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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Invalid cues impair auditory motion sensitivity.

Compelling lateral motion can be experienced when intensity differences between the two cars change over time. Whether our sensitivity to this dynamic interaural stimulation could be influenced by directional cues was the focus of the present study. On each trial, amplitude-modulated pure tones were presented either diotically (no-motion condition) or dichotically (motion condition), and participants indicated whether lateral motion was present or absent. Randomly across trials, the stimuli were preceded by a valid directional cue, an invalid directional cue, or no cue, while the motion to be detected was identical across these cue conditions. The data indicate that motion sensitivity was comparable in the valid-cue and no-cue conditions. Relative to each of those conditions, however, motion sensitivity was significantly lower in the invalid-cue condition, and motion was reported significantly less often. The results provide evidence that our sensitivity to dynamic interaural intensity differences can be significantly affected by a non-sensory factor, namely cue validity.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Combining cues while avoiding perceptual conflicts.

A common assumption in cue combination models is that small discrepancies between cues are due to the limited resolution of the individual cues. Whenever this assumption holds, information from the separate cues can best be combined to give a single, more accurate estimate of the property of interest. We examined whether information about the discrepancy itself is lost when this is done. In our experiments, subjects were required to combine cues to match certain properties while avoiding perceptual conflicts. In part 1, they combined expansion and change in disparity to estimate motion in depth; and in part 2, they combined perspective and binocular disparities to estimate slant. We compared the pattern in the way that subjects set the two cues with the patterns predicted by models of cue combination with and without a loss of information about the discrepancy. From this comparison we conclude that little information about the discrepancies between cues is lost when the cues are combined.

Cues↗
PubMed2001

The effect of informative and uninformative cueing of attention on feature integration.

In the present study, the authors observed the effect of informative and uninformative attentional cueing on visual search for targets that were defined by a simple feature or by conjunctions of features. Three different types of attentional cueing were tested in three experiments: peripheral informative cueing, peripheral uninformative cueing, and central informative cueing. Participants showed a greater effect of cueing in detecting a conjunction of features than in detecting unique features only when attention was oriented by either peripheral or central informative cueing. This differential cueing effect was not observed when attention was oriented by peripheral uninformative cueing. The results suggest that voluntarily oriented attention plays a more important role in feature integration than automatically oriented attention does. The results also pose limits on the generalizability of K. A. Briand's (1998) proposal regarding the role of automatically oriented attention in feature integration.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The influence of partial-match cues on event-based prospective memory.

In event-based prospective memory tasks people form an intention to respond when an environmental cue signals that conditions are appropriate to fulfil an intended activity. In the ongoing activity the authors embedded partial-match cues that only partially, but not completely, satisfied the conditions required to make a prospective response. The consequence of encountering these partial-match cues was to increase responses to appropriate prospective memory cues encountered later. This outcome occurred both with semantic and orthographic cues, but only the former led to longer processing latencies of the partial-match cues. This asymmetry suggests that partial-match cues may not need to be processed consciously in order to benefit event-based prospective memory. A parametric manipulation of the number of partial-match cues resulted in numerically but not statistically better prospective memory. Consequently, partial-match cues may function as overt reminders of the intention to respond or they may serve to engage participants in self-initiated remindings of the intention.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Virtual reality cue reactivity assessment in cigarette smokers.

Drug craving has purportedly been linked to relapse and to substance use. For over two decades, cue reactivity has been a viable method to assess craving and physiological reactions to drug stimuli. However, traditional cue reactivity has faced the following limitations: austere situations or stimuli, lack of complex cues, lack of standardization, and limited generalization outside of the lab setting. In order to improve cue methodologies, a virtual reality (VR) nicotine cue reactivity assessment system (VR-NCRAS) was developed and tested in a controlled experimental trial. Ten nicotine dependent smokers were exposed to VR smoking cues and VR neutral cues in a standardized, timed, computer controlled experiment. Subjective craving and physiological responses were recorded and compared across VR-NCRAS stimuli. Subjective cigarette craving increased significantly and corresponding physiological reactivity was observed in response to VR smoking cues. VR neutral cues did not result in subjective or physiological changes consistent with craving. Implications of these findings on substance abuse research and treatment are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cues parents use to assess postoperative pain in their children.

