Patterns of synaptic interconnections in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of cat and monkey: a brief review.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Cercopithecidae”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Factors limiting the postnatal development of visual acuity in the monkey.
A major factor underlying the prolonged postnatal improvement of visual acuity in primates is an increase in the sampling limit imposed by the photoreceptor mosaic, which may be as much as 5-fold. Further factors operating peripheral to neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which might include changes in neural connectivity, appear to contribute at most 1.5 octaves, between 3 weeks and 6 months of age. Neural factors at the geniculo-cortical synapse may add another half-octave between 10 weeks and 1 yr. Factors operating after the level of the striate cortex (changes in spatial degradation, attention, motivation, etc.) contribute up to another octave or more to the increase in behavioural acuity between birth and about 11 weeks of age. The foveal image is substantially undersampled in young animals and therefore aliasing could occur over a wide range of spatial frequencies.
Animals↗
Spondyloarthropathy as an Old World phenomenon.
The presence of spine and sacroiliac involvement and the nature and distribution of erosive lesions allowed definitive diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy in the great apes (Gorilla and Pan [chimpanzee]), the lesser ape (Hylobates), and Old World monkeys (Theropithecus, Papio, Cercopithecus, Macaca, Colobus, Presbytis, and Erythrocebus). Analysis of lesional character, distribution, radiological appearance, and sex ratios showed a picture indistinguishable from human spondyloarthropathy. This contrasts with orangutans (Pongo), who lack reactive bone or sacroiliac involvement. A different pathophysiology, as yet undefined, is implied for their erosive arthritis. Limited individual susceptibility to spondyloarthropathy in humans (1% to 4%), Old World monkeys (2.4%), and lesser apes (2.4%) contrasts with the high frequency of disease in the great apes (20% to 28%). The wide geographic distribution of this phenomenon suggests an African and perhaps Asian "panendemic." This natural disease state provides a unique model for in-depth analysis of the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to disease pathophysiology.
Animals↗
Pregnancy induces increased platelet responsiveness in the non-human primate.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adenosine Diphosphate↗
Behavioural and endocrine effects of naltrexone in male talapoin monkeys.
The effect of treating captive male talapoin monkeys with naltrexone hydrochloride (500 micrograms/kg intra-muscular injection twice daily) was studied both in socially living and singly caged animals. The behaviour of the group males and endocrine changes in all treated animals were monitored during the course of treatment and on drug withdrawal. Naltrexone significantly reduced sexual behaviour in previously active males, while increasing grooming interactions. Aggressive behaviour did not change. There was an overall significant elevation in testosterone, LH and cortisol during drug treatment and a significant decrease on withdrawal. Changes in prolactin in response to naltrexone depended upon the pre-treatment level of this hormone: in males in which levels were low, there was a significant elevation in prolactin, while in those with high pre-treatment prolactin, levels were unchanged by the drug. The behavioural changes reported for this primate are in direct contrast to changes reported in rodents, while the hormonal changes, except for prolactin, are comparable to others reported.
Aggression↗
Opiate antagonists stimulate affiliative behaviour in monkeys.
The effects of treating captive talapoin monkeys acutely (twice daily for 7 days) with naltrexone hydrochloride (0.25 mg 0.5 mg and 1 mg/kg intramuscular injections twice daily), naloxone hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg IM twice daily) and sulpiride (1.5 mg/kg IM twice daily) was studied in social pairs and singly caged animals. The behaviour of social pairs and endocrine changes in all treated monkeys were monitored before, during and after withdrawal of the course of drug treatment. Naltrexone and naloxone, but not sulpiride, significant increased grooming and grooming invitations while aggressive behaviour, self grooming, scratching and general locomotor activity were unaffected. There was an overall increase in LH, testosterone and cortisol in plasma samples taken 60 mins after opiate receptor blockade. Prolactin was unchanged but increased dramatically in animals treated with sulpiride. No significant endocrine changes were observed to precede the increased grooming behaviour which opiate receptor blockade induced. The behavioural changes reported for this primate support the view that positive affect arising from social bonds may be mediated by cerebral endorphin containing systems.
