Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “COSMETICS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Cosmetic considerations in surgery for orbital subperiosteal abscess in children: experience with a combined transcaruncular and transnasal endoscopic approach.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes of a new surgical approach in children with acute sinusitis and medial orbital subperiosteal abscess. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Tertiary pediatric hospital. PATIENTS: Eleven children aged 6 weeks to 13 years with orbital subperiosteal abscess and acute sinusitis who met indication for surgery by visual compromise and/or refractory course to medical therapy. INTERVENTION: The medial orbital abscess was drained via a transcaruncular approach, which provided access to the medial orbital wall. An endoscopic ethmoidectomy was also performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Judgment of cosmetic appearance by surgeon and family, resolution of symptoms, length of hospital stay, and complications. RESULTS: All children had prompt resolution of symptoms after surgical drainage. Cosmetic outcome was excellent in all patients with no cutaneous scar or eyelid malposition. After edema and cellulitis had resolved, no family member could tell a difference in appearance between the eyes. No complications of these combined procedures were identified. One patient who had initially undergone transnasal endoscopic orbital drainage alone experienced a recurrence of infection 17 days later. He was then treated by the combined transcaruncular and endoscopic approach with prompt resolution of his symptoms. One of 4 patients treated initially with transcaruncular approach alone without endoscopic ethmoidectomy had recurrence of acute sinusitis and orbital abscess 16 months later and was successfully treated with an endoscopic approach. CONCLUSIONS: The combined endoscopic and transcaruncular surgical approach to medial orbital subperiosteal abscess and acute sinusitis provides a cosmetically superior outcome compared with standard orbital approaches requiring a cutaneous incision. The transcaruncular approach can be considered as an alternative or adjunct approach to the medial orbit, with the same cosmetic advantages as transnasal endoscopic drainage.

Abscess↗
PubMed2002

The Donati stitch revisited: favorable cosmetic results in a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Literature on the cosmetic results of various surgical methods to close the skin is scarce. We sought to compare the cosmetic results of two different surgical techniques of skin closure after lower midline laparotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized clinical trial compared a running nylon skin suture to interrupted Donati stitches in 58 patients undergoing gynecological surgery. Scar hypertrophy, scar width, scar color, the presence of cross-hatching marks, and a total scar score were assessed in all patients at 2 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: On average closing the wounds with Donati stitches took 5 min longer than using a running suture (P > 0.001). The Donati sutures caused significantly less cross-hatching at 2 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. At 1 year, the scar color following Donati closure was also significantly less pronounced than in the running suture arm. The total scar score was significantly better in the Donati arm at each of the three time periods of assessment. The difference at 6 months was equal to the difference at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Closing the skin of lower midline laparotomy wounds with Donati stitches resulted in a cosmetically better scar. Scar cosmetics of lower midline laparotomies could be improved by using interrupted Donati stitches instead of a running suture. The difference was significant at 2 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively, but the magnitude of the difference was the same at 6 and at 12 months.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Transumbilical approach for shunt insertion in the pediatric population: an improvement in cosmetic results.