OBJECTIVE: Very little is known about the cues parents use to assess pain in their children. This study has described the cues (verbal and nonverbal) parents reported using to determine how their children felt following surgery. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: The subjects were 176 parents of children undergoing short-stay or day surgery. Using pain diaries, parents were asked to provide written responses to the question "Did your child give you any clues on how they were feeling?" for the day of surgery and 2 days after their children's surgery. Parents also provided ratings of their children's pain five times per day using a visual analogue scale. SETTING: The study was conducted at a tertiary care children's hospital. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Parents frequently cited using verbal report and appetite as cues to how their children were feeling. A variety of other cue types were also reported by parents, including activity level, sleep quality, visible/audible discomfort, and physiological observations. Cue types were not significantly related to the child's gender, and only one cue type was significantly related to the child's age (appetite was used more often for older children than younger children). The presence or absence of illness behavior cues (e.g., protective behavior, visible/audible discomfort) as well as disruptions to normal behavior pattern cues (e.g., sleep, level of activity) was related, in the expected direction, to the pain intensity ratings. This study provides insights into the cues parents use to assess pain in their children and serves as a foundation for future studies on parents' assessment of children's pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The basolateral complex of the amygdala mediates the modulation of intracranial self-stimulation threshold by drug-associated cues.

Learning and memory appear to be critical aspects of drug abuse; presumably playing an especially important role in craving and relapse. Thus, understanding the interaction of learning- and memory-related brain areas with the classical reward circuitry is of importance. Toward this goal, the effect of drug-associated contextual cues on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) behaviour was assessed in rats. We used a method that allows the establishment of baseline behaviour, the pairing of drug exposure with unique cues, and testing the effect of cue exposure within the same apparatus. ICSS thresholds were decreased by morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) during five days of paired drug-cue training sessions. Subsequent presentation of the drug-associated cues decreased thresholds in the absence of drug. Cues associated with saline had no effect. These results suggest a Pavlovian conditioning phenomenon in which the functioning of brain reward circuitry is modulated by drug-associated cues. In a second experiment, we tested the hypothesis that the mechanism by which conditioning affects ICSS thresholds may include the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLC) due to its known role in conditioning and anatomical linkage with classical reward circuitry. Lesions of the BLC abolished the ability of cocaine-associated cues to lower ICSS threshold. Lesions did not alter response capability or the unconditioned effect of cocaine. We conclude that the BLC is necessary for cues associated with previous drug exposure to modulate activity within or downstream from the classical reward circuitry of the medial forebrain bundle.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2006

Measuring craving: an attempt to connect subjective craving with cue reactivity.

BACKGROUND: Better insight into craving may contribute to the development of more efficient relapse prevention strategies. Inconsistent findings on the relation between craving and relapse may be due to difficulties in the measurement of craving. These difficulties are accounted for by 3 interrelated problems: lack of consensus regarding the definition of craving, the use of different time frames (craving now vs craving in the past), and lack of concordance between self-reported craving and psychophysiological measures of cue reactivity. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a new self-report questionnaire for the assessment of the core aspects of craving, taking into account different time frames and emphasizing the psychophysiological aspects of craving. It is hypothesized that this questionnaire will show higher concordance with measures of cue reactivity than existing self-report craving questionnaires. METHODS: Based on a semantic mapping sentence, a 24-item self-report questionnaire was developed: the Jellinek Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (JACQ). The questionnaire was tested in 2 samples of treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent patients (sample A, n = 251; sample B, n = 48). Psychometric properties were examined in sample A and cross-validated in sample B. The associations with psychophysiological and neuroendocrine measures of cue reactivity were studied in sample B. RESULTS: The JACQ consists of 1 dimension with the following 4 aspects: (1) emotional urge, (2) physical sensations, (3) temptation to drink, and (4) uncontrolled thoughts. All (sub)scales had a good internal consistency (alpha = 0.77-0.95) and were highly intercorrelated (r = 0.57-0.86). Craving-past correlated low with craving-now (r = 0.32). Craving-now (sub)scales showed a moderate association with heart rate (0.46-0.49), but not with respiration rate, skin conductance, or cortisol production in saliva following cue exposure. In contrast, craving-past (sub)scales showed a moderate association with cortisol production in saliva (0.15-0.42) following cue exposure. Remarkably, the physical symptoms scale did not show stronger association with psychophysiological and neuroendocrine measures than the other subscales. CONCLUSIONS: The JACQ reliably measures 1 dimension including 4 aspects of craving for distinct time frames. Despite the presence of a special subscale for physical sensations, only moderate relationships were found between self-reported craving and biological indicators of cue reactivity. These findings suggest individual differences between alcoholics in the detection and/or reporting of cue-related psychophysiological signs as indicators of cue reactivity. Further research should focus on the nature of these individual differences. In addition, more research is needed on the relative predictive validity of subjective phenotypic indicators of craving (such as self-reported craving) versus objective endophenotypic indicators of craving (such as physiological measures of cue reactivity) for example in the prediction of relapse.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Focus cues affect perceived depth.