Animals↗
Evolution of the pseudoautosomal boundary in Old World monkeys and great apes.
Mammalian sex chromosomes are divided into sex-specific and pseudoautosomal regions. Sequences in the pseudoautosomal region recombine between the sex chromosomes; the sex-specific sequences normally do not. The interface between sex-specific and pseudoautosomal sequences is the pseudoautosomal boundary. The boundary is the centromeric limit to recombination in the pseudoautosomal region. In man, an Alu repeat element is found inserted at the boundary on the Y chromosome. In the evolutionary comparison conducted here, the Alu repeat element is found at the Y boundary in great apes, but it is not found there in two Old World monkeys. During the evolution of the Old World monkey and great ape lineages, homology between the sex chromosomes was maintained by recombination in the sequences telomeric to the Alu insertion site. The Alu repeat element did not create the present-day boundary; instead, it inserted at the preexisting boundary after the Old World monkey and great ape lineages diverged.
Animals↗
Real and imagined clinicopathological limits of "prion dementia".
The term "prion dementia" has been proposed to replace "spongiform encephalopathy", to accommodate the existence of atypical forms of these "prion protein" (PrP) cerebral amyloidoses that may not show spongiform changes in the brain. We tested brain tissue extracts for the presence of PrP from 46 cases (including 13 familial cases) of non-spongiform dementias with a variety of associated neurological signs, referred to our laboratory for primate transmission studies. None of the cases transmitted disease to primates, and none had PrP detectable by western immunoblots of extracted brain tissue. We conclude that prion dementias are not lurking undetected within the larger landscape of neurodegenerative disorders, and that their clinicopathological limits are, except for a small number of previously reported familial cases, essentially those of spongiform encephalopathy.
Adult↗
An analysis of the correlation of lesion size, localization and behavioral effects in 283 published studies of cortical and subcortical lesions in old-world monkeys.
The present article evaluates the quality and magnitude of the effects of lesion size and location and their interaction, on the behavioral performance of old world monkeys by a quantitative comparison of 283 published studies. The results indicate that lesion size alone is a poor predictor of the behavioral performance of monkeys, as opposed to Lashley's work in rats. Lesion location is a reliable predictor of the behavioral performance for brain regions thought to be primarily involved in a specific behavior; however, similar behavioral effects, although less reliable, can be observed for many different lesion loci, suggesting a specialized and a holistic brain functioning to be working at the same time. Some lesion loci are, in sharp contrast to current hypotheses about functional localization in the brain, not associated with impairments, but with significant improvements of a specific behavior. For such lesion loci the correlation of lesion size and behavioral performance may yield significant positive relationships (that is, increasing behavioral improvement with increasing lesion size); these relationships are contrasted by the significant negative relationships obtained for lesions of brain regions thought to be primarily involved in a given behavior. Thus, the lesion size may be a good predictor of the behavioral performance, depending on the lesion location and on the behavior under measurement. The behaviors analysed in this study were discrimination or delayed reaction or delayed matching-to-sample. The former two behaviors involve habit-like learning and are thought to be mediated by corticostriate functional pathways in the brain and the latter behavior implies the learning of single events, being thought to be mediated by corticolimbic functional pathways in the brain. Improved performances were observed for habit-like behaviors after lesions of brain regions (lateral frontal, premotor/motor, parietal, inferotemporal cortex, amygdala and fornix) being not primarily involved in a given behavior but possibly being able to inhibit the corticostriate pathways. Interestingly, lesions of subareas of the neostriatum were found to cause impairments in habit-like behaviors presumably being processed via these subareas (e.g. head of the caudate nucleus and delayed reaction), but to cause significant improvements in other behaviors (e.g. head of the caudate nucleus and visual discrimination). Thus, it may be concluded that diverse systems of functionally interconnected brain regions may maintain reciprocal inhibitions, with the result that a lesion within one system not only leads to a loss of one behavior, but in addition leads to a modification, may be a facilitation, of another behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Animals↗
Hemolytic complement measurement in eleven species of nonhuman primates.