OBJECTIVE: In spite of the recent interest in endoscopic third ventriculostomy, ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is still the gold standard in treating non-obstructive hydrocephalus in children. The peritoneal cavity remains the optimal site for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. Shunt insertion and re-interventions carry a high risk of inaesthetic abdominal scars and long-term morbidity. We report a technique of transumbilical shunt insertion, which provides better cosmetic results and without many more complications. This approach has been performed for a long period in a wide variety of intra-abdominal conditions by pediatric surgeons. METHODS: Between March and October 2003, we inserted 12 VP shunts in children. For eight consecutively treated children the follow-up is more than 3 months. All the shunts were inserted through the umbilicus. These eight children are the subjects of this study. Indications for shunting were: communicating hydrocephalus (6 cases), subdural hematoma (1 case), and hygroma associated with an arachnoid cyst (1 case). The population consisted of 7 boys and 1 girl, ranging in age between 6 weeks and 47 months (mean age: 15 months), and their body weights varied between 2,110 g and 18,000 g (mean weight: 8,470 g). All children were examined twice a day for 3 days, and wounds were examined daily to check for the absence of sepsis or dehiscence. Clinical controls were performed 1 month after discharge. The operating surgeon was invited to comment on any difficulties encountered in making or closing this incision afterwards. RESULTS: The average length of clinical follow-up was 6 months (range 4-7 months). One infection of the VP shunt occurred. It was treated with external drainage and antibiotics. After 1 week, a second VP shunt was inserted using the same technique without particular difficulty and with a nice cosmetic result. Concerning the seven other children, the cosmetic results were optimal, with no puckered abdominal scars or wound dehiscence, and with no perioperative or long-term complications related to the umbilical approach. CONCLUSION: At this early follow-up, umbilical incision for shunt insertion is a safe and easy technique. It provides an optimal cosmetic result, even in cases of re-intervention. This minimally invasive surgery does not require long specialized training. We have not shown an increase in complications associated with a "learning curve." Longer follow-up is needed to evaluate the risk of infection.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts↗
PubMed1997

Influence of the cosmetic treatment of hair on drug testing.

An important issue of concern for drug analysis in hair is the change in the drug concentration induced by the cosmetic treatment of hair. The products used for this treatment are strong bases and they are expected to cause hair damage. As a result drugs may be lost from the hair matrix or, under conditions of environmental contamination, be more easily incorporated into the hair matrix. We investigated the effects of cosmetic treatment in vivo by analysing hair samples selected from people who had treated their hair by bleaching or dyeing before sample collection. All of the subjects admitted a similar drug consumption during the time period for which the strands were analysed. Samples were viewed under a microscope to establish the degree of hair damage. Treated and untreated portions from each lock of hair were then selected, separated and analysed by standard detection procedures for cocaine, opiates, cannabinoids and nicotine. In all cases the drug content in hair that had undergone cosmetic treatment decreased in comparison to untreated hair. The majority of the mean differences were in the range of 40%-60% (cocaine, benzoylecgonine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine and THC-COOH). For morphine the mean difference was higher than 60%, and two cases (THC and nicotine) differed by approx. 30%. These differences depended not only on the type of cosmetic treatment, as bleaching produced higher decreases than dyeing, but also on the degree of hair damage i.e. the more damaged the hair, the larger the differences in the concentration levels of drugs.

Hair↗
PubMed2006

Cosmetic outcomes following breast conservation therapy: in search of a reliable scale.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple scales to evaluate breast cosmesis following breast conserving treatment (BCT) have been developed, however reliability is a problem. Panel scores, where scores from two or more individuals are combined, were assessed to examine their effect on reliability for two different cosmetic scales. METHODS: Women, two or more years following BCT, were recruited from a single breast centre. Photographs of each participant were evaluated independently by six health care professionals on two separate occasions. A simple four-point scale and more involved multi-item scale were used to assess cosmetic outcome. Reliability was assessed with the weighted kappa statistic for increasing panel sizes. RESULTS: Ninety-nine women were evaluated. Intra rater reliability increased from 0.73 to 0.83 for the four-point scale, for increasing panel sizes, however 95% confidence intervals generally overlapped. A smaller and more unpredictable effect was seen on the multi-item subscale, range 0.69 to 0.73. Inter rater reliability increased from 0.68 to 0.93 for the four-point scale, and 0.75 to 0.96 for the multi-item scale, for increasing panel sizes; 95% confidence intervals did not overlap. A panel of three for either scale provided almost perfect kappa values with only small improvements with larger panel sizes. CONCLUSIONS: Care should be used in interpreting results where cosmetic outcomes have been obtained from a single evaluator. Panel scores can be used to significantly improve inter-rater, but not intra rater reliability, for the scales studied. Comparable reliability, in combination with simplicity of use and interpretation, would favour the four-point scale for breast cosmetic evaluation over the multi-item scale.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2006