Depth information from focus cues--accommodation and the gradient of retinal blur--is typically incorrect in three-dimensional (3-D) displays because the light comes from a planar display surface. If the visual system incorporates information from focus cues into its calculation of 3-D scene parameters, this could cause distortions in perceived depth even when the 2-D retinal images are geometrically correct. In Experiment 1 we measured the direct contribution of focus cues to perceived slant by varying independently the physical slant of the display surface and the slant of a simulated surface specified by binocular disparity (binocular viewing) or perspective/texture (monocular viewing). In the binocular condition, slant estimates were unaffected by display slant. In the monocular condition, display slant had a systematic effect on slant estimates. Estimates were consistent with a weighted average of slant from focus cues and slant from disparity/texture, where the cue weights are determined by the reliability of each cue. In Experiment 2, we examined whether focus cues also have an indirect effect on perceived slant via the distance estimate used in disparity scaling. We varied independently the simulated distance and the focal distance to a disparity-defined 3-D stimulus. Perceived slant was systematically affected by changes in focal distance. Accordingly, depth constancy (with respect to simulated distance) was significantly reduced when focal distance was held constant compared to when it varied appropriately with the simulated distance to the stimulus. The results of both experiments show that focus cues can contribute to estimates of 3-D scene parameters. Inappropriate focus cues in typical 3-D displays may therefore contribute to distortions in perceived space.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-awareness in diabetes: using body cues, circumstances, and strategies.