A microtiter system was used to measure hemolytic complement levels in serum from eleven nonhuman primate species. The species studied were Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque), Macaca radiata (bonnet macaque), Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaque), Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque), Macaca speciosa (stumptailed macaque), Papio cynocephalus (yellow baboon), Papio anubis (olive baboon), Cercopithecus aethiops (African green monkey), Aotus trivirgatus (owl monkey), Ateles fusceps robustus (spider monkey), and Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis (thick-tailed galago). The optimal hemolytic complement titer of the various nonhuman primate species was found to vary with different species sources of erythrocytes and anti-erythrocyte reagents used in the assay. No single erythrocyte and anti-erythrocyte test reagent produced optimal titers for all of the primate species examined. Sera from several species was found to have high spontaneous lytic activity towards non-sensitized sheep erythrocytes which for six species (M. mulatta, M. radiata, M. speciosa, P. cynocephalus, P. anubis and A. trivirgatus) was equal to the titer for antibody sensitized erythrocytes. Evidence of alternate pathway complement activation as a possible reason for the high titer of lytic activity towards unsensitized erythrocytes could not be demonstrated for any nonhuman primate species. In one species, M. mulatta, the sensitizing activity of normal serum for sheep erythrocytes was shown to be in the IgM containing fraction obtained with gel filtration and to be absorbed by boiled sheep erythrocyte stroma which contains Forssman antigen.
Animals↗
Identification of Plasmodium knowlesi erythrocyte binding proteins.
Plasmodium knowlesi, a malaria of Old World monkeys, invades all Duffy blood group positive human erythrocytes and various New World monkey erythrocytes except Cebus apella. We had previously identified a 135 kDa parasite protein in supernatants of P. knowlesi cultures that bound to Duffy positive but not to Duffy negative human erythrocytes [Haynes et al., J. Exp. Med. 167, 1873-1881 (1988)]. We now use New World monkey erythrocytes as a reagent to identify P. knowlesi proteins in culture supernatants that will bind to all New World monkey erythrocytes susceptible to invasion but not to C. apella erythrocytes, which are refractory to invasion. The 135 kDa protein binds to all New World monkey erythrocytes, including C. appella. Another protein of 155 kDa binds to all New World monkey erythrocytes except C. apella. The 155 kDa protein binds to Old World monkey erythrocytes, the natural host of P. knowlesi; it does not bind to human Duffy positive erythrocytes. This and the previous study are the beginning of the identification of parasite proteins of P. knowlesi that bind to erythrocytes in a receptor specific manner.
Animals↗
Is malaria linked to the absence of alpha-galactosyl epitopes in Old World primates?
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
A comparative study of basal metabolism and thermoregulation in a folivorous (Colobus guereza) and an omnivorous (Cercopithecus mitis) primate species.
1. Abdominal temperatures (Tab) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured in two males each of colobus and Sykes monkeys. 2. Tab in both species had the same range (36 38.5 C), but there were marked differences in the daily rhythms. 3. Low ambient temperatures (Ta) had little effect on Tab; at Ta = 33.5 35.5 C. however, Tab rose quickly to above 40 C. 4. The thermoneutral zone (TNZ) extended from about 5 to 28 C in both species. 5. In the colobus monkeys the basal metabolic rate (BMR) was considerably lower than in the Sykes monkeys: 85% vs 113% of the value predicted from body mass.
Animals↗
Studies on the olfactory nervous system of the Old World monkey.
From the results of our electrophysiological and HRP studies in the old world monkey, multiple olfactory pathways have been clarified. The old world monkey has two neocortical olfactory areas, but no functional vomeronasal system. The response patterns to odors in various olfactory areas have also been studied. On the other hand, in the rabbit (Onoda and Iino, 1980) and dog (Onoda et al., 1981, 1982), which do have active vomeronasal systems, only one neocortical olfactory area was found. This important difference had already been indicated in three previous papers in which Takagi (1979, 1980, 1981) theorized that mammals can be divided into two groups according to their olfactory nervous mechanisms. One group includes old world monkeys, higher primates and man, and the other new world monkeys and lower mammals.
