year. Of these, 87% used effective contraception at last intercourse. Average school mark < 80%, and having a father with less than high school education were associated with not using effective contraception. Mother's education and employment, family structure, age of first intercourse and importance of religion were not associated with lack of contraception. INTERPRETATION: Using no, or ineffective, contraception at last intercourse was seen in fewer young women than has been seen in other Canadian studies. In addition to examining use of contraception in rural Canadian adolescents, the study provides evidence concerning factors for consideration in targeted interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prospective study of hormonal contraception and women's risk of HIV infection in South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Many women using hormonal contraceptives are also at risk of sexually transmitted HIV infection, but data are mixed on whether hormonal contraception increases women's risk of HIV. We investigated associations between HIV incidence and use of combined oral contraceptives (COC), norethindrone enanthate (NET-EN) or depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in a cohort of South African women. METHODS: Participants were 4200 HIV-negative women aged 35-49 years enrolled into a cervical cancer screening trial. At enrollment, women were tested for sexually transmitted infections and reported on their sexual behaviour and contraceptive use. During the 24 months of follow-up, women reported on their sexual behaviours and contraceptive use and underwent repeat HIV testing. RESULTS: During the 5010 person-years of follow-up, 111 incident HIV infections were observed (HIV incidence, 2.2 infections/100 person-years). At enrollment, 21% of women reported using hormonal contraception, primarily DMPA (14% of all women) or NET-EN (5%). After adjusting for sexual risk behaviours and sexually transmitted infections, the incidence of HIV was similar among women using COC, NET-EN or DMPA compared with women not using any hormonal method [incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals, 0.65, 0.16-2.66; 0.79, 0.31-2.02 and 0.96, 0.58-1.59, respectively]. There was also no association between increased duration of DMPA use and HIV incidence (P-value for trend, 0.51). CONCLUSIONS: These findings contribute to the evidence from general population cohorts of women that hormonal contraceptive use is not associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition. Nonetheless, family planning services are an important venue for HIV prevention activities.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Demographic and socio-economic determinants of contraceptive use in a low income community of Karachi.

The study objectives were to assess multiple factors associated with the use of contraceptives among married women living in a low income community in Karachi. The study was a cross sectional survey of 608 women between the ages of 15 and 49 years. The mean number of living children per woman was 3.7 (confidence intervals 3.49-3.9). The literacy rate was 53%. The current use of contraceptives was 29%. Among many variables examined and in consistence with studies in other countries, women were 4 to 5 times more likely to use contraceptives if they had 3 or more living children than if they had two or fewer living children (p = .000). These results strongly suggest that the number of surviving children and women's education are key determinants in decision-making about contraceptive use and as such are intervention points to increase contraceptive use. Stronger policies focused on improving child survival, reducing the perceived ideal family size through increased female education will be more likely to reduce fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Dysmenorrhea and use of oral contraceptives in adolescent women attending a family planning clinic.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the prevalance of dysmenorrhea in female adolescents and the effect of experiencing a reduction in dysmenorrhea on oral contraceptive use. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective panel study in which 308 adolescent women at an inner-city family planning clinic were interviewed about their experiences with dysmenorrhea and their oral contraceptive use at three points in time over a 6-month period. A chi 2 test and multiple logistic regression analysis were done. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of dysmenorrhea in this population was 79.6%; 18.2% reported severe dysmenorrhea. Those who had severe dysmenorrhea and also experienced the reduction of dysmenorrhea as a result of oral contraceptives were eight times more likely to be consistent oral contraceptive users (p less than or equal to 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to screen female adolescents for dysmenorrhea, provide them with information about the beneficial side effects of oral contraceptives, and follow up these young women to make sure they are experiencing the alleviation of their symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Appropriate methods for analyzing the effect of method choice on contraceptive discontinuation.

The contraceptive method chosen is an important determinant of contraceptive discontinuation. However, method choice is endogenous to contraceptive discontinuation. Using data from the 1997 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey, we apply a multilevel multi-process model to examine the impact of method choice on three types of contraceptive discontinuation. We confirm that method choice is endogenous to the processes of contraceptive abandonment and method switching, but not failure. Ignoring the endogeneity of contraceptive choice leads to various biases in the magnitude of estimated effects of method choice on abandonment and method switching, but the general conclusions are robust to these biases.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of contraceptives on hemoglobin and ferritin. Task Force for Epidemiological Research on Reproductive Health, United Nations Development Programme/United Nations Population Fund/World Health Organization/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

