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PubMed1982

Socio-economic class differences in cancer incidence in Cali, Colombia.

Based on census tract information, cancer incidence rates for three socio-economic strata of the city of Cali, Colombia, were calculated. Strong negative associations with socio-economic status were found for cancers of the cervix and stomach. Colon cancer and endocrine-related cancers were positively associated with socio-economic status, while no such association was found for rectal cancer. Contrary to data from developed countries, all smoking-related cancers were positively associated with socio-economic class. The role of socio-economic gradients in developing countries is stressed as a basis for etiological research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

The impact of vaginal cytology on cervical cancer risks in Cali, Colombia.

The role of vaginal cytology screening in preventing invasive carcinoma of the cervix was investigated in Cali, Colombia. The history of previous participation in screening programs was obtained from 204 patients with invasive carcinoma and from 2 sets of age-matched controls: one from the same health center and one for the same neighborhood of the patient. Our results show that the risk of developing invasive carcinoma is at least 10 times greater in non-screened than in screened women.

Carcinoma↗

PubMed1989

A survey of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in south-western Colombia.

To evaluate altitude of birthplace and residence as factors associated with geographic clustering of HTLV-I infection in Colombia, we sampled a total of 670 current residents of the South Pacific coastal lowland and of upland regions (Cali and environs) of the Valle and Cauca Provinces, located at an altitude of 3,100 ft. Among the 255 lowland study subjects, 4.3% had antibody against HTLV-I, compared to 0.9% of the 415 upland study subjects. A hypothesis emerging from this study is that the lower socio-economic status of lowland residents and associated diseases, particularly untreated syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases, may explain the increased HTLV-I seropositivity rates in this population.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Risk factors for cervical cancer in Colombia and Spain.

A population-based case-control study of cervical cancer was conducted in Spain and Colombia to assess the relationship between cervical cancer and exposure to human papillomavirus (HPV), selected aspects of sexual and reproductive behaviour, use of oral contraceptives, screening practices and smoking. The study included 436 cases of histologically confirmed squamous-cell carcinoma and 387 age-stratified controls randomly selected from the general population that generated the cases. The presence of HPV DNA in cervical scrapes was assessed by PCR-based methods and was the strongest risk factor (OR = 23.8; 13.4-42.0). Risk estimates for any other factor were only slightly modified after adjusting for HPV status. Among women found positive for HPV DNA, only the use of oral contraceptives was a risk factor for cervical cancer (OR = 6.5; 1.3-31.4 for ever vs. never use). Patients with cervical cancer who were HPV DNA-negative retained most of the established epidemiological features of this disease. This suggests that some instances of HPV infection went undetected or that other sexually transmitted factor(s) contribute to the causation of cervical cancer. Early age at first intercourse (OR = 4.3; 2.1-9.0 for age < 16 vs. 24+) and early age at first birth (OR = 5.0; 1.8-14.2 for age < 16 vs. 24+) were associated with increased risk of cervical cancer; these effects were independent of one another. Low educational level was a risk factor (OR = 2.5; 1.6-3.9). Number of sexual partners was in our study a surrogate for HPV infection. Smoking and parity after age 24 were weakly and inconsistently associated with the risk of cervical cancer. Previous screening (OR = 0.7; 0.5-1.0) and ever having undergone a Caesarean section (OR = 0.4; 0.2-0.8) were protective factors.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Maternity record: initial report on a national experience (Colombia).

The International Fertility Research Program, in cooperation with the Government of Colombia, drew a random sample of urban hospitals in which obstetric deliveries take place. Data were collected on a sample of the deliveries. Hospitals were divided into six types: university, university maternity, social security and three sizes of general hospitals. These groups of hospitals are compared with respect to the proportion of high-risk patients admitted, intervention rates and perinatal mortality rates.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2025

Risk Factors for Breakthrough Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Fully Vaccinated Individuals: A Case-Control Study Nested in a Prospective Cohort in Medelln, Colombia.