Animals↗
Karyotypic fission theory and the evolution of old world monkeys and apes.
The karyotypes of living catarrhines are correlated with the current concepts of their fossil record and systematic classification. A phylogeny, beginning at the base of the Oligocene, for those animals and their chromosome numbers is presented. Todd's (1970) theory of karyotypic fissioning is applied to this case - three fissioning events are hypothesized. A late Eocene event (the primary catarrhine fissioning) is hypothesized to underlie the diversification of the infraorder Catarrhini into its extant families, the second fissioning underlies the radiation of the pongidae/Hominidae in the Miocene and the third accounts for the high chromosome numbers (54 - 72) and the Neogene(Miocene-Pliocene-Pleistocene) radiation of members of the genus Cercopithecus. Published catarrhine chromosome data, including that for "marked" chromosomes (those with a large achromatic region that is the site for ribosomal RNA genes) are tabulated and analysed. The ancestral X chromosome is always retained in the unfissioned metacentric state. The Pongidae/Hominidae have 15 pairs of mediocentric chromosomes that survived the second fissioning whereas the other chromosomes (besides the X) are thought to be fission-derived acrocentrics. Both the detailed karyology and the trend from low to high numbers is best interpreted to support Todd's concept of adaptive radiations correlated with karyotypic fissioning in ancestral populations.
Animals↗
Immunohistochemical evidence for a new group of catecholamine-containing neurons in the basal forebrain of the monkey.
Using a specific antibody to the catecholamine (CA) synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in combination with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method, we have found evidence for the existence of a new CA-containing cell group extending from the orbitofrontal cortex through the olfactory and pyriform cortices in the brain of two species of monkey. The TH-positive perikarya, which are 4000-5000 in number, are situated within the outer layers of these cortices and also within the olfactory tubercle and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca. They have small (10-20 microns) somata of round or oval shape. A majority are bipolar with long, slender dendrites but some are small, multipolar with widely branching dendrites. The shape and laminar distribution of these TH-positive neurons suggest that they may serve functions as cortical interneurons.
Animals↗
A novel population of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurones in the basal forebrain of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).
We have observed in the basal forebrain of the common marmoset a group of neurones which display tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (THir) with three different polyclonal antibodies and one monoclonal antibody, and which express TH mRNA as shown by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The population of cells is composed of large multipolar neurones and is located predominantly in the substantia innominata and at the ventral, medial and lateral margins of the external segment of the globus pallidus. The cell morphology and the distribution of THir cells corresponds closely to the caudal portion of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Adjacent sections demonstrate both THir and choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the cells in this group, as well as strong acetylcholinesterase activity but not dopamine immunoreactivity. These observations indicate that many cholinergic neurones in the posterior nucleus basalis of Meynert of the marmoset contain tyrosine hydroxylase, and suggest that both acetylcholine and catecholamine may be synthesised as co-localised neurotransmitters within the same magnocellular neurones. We observe no THir cells in similar areas of the basal forebrain of either rhesus or talapoin monkeys.
Animals↗
Parturition in non-human primates: pain and auditory concealment.
Descriptions of parturition are reviewed for 88 individuals in 29 species of captive and wild non-human primates. Mild or severe discomfort, in the form of straining, stretching, arching, grimacing, writhing, shaking, doubling up, eye closure and restlessness is reported in 69 cases. Silence and utterance of moderate-level vocalizations are reported in 21 and 43 cases, respectively. The overall pattern indicates that parturition in non-human primates is characterized by a significant degree of pain and discomfort, while vocal responses to pain are generally subdued. We suggest that analgesia is the mechanism, and concealment of the parturient female the adaptive significance behind this blocking of vocal pain responses.
Animals↗