The effects of combined oral contraceptives (OC), depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injections (DMPA), levonorgestrel subdermal implant (Norplant), copper-containing intrauterine devices (copper IUD), and Chinese stainless steel ring IUD on hemoglobin and ferritin were studied in 18-40-year-old, nonpregnant, and nonlactating women in seven countries (Bangladesh, Chile, China, the Dominican Republic, Pakistan, Thailand, and Tunisia). Data from 2507 women were analyzed. The study had a cross-sectional component in which 1295 current users of the contraceptive methods were compared with 1212 women initiating use of contraceptives. The results of this component showed that the current users of hormonal contraceptive methods generally had higher hemoglobin and ferritin levels than the noncontraceptors. The differences between women using hormonal contraceptive and noncontraceptors in mean values for hemoglobin varied between 3 and 6 g/L and for ferritin between 2 and 18 g/L. The current users of copper IUD had higher hemoglobin levels (difference in mean levels of 3 g/L), but lower ferritin levels (difference of 10 g/L) than noncontraceptors. Current use of the stainless steel ring had an adverse effect on both hemoglobin and ferritin. In a longitudinal component of the study, 285 anemic women (hemoglobin between 80 and 120 g/L at the time of initiation of contraception)--a subgroup of the cross-sectional component--were followed-up at 3, 6, and 12 months after initiation. In this component, significant mean increases of hemoglobin at 12 months were observed among the users of oral contraceptives and DMPA, but not among users of copper or stainless steel ring IUD. It is concluded that hemoglobin and ferritin levels are influenced by the use of contraceptives and that the hormonal contraceptives included in the present study have a beneficial effect on these parameters. The effects of copper IUD on hemoglobin and ferritin should be studied further.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The use of contraceptive methods among women seeking a legal abortion.

In a simple random sample study of 404 women 20 to 29 years of age, 201 applying for abortion and 203 continuing their pregnancies, all were interviewed personally and requested to complete a questionnaire. The aim of the study was to analyse the use and experience of contraceptives among the abortion applicants in this age group, and to compare their experience with that of women in a matched control group. The most important reasons given for desisting in the use of contraceptives were the experience of side effects, worry about the side effects, and the "human failure" factor involved even with methods of contraception such as pills, which generally are regarded as safe. This study demonstrates that women living alone without any permanent relationship, having a strained economy or having previously had an abortion, need particular and detailed contraceptive advice plus continued close follow-up. To improve the continuation rate, precise contraception counselling focusing on both positive and adverse effects to reduce worry seems essential.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Teenage contraceptive use in Iceland: a gender perspective.

Different gender beliefs toward contraception may affect contraceptive use among teenagers and need to be explored for the development of sexuality education and services aimed at this age group. A cross-sectional national survey was conducted. A random sample of 1,405 sexually active teenagers, 1,181 girls, and 224 boys was studied. One quarter of the girls and one fifth of the boys had often/always used unsafe methods (withdrawal and natural methods), and about one third of the teenagers used contraceptive methods sporadically or not at all. Generally, teenage girls had more positive beliefs toward use of contraceptives, more positive friends, and more supportive parents regarding contraception than boys. Both genders were more likely to use contraceptives if they recognized the seriousness of pregnancy and easiness of making contraceptive plans. Additionally, teenage girls were more likely to use contraceptives if they were older at the time of sexual debut, were in a steady sexual relationship, considered contraceptive services good, believed in not taking chances, and their parents knew about their contraceptive use. Preventive strategies must primarily target those teenagers who start sexual debut early, are not in a steady relationship, and are not receiving parental support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Knowledge and practice of contraception in United Arab Emirates women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the knowledge and practice of contraception among United Arab Emirates (UAE) women. METHOD: Four hundred and fifty UAE women at risk of pregnancy were randomly selected from the community and primary health care centres and interviewed about knowledge and practice of contraception using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Four hundred women (89%) gave consent to participate in the study. One hundred and sixty-six participants (41.5%) were using contraception. All used natural methods backed with other methods. There were significant associations between using contraception and each of age, high level of education and low family income (p < 0.0001 for the three variables). Religious beliefs and low expectation of success of birth control were the reasons given for non-use. Eighty-five percent of subjects did not accept sterilisation without medical indications, nor using contraception before the first pregnancy. Of the women, 42.5% believed that contraceptive methods should not be used after the age of 40, and 78% were unaware that they could be used for treatment of gynaecological diseases. Disturbed bleeding patterns occurred in 48.7% of users, and these were most bothered by the inability to pray (100%) and to have sexual intercourse (97.5%). CONCLUSION: Contraception is not commonly used by UAE women because of sociocultural traditions, religious beliefs and poor knowledge.

Adult↗