To effectively curb coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is essential to understand the risk factors for breakthrough acute infections of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) despite vaccination. We conducted a case-control study to assess risk factors for acute SARS-CoV-2 infections requiring hospitalization in vaccinated individuals. The study included 50 vaccinated patients who experienced breakthrough infections requiring hospitalization (inpatient cohort) and 250 control participants from the outpatient cohort of the "Genomic Surveillance and Immune Response Monitoring for COVID-19 in the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley, Medellín-Colombia". Demographic characteristics, vaccination status, and immune responses were compared between cases and controls using multivariate logistic regression. Advanced age (≥ 65 years), male sex, high-risk comorbidities, and immunosuppression were associated with an increased risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections despite prior vaccination. In contrast, receipt of a booster dose and the presence of neutralizing antibodies were linked to a reduced risk of such infections. This study identifies key risk and protective factors associated with breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections. Derived from a high-middle-income setting, these real-world findings provide valuable insights to guide targeted vaccination strategies for vulnerable populations.

Humans↗

PubMed1981

A possible role of iron deficiency in gastric cancer in Colombia.

Through the efforts of Correa, Cuello, Haenszel, Tannenbaum and others it was learned that the incidence of gastric cancer in certain areas of Narino (Colombia) was among the highest in the world. These areas of high risk for gastric cancer were adjacent to an area of substantially lower risk. Gastric biopsies from healthy volunteers residing in the "high risk" area exhibited a greater incidence of superficial gastritis and chronic atrophic gastritis with and without intestinal metaplasia than those from the low risk area. The latter pathological finding is considered to be a precursor lesion to gastric cancer. Volunteers from the "low risk" area as well as individuals from Cali in the coastal region and Cartegena on the coast, also exhibited a similar spectrum of pathology but at a substantially reduced frequency. Natives of both cities were also at lower risk for gastric cancer than inhabitants of Narino. It was found that the water supply of the "high risk" area contained a higher concentration of nitrate than water in the "low risk" area. Correa et al. hypothesized that the high nitrate concentrations of well water contributed to the formation of N-nitroso compounds in the stomachs of these individuals early in life. The occurrence of this putative carcinogen in combination with the abrasive action of dietary grains contributed to a series of mutations in the gastric epithelium progressing through a sequence of pathologic changes, loss of gastric acid and culminating in gastric cancer. In the current report individuals in a Medellin population who were admitted with abdominal complaints and were found to be iron deficient exhibited the same spectrum of gastric pathology described by previous investigators. Superficial gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis and achlorhydria have also been described in association with chronic iron deficiency (and/or associated nutritional defects) per se. The development of these lesions are likely to occur within the first two decades of life when iron requirements are maximal. It is suggested that these changes preceed the development of gastric cancer. Bacterial colonization of the achlorhydric stomach may facilitate nitrate reduction and the formation of a putative carcinogen N-nitroso compound(s) from nitrate in the water supply. Additionally, the effects of chronic iron deficiency on host immune defense may compromise these mechanisms and permit tumor growth with minimal immune intervention.

Achlorhydria↗

PubMed1977

Hodgkin's disease in Medellin, Colombia.

Four hundred and fifty two cases of Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) were studied in Medellin, Colombia, following the Rye histological classification: The relative frequency of H.D. was 2.3% for all malignancies and 34% for the solid lymphoreticular tumors. The percentage of H.D. in children as compared with adults was 27%, which is higher than usually reported. The age curve of incidence was bimodal with a first high peak at age 5--9 years and a lower second peak between 15--25 years. Males predominated mainly in children, 4.5--1. The epidemiological pattern for H.D. in our area generally corresponded with the Type I recently described for developing countries; but a high frequency for Nodular Sclerosis in children, with unusual anatomical localizations, more severe clinical manifestations, and poorer prognosis seems to indicate complex factors in the etiopathogenesis of the disease in the same geographical area.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Sporotrichosis in the Orinoco river basin of Venezuela and Colombia.

