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PubMed1988

Digital image processing of crystalline specimens examined by electron microscopy.

Crystalline specimens imaged in the electron microscope are analysed using digital processing. Some principles of structural analysis using the method of Fourier decomposition are discussed. Complementary techniques, such as enhancement by gradient and Laplacian operators, have been found useful in analysing electron micrographs. The application of these techniques to some problems in Materials Science and Biology are reviewed. By selecting and phase-correcting spots in the computed diffraction pattern, it was possible to localize atoms, molecules, and their defective arrangement in evaporated gold, sputter-deposited tungsten films, and single crystals of cadmium selenide. Digital processing based on the theory of helical diffraction was used to explore the three-dimensional arrangement of molecules in cellular components of alveolar soft part sarcoma, Hirano bodies, and neurofibrillar tangles in the human brain.

Actins↗
PubMed1994

Biomineralization: new directions in crystal science.

Effective protocols for controlling crystal structure, size, and morphology attract considerable interest given the requirement for particles of modal size and shape in many areas of materials fabrication and the importance of crystallochemical selectivity in determining the exploitable properties of inorganic solids. For this reason biomineralization merits particular attention since many biominerals are deposited in a highly controlled manner to produce crystals which are uniformly sized and crystallographically unique. Studies of biominerals have revealed that while a complex array of strategies have evolved for regulating their formation, one feature is common to the biological paradigm; interactions between organized biopolymeric assemblies and the nascent inorganic solids play a pivotal role in controlling the crystallization process. In order to gain a better understanding of the molecular interactions which take place at organic-inorganic interface and address the fundamental chemical problems of biomineralization, a crystal chemical approach has been adopted. Organized organic assemblies (phospholipid vesicles, Langmuir monolayers, polypetide templates) of precise molecular design (head group identity, packing conformation, peptide sequence, etc.) were assayed for their effectiveness in controlling the nucleation and growth of inorganic solids. This work has established that through systematic changes in the nature of the organic matrix the size, crystallographic orientation, and growth of the mineral phase can be controlled. Critical to this process was the translation of specific molecular information at the organic-inorganic interface: epitaxial alignment, stereochemical complementarity, and electrostatic interactions were an essential feature of this recognition event.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Neoplastic transformation in the planarian: I. Cocarcinogenesis and histopathology.

Although several investigators have reported that exposure to mammalian carcinogens induces abnormal tumorlike growths and teratogenic remodeling in planarians, there is no general agreement that these, or comparable responses in any other invertebrates, model mammalian carcinogenesis. To investigate this question, freshwater planarians of the species Dugesia dorotocephala were exposed to culture water containing an initiator and a promoter, either alone or in combination. Cadmium, a potent carcinogen, was used as an initiator in the protocol. Treatment with sublethal concentrations of cadmium sulfate produced a benign, but persistent, tumor in a small percentage of the planarians. The addition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a phorbol ester and well-known promoter, to the cadmium-containing solutions resulted in the induction of a progressive, potentially lethal, transplantable tumor in a large proportion of the treated flatworms. Light and electron microscopy revealed this particular tumor to be composed both of immature cells and of a single mature cell type: newly differentiated, but transformed, reticular cells. Further examination of the infiltrating tissue formations elucidated the profile of differentiation, from a population of mitotically active transformed stem cells through the transitional stages in the associated reticuloma. These results suggest that 1) the freshwater planarian displays the major phenomenology of mammalian cocarcinogenesis and that 2) the planarian reticuloma models several important features of a neoplastic stem cell disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Neoplastic transformation in the planarian: II. Ultrastructure of malignant reticuloma.