PURPOSE: This research was the first phase of a study designed to develop and pilot test an educational program to increase self-awareness of salient body cues in adults with Type 1 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to identify (1) the cues, sensations, and circumstances that people with diabetes and their families associate with hypoglycemia, euglycemia, and hyperglycemia; and (2) the types of strategies that people with diabetes use to tune in to body cues and sensations. METHODS: A series of four focus group sessions were held at monthly intervals with four female participants and four family members. These sessions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. RESULTS: Participants described the existence of unique as well as usual body cues for hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and the circumstances associated with these cues. Subjective and objective strategies were identified for tuning into these body cues and sensations. CONCLUSIONS: People with diabetes should be encouraged to identify their own body cues that signify different levels of glycemia because these personal cues may be different than classical textbook symptoms. Even people with hypoglycemia unawareness may recognize unique cues that replace the autonomic ones they have lost.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effects of external rhythmical cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To critically review studies evaluating the effects of external rhythmical cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Articles published from 1966 to January 2005 were searched by two physiotherapists in MEDLINE, PiCarta, PEDRo, Cochrane, DocOnline, CINAHL and SUMSEARCH. To be included, articles had to investigate the effects of external rhythmical cueing (i.e., auditory, visual or tactile cueing) on gait parameters in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Both controlled and noncontrolled studies were included. Based on the type of design and methodological quality a meta-analysis or best-evidence synthesis was applied. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies (total number of patients = 626) out of the 159 screened studies were evaluated in this systematic review. Two out of 24 were randomized controlled trails (RCT), both of high methodological quality. One RCT did not focus specifically on external rhythmical cueing of individual patients with Parkinson's disease, but on group exercises in general, including walking with cues. All other studies were pre-experimental studies. Best-evidence synthesis showed strong evidence for improving walking speed with the help of auditory cues. Insufficient evidence was found for the effectiveness of visual and somatosensory cueing. CONCLUSION: Only one high-quality study, specifically focused on the effects of auditory rhythmical cueing, suggesting that the walking speed of patients with Parkinson's disease can be positively influenced. However, it is unclear whether positive effects identified in the laboratory can be generalized to improved activities of daily living (ADLs) and reduced frequency of falls in the community. In addition, the sustainability of a cueing training programme remains uncertain.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Effects of visual and auditory cues on gait initiation in people with Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of auditory and visual cues on gait initiation in people with Parkinson's disease. SUBJECTS: Fourteen subjects with Parkinson's disease were recruited from community support groups, seven of whom reported having experienced freezing when walking. DESIGN AND SETTING: This study was a repeated measures analysis of gait initiation performance during a single visit to a university-based motion laboratory. Following baseline trials, auditory and visual cue conditions were presented in random order. The auditory cues were rhythmic sounds with an interval matching the subject's average step time. The visual cues were high-contrast transverse lines on the floor adjusted for the subject's first step length and overall height. MAIN MEASURES: Kinematic recordings enabled calculation of the timing and length of steps as well as overall velocity. The timing and magnitude of weight shift and push-off force were obtained from a force platform. RESULTS: The magnitudes of first and second step lengths, of push-off force and of overall gait velocity were significantly greater in the visual cue condition than in the baseline condition, whereas there was no significant effect of auditory cue on these measures. Neither cue had any significant effect on the timing of key events in gait initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Transverse line visual cues enable people with Parkinson's disease to begin walking with longer steps, greater push-off force and higher velocity. Auditory cues that others have shown to improve aspects of gait in people with Parkinson's disease do not appear to have any systematic effect on the first two steps of gait initiation.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Gaze and arrow cueing of attention reveals individual differences along the autism spectrum as a function of target context.

Observing averted gaze results in a reflexive shift of attention to the gazed-at location. In two experiments, participants scoring high and low on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient questionnaire (AQ; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001) observed arrow and gaze cues to investigate cueing effect magnitude as a function of the context in which peripheral targets could appear. While identical cueing effects were found with gaze and arrow cues, the more striking results concerned target stimuli. In Experiment 1, targets could appear on a peripheral face, or on scrambled face parts. Overall, greater cueing effects were found when the target appeared on a face. However, this face bias was only observed in participants with low AQ scores, whereas high AQ scorers oriented more to scrambled features. Experiment 2 found equal cueing to targets appearing on tools, as compared with tool parts. However, individual differences were again observed, where low AQ scorers showed larger cueing towards tools, while high scorers oriented more to scrambled parts, as in Experiment 1. These results support the idea that low AQ individuals orient strongly to objects attended by others. However, since the same results were found for arrow cues, this effect may generalize to all central cues to attention. High AQ scorers possessing many more autistic-like traits tended to orient more to scrambled shapes, perhaps reflecting a bias for orienting to local details.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effect of external cues for pedal pacing on breathing pattern during cycle exercise.

Fourteen subjects performed cycle exercise at work loads of 0 and 1 kp, each for 3 min, during which the pedal rate was kept constant by various external cues. Six cues were used in order: no cue (N1), a speedometer dial (S), a flashing light (F), a verbal command (V), a metronome sound (M) and no cue, again (N2). An attempt was to study the effect of these cues on breathing pattern in a lower tidel volume (VT) range during exercise, actually VT increasing to 2 times the resting levels. In N1 and N2, exercise was performed at preferred pedal rates, which were 40 +/- 4 (mean +/- S.E.)rpm and 52 +/- 2 rpm, respectively. Pedaling to other four cues was kept at 50 rpm. Ventilatory responses during exercise were similar in all conditions of cue except N1. Increases in respiratory frequency (f) during exercise were similar in S but greater in F at 0-kp load and in V and M at 1-kp load, compared with N2. The greater increases in f in F, V and M were due to greater shortening in inspiratory (T1) and expiratory (TE) durations. In any conditions of cue, T1 and TE decreased with increasing VT in response to exercise. The present study indicates that (1) breathing pattern during rhythmic exercise is affected by external rhythmic stimuli like F, V and M, and (2) there is no such a VT range that TI and TE remain constant in the VT-TI and VT-TE relations during exercise. cycle exercise: rhythmic cue during exercise; breathing pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Combined perceptual or motor-related expectancies modulated by type of cue.