Six cases of sporotrichosis from the Orinoco river basin of Venezuela and Colombia are described; two are of the localized cutaneous type and four are lymphocutaneous. Diagnosis was based on the patient's clinical history and mycological culture. Epidemiology and distinctive cultural habits of the patients are discussed in connection with disease etiology.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The health needs of the majority versus the health needs of the individual: the reorganization of medical education in Colombia.

The challenge of excellence in community health services has been taken up by medical educators in Colombia. Confronted with a nation where the primary indicators of disease mortality and morbidity (cardiovascular disease and infant mortality) were characteristic of First and Third World patterns, respectively, the Ministry of Health and La Asociacion Colombiana de Facultades de Medicina (ASCOFAME), representatives of institutions of medical education, have collaborated to conduct a needs assessment of the country's health needs and devised an implementation plan designed to better address the needs of the majority of that nation's people. As a model, the Colombian reorganization of medical education is an example which could be emulated by the U.S. where policy makers are struggling with troublesome questions of cost, equity and quality.

Colombia↗

PubMed1995

Molecular analysis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II from Wayuu Indians of Colombia demonstrates two subtypes of HTLV-IIb.

Studies of the genetic heterogeneity of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) have revealed the presence of two genetic subtypes, termed HTLV-IIa and HTLV-IIb. The HTLV-IIb subtype encodes an immunodominant epitope present at the C-terminus of the extended Tax protein and, by using an LTR-based, restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) assay, can be further classified into IIb60-IIb5, with HTLV-IIb1 (Central Amerindian-like) and HTLV-IIb5 (North Amerindian-like) being characteristic subtypes for Native American Indians. To determine the antigenic and genetic heterogeneity among HTLV-II-infected South Amerindians, we used a Tax synthetic peptide immunoassay on serum, and RFLP and phylogenetic analysis on LTR sequences amplified from genomic DNA from four Wayuu Indians of Colombia. The Wayuu specimens displayed seroreactivity to the immunodominant epitope located in the extended Tax region, as predicted, and demonstrated genetic heterogeneity by the presence of both the IIB1 (Wyu1, Zuc31) and IIb5 (Wyu2, Zuc42) subtypes sequences within separate phylogroups represented by the Guaymi Indian (IIb1) and North Amerindian (IIb5) sequences, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that major LTR regulatory motifs and the cis-acting repressive elements in the LTR RNA secondary structure were relatively conserved in both Wayuu subtypes, but the predicted secondary structure of the rex response stem loop in the Wyu2 (IIb5) LTR sequence was 45 nucleotides (nt) and 95 nt longer than that observed in the Wyu1 (IIb1) and G12.1 (IIb1) LTR sequences, respectively. These results extend our knowledge of the genetic heterogeneity of HTLV-II in South Amerindians.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1978

Epidemiology of cattle anaplasmosis in Colombia: I. prevalence and distribution of agglutinating antibodies.

A survey to detect antibodies against Anaplasma marginale, using the Card Test, was conducted on serum samples collected from cattle of Cordoba Department and north-eastern region of the Department of Antioquia in the Republic of Colombia. The samples were from native cattle of Spanish descent (Bos taurus), Zebu (Bos indicus) and various Zebu-native crosses. The age range was between three and eight year olds. The results revealed that 90.3% of the samples were positive. All breeds showed a high prevalence of antibodies.

Agglutinins↗

PubMed1979

Mortality, weight loss and anaemia in Bos taurus calves exposed to Boophilus microplus ticks in the tropics of Colombia.

One hundred and sixteen pure-bred Normandy calves previously immunised against babesiosis and anaplasmosis were transported to the Caribbean Coast of Colombia where they divided into 2 equal groups and placed in separate pastures. One group sustained heavy infestation with Boophilus microplus ticks. The second group became lightly infested. The heavily infested calves suffered average losses in body weight of 38 kg and a 48% decrease in mean packed cell volume. Twenty-three (40%) died 16 to 39 days following arrival from severe ixodiasis and babesiosis. Mortality did not occur nor were significant weight losses observed in the group of lightly infested calves.

