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PubMed1995

An evaluation of population projection errors for census tracts.

"In this article we evaluate the accuracy and bias of projections of total population and population by age group for census tracts in three counties in Florida. We use [U.S. census] data from 1970 and 1980 and several simple extrapolation techniques to produce projections for 1990; we then compare these projections with 1990 census counts and evaluate the differences. For the total sample, we find mean absolute errors of 17%-20% for the three most accurate techniques for projecting total population and find no indication of overall bias. For individual age groups, mean absolute errors range from 20%-29%." This is a revised version of a paper presented at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1992

Characteristics of clients receiving treatment in Australian drug and alcohol agencies: a national census.

The first Australian national census of clients of drug and alcohol treatment agencies was undertaken to document the characteristics of clients attending these facilities. Of the agencies surveyed nationwide, 431 (85.2%) completed and returned census forms describing demographic and drug use details of their clients. A total of 6175 clients were reported to have received services (beyond methadone maintenance alone) in the responding agencies on the census day. Ninety percent of the clients seen were substance users, and 10% of clients were relatives or friends of a substance user. The mean age of the clients was 34 years and two-thirds were male. The majority were Australian born, with 10% described as Aborigines or Torres Strait Islanders. The majority of the clients were not in paid employment. Fifty-five percent of all clients received treatments services on a non-residential basis. The most frequent presenting drug problem reported was alcohol, followed by opiates and tobacco. Thirty-three percent of the substance users were reported to have injected illicit drugs in the past 12 months.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Supermarket sales of high-sugar products in predominantly Black, Hispanic, and white census tracts of Houston, Texas.

Sales of 488 sweet foods and beverages by supermarkets located in predominantly Black, Hispanic, and white census tracts of Houston, TX, were examined in relation to sales of a number of commodity foods. Mean sweet energy/commodity food sales ratios in Black and Hispanic census tract supermarkets were 122 and 108%, respectively, of those in white census tracts. Ethnic differences in sweet energy/commodity sales ratios were almost always statistically significant (p less than 0.05), but variation within ethnic groups of supermarkets remained large, indicating that nonethnic factors also influenced the food purchase patterns. Supermarket sales records offer a relatively inexpensive source of data for comparative or longitudinal studies of community purchase of food products postulated to play a role in the development of nutrition-associated health problems. The major problems in interpreting the data result from a need to use ratios, and lack of a valid measure of the population consuming the foods purchased.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Genetic effective size is three orders of magnitude smaller than adult census size in an abundant, Estuarine-dependent marine fish (Sciaenops ocellatus).

Using eight microsatellite loci and a variety of analytical methods, we estimated genetic effective size (N(e)) of an abundant and long-lived marine fish species, the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Gulf). The ratio N(e)/N, where short-term variance N(e) was estimated via the temporal method from shifts in allele-frequency data over four cohorts and where N reflected a current estimate of adult census size in the northern Gulf, was approximately 0.001. In an idealized population, this ratio should approximate unity. The extraordinarily low value of N(e)/N appears to arise from high variance in individual reproductive success and perhaps more importantly from variance in productivity of critical spawning and nursery habitats located in spatially discrete bays and estuaries throughout the northern Gulf. An estimate of N(e) based on a coalescent approach, which measures long-term, inbreeding effective size, was four orders of magnitude lower than the estimate of current census size, suggesting that factors presently driving N(e)/N to low values among red drum in the northern Gulf may have operated similarly in the past. Models that predict N(e)/N exclusively from demographic and life-history features will seriously overestimate N(e) if variance in reproductive success and variance in productivity among spatially discrete demes is underestimated. Our results indicate that these variances, especially variance in productivity among demes, must be large for red drum. Moreover, our study indicates that vertebrate populations with enormous adult census numbers may still be at risk relative to decline and extinction from genetic factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Use of Bernoulli census and log-linear methods for estimating the prevalence of spina bifida in livebirths and the completeness of vital record reports in New York State.

Data from birth certificates (BC), death certificates (DC) and medical rehabilitation files (MR) were analyzed to estimate the livebirth prevalence of spina bifida in upstate New York in 1969-1974 and the completeness of the data sources. Birth certificates listed about 68% of cases, death certificates about 27% and medical rehabilitation files about 25%. The three sources together, it is estimated, included only about 80% of cases in the population. For each source, comparisons of estimates of completeness derived using each of the other two as reference sources were found to be useful for evaluating the likelihood of source dependence. The estimated livebirth prevalence rate, adjusting for incomplete reporting and the observed negative dependence of MR and DC sources, was 0.85 per 1000 livebirths by both Bernoulli census and log-linear methods. Taking into account in addition evidence for a BC-DC positive dependence, the resulting prevalence rate estimates were slightly higher, 0.88 per 1000 by log-linear methods and 0.90 per 1000 by the Bernoulli census approach. In view of the likely BC-DC positive dependence, it is suggested that Bernoulli census estimates derived using only these two sources without some ancillary third data source are likely to be biased to a false low figure. Nevertheless, estimates from BC and DC alone may still be useful in establishing that the prevalence rate is above some minimum figure, for example a "breakeven" prevalence rate, in cost-benefit analyses of a possible prevention program.