The interaction of two expectancies was examined. These were either two perceptual or two response-related expectancies. Perceptual expectancies were induced by combining spatial cuing with feature cuing on a trial-by-trial basis. Cues consisted either of two integrated parts, such as two arrows, or two separated pieces, such as an arrow and a word. Spatial-cuing effects were reduced on trials with invalid feature cues, as compared with valid ones. However, the interaction of spatial cuing and feature cuing was modulated by the type of cue used to induce expectancies. With integrated cues, spatial-cuing effects were reduced about twice as much as with separated cues. The same effect of type of cue was found in Experiment 2, although finger cuing was combined with hand cuing. With integrated cues, finger-cuing effects were much smaller on trials with invalid hand cues, as compared with valid ones. With separated cues, however, finger-cuing effects were additive to hand-cuing effects. The similarity of the results within perceptual- and motor-cuing tasks suggests that a general principle governs the combination of expectancies, such as that outlined in the framework of the proposed adjusted expectancy model.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The role of external cues for endogenous advance reconfiguration in task switching.

Most studies of task-set switching rely on cuing paradigms, in which external cues indicate the upcoming task. The present study used an entirely predictable task sequence in a variant of the alternating-runs paradigm of Rogers and Monsell (1995). Preparation effects with purely internal memory cues were compared with those in another experimental group with additional external cues presented prior to the stimulus. External cues led to strongly reduced shift costs with prolonged preparation time. However, this effect was much smaller with internal cues only. To account for this differential effect of preparation time as a function of cue type, it is suggested that internal cues select the next task set, which is sufficient to perform the task. External cues additionally facilitate preparatory retrieval of task-specific stimulus-response rules. This account may also explain why incidental task-sequence learning based on internal cues did not reduce shift costs.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The owl and the pussycat: gaze cues and visuospatial orienting.

Recent research has shown that nonpredictive gaze cues trigger reflexive shifts in attention toward the looked-at location. But just how generalizable is this spatial cuing effect? In particular, are people especially tuned to gaze cues provided by conspecifics, or can comparable shifts in visual attention be triggered by other cue providers and directional cues? To investigate these issues, we used a standard cuing paradigm to compare the attentional orienting produced by different cue providers (i.e., animate vs. inanimate) and directional cues (i.e., eyes vs. arrows). The results of three experiments revealed that attentional orienting was insensitive to both the identity of the cue provider and the nature of the triggering cue. However, compared with arrows, gaze cues prompted a general enhancement in the efficiency of processing operations. We consider the implications of these findings for accounts of reflexive visual orienting.

Cues↗
PubMed1999

Hypermnesia: the role of multiple retrieval cues.

We demonstrate that encoding multiple cues enhances hypermnesia. College students were presented with 36 (Experiment 1) or 60 (Experiments 2 and 3) sets of words and were asked to encode the sets under single- or multiple-cue conditions. In the single-cue conditions, each set consisted of a cue and a target. In the multiple-cue conditions, each set consisted of three cues and a target. Following the presentation of the word sets, the participants received either three cued recall tests (Experiments 1 and 2) or three free recall tests (Experiment 3). With this manipulation, we observed greater hypermnesia in the multiple-cue conditions than in the single-cue conditions. Furthermore, the greater hypermnesic recall resulted from increased reminiscence rather than reduced intertest forgetting. The present findings support the hypothesis that the availability of multiple retrieval cues plays an important role in hypermnesia.

Adult↗