Anemia↗

PubMed1983

Gastro-intestinal parasites in calves in Colombia.

This study was conducted at Carimagua Research Centre in a high savanna area in the eastern plains of Colombia. The objectives were to identify the pathogenic parasites prevalent in the area and to study their seasonal variations and ecological conditions for use in planning control measures. The calves from two groups of 50 cows each (zebu crossbred) were used. Group I calves were born at the beginning of the rainy season and Group II calves later in the same period. The highest faecal egg counts observed were of trichostrongylid eggs. In necropsied animals Cooperia had high populations followed by Haemonchus. Throughout the rainy season there were favourable conditions for development and transmission of calf nematodes; animals born towards the end of the rainy season developed a lower infestation level which is probably easier to control. The animals were particularly susceptible to infestation with gastro-intestinal parasites at weaning. From these observations and in view of the relatively low stocking rate and the sequential burning of the savanna it is suggested that deworming be done at eight and 18 months of age.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Boophilus microplus tick burdens on grazing cattle in Colombia.

This study was conducted at Carimagua Research Centre in a well-drained savanna area in the eastern plains of Colombia. The objectives were to note the effect of ecological factors on tick burdens, principally the effect of the environment given by four grasses on the seasonal variations of tick populations. Adult female tick counts were carried out on heifers grazing four pastures and tick larvae on the grass detected by cloth dragging. Tick counts were significantly higher on animals grazing Brachiaria decumbens than those grazing Andropogon gayanus, Melinis minutiflora or native pastures. Tick larvae counts on the grass showed a similar tendency. Introduced grasses and intensification of production will require greater care to control tick infestations since increases in stocking rate and ground coverage could augment tick populations.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Trypanosoma vivax in Colombia: epidemiology and production losses.

The present paper reports information obtained between 1982 and 1989 in the tropical lowlands of the Atlantic coast of Colombia. The studies confirmed that Trypanosoma vivax was widely but unevenly distributed within the study area and that incidence ranged from sporadic transmission to localised epidemics in which virtually all susceptible animals become infected within a period of 3 months. Quantitative epidemiological methods substantiated impressions of previous workers that T. vivax infections were associated with low-lying swampy areas and tabanid activity. Overt clinical trypanosomosis was rare in herds in which T. vivax was endemic. However, in these herds primary T. vivax infections were shown to cause subclinical alterations in calves. The infection consistently caused a temporary depression of packed cell volume (PCV) as well as a reduction in growth rate. There was no evidence of compensatory growth at a later stage.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Trypanosoma vivax in Colombia: interpretation of field results.

The use of the indirect fluorescent antibody test and complementary blood smear examinations in Colombia has shown that Trypanosoma vivax infections of cattle may be considered to be distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the country. However within this distribution the prevalence showed wide variations between herds and localised epidemic situations could occur at the herd and village level. the examination of sequential serum samples from 2 localities has given additional information on incidence and on transmission patterns.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Levels of some reproductive diseases in the dairy cattle of Colombia.

Of 4,144 serum samples collected from cows on 113 farms from eight areas of Colombia 3.3% had positive and 8.8% inconclusive titres to Brucella abortus, 21.7, 6.3, 1.6, 0.6 and 0.7% of cows had positive titres to Leptospira serovars hardjo, pomona, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa respectively. Questionnaires completed on 110 farms revealed that 6, 2.5 and 4.6% of cows had had metritis, aborted or retained their placentas respectively in the previous 12 months. Trichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus were isolated from 13.7% and 15% of the bulls sampled on 103 farms. Six and two bulls had inconclusive and positive titres to Brucella abortus. Eight and 23 bulls had positive titres to pomona and hardjo. The results were discussed and remedies for control suggested.

Abortion, Veterinary↗