Birth Certificates↗
PubMed1990

Assigning race to occupational cohorts using census block statistics.

Race is an important determinant of disease frequency, yet the race of subjects in retrospective epidemiologic studies is frequently unknown. If addresses are available, the race of study subjects may be estimated from the racial composition of the blocks on which they have resided. Such information can be obtained from census block statistics for Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas and, with the 1990 Census, probably for the entire United States. The authors assigned black race to persons on blocks with greater than 60% black residents and white race to those residing on blocks containing less than 40% blacks. The validity of the procedure was tested on 341 decedents of known race who resided at the time of death within the Detroit, Michigan, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Thirteen individuals who lived on blocks with 40-60% blacks were excluded from analysis, as well as 18 others for whom racial composition of blocks could not be ascertained. In 293 (94%) of the remaining 310 persons, race assigned on the basis of census information agreed with race obtained from death certificates. This method should prove useful for assigning race to study subjects lacking racial identification.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1979

Areawide fluctuations in hospital daily census.

The importance of variations in hospital census for planning bed requirements has long been recognized. Traditional models assume Poisson or normal distribution patterns accurately describe such variations in specific hospital units, entire facilities, and groups of hospitals serving the same area. A study of 20 groups of hospitals in five states indicates that these traditional statistical distributions are only occasionally accurate. Different services display different census variation patterns. The standard deviation of the daily census distribution becomes increasingly higher than the square root of the mean estimate as the size of the mean increases. Implications of this finding for regional planning and coordination of hospitals are discussed.

Bed Occupancy↗
PubMed2007

The genetic effective and adult census size of an Australian population of tiger prawns (Penaeus esculentus).

This study compares estimates of the census size of the spawning population with genetic estimates of effective current and long-term population size for an abundant and commercially important marine invertebrate, the brown tiger prawn (Penaeus esculentus). Our aim was to focus on the relationship between genetic effective and census size that may provide a source of information for viability analyses of naturally occurring populations. Samples were taken in 2001, 2002 and 2003 from a population on the east coast of Australia and temporal allelic variation was measured at eight polymorphic microsatellite loci. Moments-based and maximum-likelihood estimates of current genetic effective population size ranged from 797 to 1304. The mean long-term genetic effective population size was 9968. Although small for a large population, the effective population size estimates were above the threshold where genetic diversity is lost at neutral alleles through drift or inbreeding. Simulation studies correctly predicted that under these experimental conditions the genetic estimates would have non-infinite upper confidence limits and revealed they might be overestimates of the true size. We also show that estimates of mortality and variance in family size may be derived from data on average fecundity, current genetic effective and census spawning population size, assuming effective population size is equivalent to the number of breeders. This work confirms that it is feasible to obtain accurate estimates of current genetic effective population size for abundant Type III species using existing genetic marker technology.

Alleles↗
PubMed1995

Time series migration in Britain: the context for 1991 census analysis.

"An administrative register, the National Health Service Central Register (NHSCR), is used by the Census Office (OPCS) to produce counts of NHS patients re-registering in different Family Health Service Authorities (FHSAs) in England and Wales. These movement data can be used to establish how unique or typical the migration occurring in the year prior to the Census was in relation to that for the whole decade. This paper examines national, regional and local examples of the information that can be extracted from a database system called TIMMIG that provides access to an NHSCR migration time series and a parallel series of mid-year population estimates. In advance of the publication of Special Migration Statistics, a preliminary comparison is made between the levels of in-migration to FHSA areas recorded in the NHSCR and in the 1991 Census."

Data Collection↗
PubMed1984

Bereavement and cancer: some data on deaths of spouses from the longitudinal study of Office of Population Censuses and Surveys.

Registration of cancer and mortality after the death of a spouse were assessed using data from the longitudinal study of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS). The study population comprised 1% of the people counted in England and Wales in the 1971 census, for whom data on subsequent vital events were linked with their census records. There was little evidence of an increase in registrations of cancer after the death of a spouse and only a slight suggestion of increased mortality from cancer. For other causes of death there was some evidence of increases in mortality during widow(er)hood. In so far as the death of a spouse is often a very stressful event, these data may be interpreted as providing little support for the hypothesis that stress is implicated in the aetiology of cancer.