Cadmium and phorbol ester induced tumorigenesis in the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala, develops as a cocarcinogenic process involving initiation and promotion in the progression of neoplastic disease. Treatment of intact planarians with sublethal concentrations of cadmium sulfate and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced a type of infiltrating tumor that proved to be potentially lethal. Surgical transplantation of such tumorous tissues into otherwise healthy planarians resulted in the same histopathological progression to lethality, which confirmed the metastatic nature of the neoplasia. Electron microscopic studies revealed that both the chemically-induced and the transplantation-based tumors involved, exclusively, the proliferation and differentiation of abnormal reticular cells, referred to as reticuloma cells. Reticular cells normally are ameboid, phagocytic, and are thought to provide the planarian with a phylogenetic predecessor of an immune surveillance system. A considerable incidence of mitosis was observed within the tumor areas; and the sequence of differentiation, from transformed stem cells to mature but nonfunctional reticuloma cells, was elucidated. This profile of differentiation supports the concept of cellular derivation via stem cell dynamics as opposed to dedifferentiation. A variety of ultrastructural abnormalities were characterized: several of which tend to substantiate the anaplastic quality of the reticuloma, while others are more specifically diagnostic for malignancy. These findings further extend the potential usefulness of the planarian malignant reticuloma as a model system for the study of neoplastic stem cell diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Proper metrics for clinical trials: transformations and other procedures to remove non-normality effects.

A simulation study was performed to study the effects of non-normality and to examine procedures to ameliorate possible loss of power when data are incorrectly assumed to be normally distributed. It was found that only distributions with high asymmetry or heavy tails seriously affect the t-test. The Box-Cox likelihood ratio test appears to have some advantages over the others, but this must be offset by the greater complexity in making the results understandable to non-statisticians. The variability in outcomes with the different procedures demonstrates the importance of specifying such procedures a priori.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Sequential synthesis of type II colloidal CdTe/CdSe core-shell nanocrystals.

Colloidal type II CdTe/CdSe nanocrystals were synthesized by sequential addition of a tri-n-octylphosphine telluride (TOPTe)/TOP solution and several shell-precursor solutions to a CdO/TOP solution; the shell-precursor solutions consisted of CdO and TOPSe in TOP. For the growth of the CdTe core, the TOPTe/TOP solution was swiftly added to the CdO/TOP solution at a higher temperature (300 degrees C) than the growth temperature (250 degrees C). For the growth of the CdSe shell, in contrast, the CdO/TOPSe/TOP solution was slowly added to the CdTe/TOP solution at a lower temperature than the growth temperature (200-240 degrees C). The temporal evolution of the optical properties of the growing core-shell nanocrystals was monitored in detail. During the growth of the CdSe shell, the core-shell nanocrystals exhibited interesting changes in photoluminescence (PL) properties. The highest PL efficiency (approximately 38 %) was detected from core-shell nanocrystals with a CdSe shell thickness of 0.4-0.5 nm (indicated by TEM); the formation of the first monolayer is proposed. Our synthetic approach is well suited to a practical realization of engineering materials with bandgaps in the near-IR and IR spectral ranges.

Cadmium Compounds↗
PubMed2005

Gram-scale synthesis of soluble, near-monodisperse gold nanorods and other anisotropic nanoparticles.

An aqueous surfactant-based colloidal chemical method is reported for the synthesis of anisotropic noble-metal nanoparticles on the milligram to multigram scale. Fine control of the nucleation-growth kinetics and rodlike micelle-induced breaking of symmetry at the early stage of particle growth are responsible for high-quality anisotropic nanoparticles. Near-monodisperse gold and silver nanorods, spheroids, nanowires, platelets, or cubes of 4-50 nm dimension and controllable aspect ratio can be prepared. The method may also be extended to semiconductor systems.

Anisotropy↗
PubMed2005

Fluorescent nanocrystals as colloidal probes in complex fluids measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

The diffusion properties of fluorescent colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals (QDs) with different hydrophilic coatings were characterized in complex fluids such as actin solutions using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The hydrodynamic radii of the QDs were determined both in organic solvents and water. Attention was given to the potential artifacts arising from the fluorescence properties of the QDs. With increasing excitation intensities, the apparent particle concentration and diffusion times are overestimated if using a simple diffusion model. This can be explained by a numerical simulation. The diffusion behavior of QDs in actin networks of different concentrations was determined to demonstrate the potential use of nanocrystals as probes in soft biological matter. The decreasing diffusion coefficient of the nanocrystals with increasing actin concentration results in an intrinsic polymer viscosity of 0.12+/-0.02 ml mg(-1), in accordance with literature values.

Actins↗