Death↗
PubMed1991

Women and social class: a methodological study comparing individual, household, and census measures as predictors of black/white differences in reproductive history.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare four different measures of women's social class (interview and census based) as predictors of well known social gradients in reproductive outcomes. The intent was to address two obstacles that confront research in the United States regarding social gradients in women's health: how women's social class should be measured, and the absence of socioeconomic data in most health records. STUDY DESIGN: The study was a retrospective cohort analysis, using a community based random sample. Setting--Alameda County, California, 1987. SUBJECTS: 51 black and 50 white women, ages 20 to 80 years, identified by random digit dialling, were interviewed by telephone. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Census data were linked to individual records via the respondents' addresses. Using number of full term pregnancies as an example, multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that individual class was not significantly associated with this outcome, whereas household class was: women from non-working-class households had 0.8 fewer such pregnancies than women from working class households (95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.4, -0.1). The block group measure functioned most like the household class measure (beta = -0.7, 95% CI = -1.4, 0.1), while the census tract measure was non-significant (beta = -0.4, 95% CI = -1.2, 0.4). Similar results were obtained for the outcomes: age at first full term pregnancy, percent of early terminated pregnancies, and yearly income. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest block group data may offer a uniform source of social class information that can be appended to individual health records, and that this strategy is not invalidated by concerns regarding ecological fallacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Census-based mortality study of fertiliser manufactures.

This study was designed to investigate whether exposure to nitrate-containing dust during fertiliser manufacture was associated with an excess of deaths from cancer in general or specifically from cancers of the digestive tract, liver, lung, and bladder. It was based on data extracted from census schedules by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, occupational characteristics recorded by fertiliser workers at the 1961 and 1971 censuses of England and Wales being related to subsequent mortality ascertained through the National Health Service Central Register. The 1961 cohort, followed up until 1978, showed a "healthy worker effect" and no evidence of excess mortality from cancer at any site. The 1971 cohort also showed below average mortality during 1971-7 for all causes of death and for circulatory diseases, but there were more deaths from cancer than expected, due mainly to an excess of cancers of the lung and digestive tract. The excess of cancer was more pronounced, but not statistically significant, when compared with other employed men. Though the numbers for comparison were small, there was weak evidence of an association between cancer mortality and frequency of exposure to nitrate-containing dust in this cohort. It is difficult to reconcile the excess cancer mortality in the 1971 cohort with the more favorable level in the earlier cohort, since industrial hygiene has improved and the cohorts showed a similar distribution by region and social class. To examine further these conflicting results the 1971 cohort will be followed for a longer period and re-examined when more deaths have accrued.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Census and survey of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.

Black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) inhabit the subtropical forests of Southern China and Northern Vietnam, and have never previously been the subject of any systematic behavioral or ecological study. This report presents the findings of a three-month census and survey of black-crested gibbons in the Wuliang and Ailao Mountain Game Reserves in Yunnan province, China. The censusing methods used here were similar to those techniques used during other census studies of gibbons. The sites visited were subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests, with trees belonging to the families Fagaceae, Theaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae and Elaeocarpaceae. A total of 23-25 groups of black-crested gibbons were documented from 4 sites visited, and a group density estimate from all sites averaged 0.82 groups/km2. These gibbons were found to be polygynous with an average family group size of 7-8 animals, comprising 1 adult male, 1-4 adult females and numerous offspring of various ages. Some of the ecological and evolutionary implications of these findings are also presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A local census of dementia sufferers.

The results of a census of all dementia sufferers known to institutional and community services in Angus are reported. A total of 859 sufferers were identified compared with an expected 1013 based on EURODEM prevalence rates. After allowing for cross-boundary flow to institutions, it was estimated that the true identification rate was 80% (809/1013). Of the estimated total 1063 sufferers (including cross-boundary flow): 26% were in hospital, 27% in residential or nursing homes, 27% in the community and known to services (often the GP), and 19% in the community and not known to services (or, at least, not returned by them in the census). With the co-operation of all concerned, a census approach can yield useful information at a much lower cost than a full survey.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

A census of membrane-bound and intracellular signal transduction proteins in bacteria: bacterial IQ, extroverts and introverts.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of complete microbial genomes showed that intracellular parasites and other microorganisms that inhabit stable ecological niches encode relatively primitive signaling systems, whereas environmental microorganisms typically have sophisticated systems of environmental sensing and signal transduction. RESULTS: This paper presents results of a comprehensive census of signal transduction proteins--histidine kinases, methyl-accepting chemotaxis receptors, Ser/Thr/Tyr protein kinases, adenylate and diguanylate cyclases and c-di-GMP phosphodiesterases--encoded in 167 bacterial and archaeal genomes, sequenced by the end of 2004. The data have been manually checked to avoid false-negative and false-positive hits that commonly arise during large-scale automated analyses and compared against other available resources. The census data show uneven distribution of most signaling proteins among bacterial and archaeal phyla. The total number of signal transduction proteins grows approximately as a square of genome size. While histidine kinases are found in representatives of all phyla and are distributed according to the power law, other signal transducers are abundant in certain phylogenetic groups but virtually absent in others. CONCLUSION: The complexity of signaling systems differs even among closely related organisms. Still, it usually can be correlated with the phylogenetic position of the organism, its lifestyle, and typical environmental challenges it encounters. The number of encoded signal transducers (or their fraction in the total protein set) can be used as a measure of the organism's ability to adapt to diverse conditions, the 'bacterial IQ', while the ratio of transmembrane receptors to intracellular sensors can be used to define whether the organism is an 'extrovert', actively sensing the environmental parameters, or an 'introvert', more concerned about its internal homeostasis. Some of the microorganisms with the highest IQ, including the current leader Wolinella succinogenes, are found among the poorly studied beta-, delta- and epsilon-proteobacteria. Among all bacterial phyla, only cyanobacteria appear to be true introverts, probably due to their capacity to conduct oxygenic photosynthesis, using a complex system of intracellular membranes. The census data, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Complete_Genomes/SignalCensus.html, can be used to get an insight into metabolic and behavioral propensities of each given organism and improve prediction of the organism's properties based solely on its genome sequence.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2003

Uses of population census data for monitoring geographical imbalance in the health workforce: snapshots from three developing countries.

BACKGROUND: Imbalance in the distribution of human resources for health (HRH), eventually leading to inequities in health services delivery and population health outcomes, is an issue of social and political concern in many countries. However, the empirical evidence to support decision-making is often fragmented, and many standard data sources that can potentially produce statistics relevant to the issue remain underused, especially in developing countries. This study investigated the uses of demographic census data for monitoring geographical imbalance in the health workforce for three developing countries, as a basis for formulation of evidence-based health policy options. METHODS: Population-based indicators of geographical variations among HRH were extracted from census microdata samples for Kenya, Mexico and Viet Nam. Health workforce statistics were matched against international standards of occupational classification to control for cross-national comparability. Summary measures of inequality were calculated to monitor the distribution of health workers across spatial units and by occupational group. RESULTS: Strong inequalities were found in the geographical distribution of the health workforce in all three countries, with the highest densities of HRH tending to be found in the capital areas. Cross-national differences were found in the magnitude of distributional inequality according to occupational group, with health professionals most susceptible to inequitable distribution in Kenya and Viet Nam but less so in Mexico compared to their associate professional counterparts. Some discrepancies were suggested between mappings of occupational information from the raw data with the international system, especially for nursing and midwifery specializations. CONCLUSIONS: The problem of geographical imbalance among HRH across countries in the developing world holds important implications at the local, national and international levels, in terms of constraints for the effective deployment, management and retention of HRH, and ultimately for the equitable delivery of health services. A number of advantages were revealed of using census data in health research, notably the potential for producing detailed statistics on health workforce characteristics at the sub-national level. However, lack of consistency in the compilation and processing of occupational information over time and across countries continues to hamper comparative analyses for HRH policy monitoring and evaluation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Uses of the 1980 census for Hispanic health services research.

The 1980 Census data provide a valuable resource for health services research on Hispanics. Hispanics are the fastest growing minority group in the United States and yet there is a paucity of large-scale empirical research on their health care and access needs. This paper describes how the census can assist in: 1) estimating the overall health care needs of this group, 2) identifying target groups within the Hispanic population who may have special health care problems (e.g., children, elderly, pregnant women, etc.); and 3) using other data sources to improve the quality of studies carried out on Hispanics. It also discusses problems in using the census for Hispanic health services research and some strategies for dealing with these problems.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1975

The equivalence of United States census data for persons of Russian stock or descent with American Jews: an evaluation.

While the U.S. Bureau of the Census has had a long-standing policy of abstaining from enumerating the religious beliefs or backgrounds of the American people, at least two-thirds of the Jewish population of the United States has been enumerated in decennial censuses and sample surveys in the guise of persons of Russian stock or origin. This has come about through the migration policy of the old Russian Empire and the statistical categories utilized by American immigration authorities and by the U. S. Bureau of the Census for immigrants and their children. Comparisons between the returns from an ethnic survey and a survey on the religious composition demonstrate the close congruence between persons of Russian stock or descent and American Jews on the national level.

Adolescent↗