Cosmetic outcome of breast conservative treatment for early stage breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the cosmetic outcome of breast conservative therapy and to examine the degree of agreement between the patients' and oncologists' ratings. We also analyze the influence of several factors on cosmesis. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We retrospectively evaluated 145 patients with primary breast cancer treated by local excision and radiotherapy between January 2000 and May 2001. Cosmetic outcome was evaluated by doctors and patients and was scored as excellent, good, fair or poor. RESULTS: 73% of patients rated cosmesis as excellent or good while the percentage was 71% when rated by radiation oncologists. The degree of cosmesis concordance evaluated by oncologists and patients was low (kappa = 0.3). In our study the variables which significantly influence on the cosmetic outcome were concomitant adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.04) and radiation therapy boost, either by electron beam or brachytherapy (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: The cosmetic outcome of breast conserving therapy was good. There was a similar rating by the patient and radiation oncologist, but the level of concordance between patients and doctors was low. Factors that significantly influence the cosmesis appear to be concomitant adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy boost.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cosmetic and functional outcomes of breast conserving treatment for early stage breast cancer. 1. Comparison of patients' ratings, observers' ratings, and objective assessments.

The cosmetic and functional results of breast conserving therapy were evaluated in a sample of 76 patients with early stage breast cancer, treated by wide local excision, axillary dissection and postoperative radiotherapy between 1975 and 1985. A comparison was made between patients' ratings, independent ratings by two observers (an oncology nurse and a radiation oncologist) and objective measurements. In approximately 40% of the cases, moderate to large differences in the appearance of the treated versus the untreated breast were reported by patients and clinical observers alike. When evaluated on an individual level, the observers' ratings showed relatively high inter-rater agreement (kappa = 0.64), but low levels of concordance were found between the patients' and observers' ratings (kappa < 0.10). Approximately half of the patients reported limited arm or shoulder function, generally mild in nature. Compared to the patients', the observers' ratings of arm edema were significantly lower, indicating 20% mild and 5% more severe swelling. Objective measures of cosmesis and function correlated moderately with the observers' and patients' ratings. Both cosmetic and functional results were found to be significantly related to time elapsed since treatment, with patients treated longer ago exhibiting more problems. The cosmetic and functional outcomes were not related to the patients' age. The results suggest that the patients' opinion can provide important additional information in the evaluation of cosmetic and functional results of breast conserving treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Irradiation of prosthetically augmented breasts: a retrospective study on toxicity and cosmetic results.

Eleven patients with subcutaneous prosthetic breast implants were followed 3-16 years after mammary irradiation. Radiation doses ranged between 45 Gy and 50 Gy to the whole breast, supplemented in five cases with 10-21 Gy scar boost. Evaluation of the cosmetic results revealed a good score in three patients, moderate to fair in three, and poor in five. Of the five patients who had poor postirradiation cosmesis, three had fibrotic changes and encapsulation of the prostheses prior to the irradiation, and two received their irradiation 1 month after the reconstruction. In most of the patients, the nonirradiated breast was augmented with a prosthesis and both breasts could be followed for comparison. The irradiated side usually looked and felt on palpation worse than the nonirradiated, but both breasts exhibited a steady deterioration in appearance over time. The patients who enjoyed better cosmetic results after irradiation had better breast appearance before the radiotherapy. Of three patients treated with lower doses (45 Gy/4.5-5 weeks), two enjoyed good cosmesis. Both patients who received irradiation immediately after reconstructive surgery had poor cosmetic results. Three observations could be made: (a) when the implanted breast was free of fibrotic changes, radiotherapy produced acceptable results, (b) whenever feasible, 45 Gy/5 weeks seemed preferable over higher doses, (c) irradiation immediately after the reconstructive surgery appeared to produce poorer cosmetic results.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Primary breast irradiation in large-breasted or heavy women: analysis of cosmetic outcome.

Treatment of early stage breast cancer with lumpectomy, axillary dissection, and radiation therapy is considered by many to be relatively contraindicated in heavy women or women with large or pendulous breasts. To quantitatively analyze this, we reviewed the cosmetic outcome in 257 patients. These patients were divided into "large" (89) and "average" (168) groups by one or more of the following criteria: weight greater than or equal to 80 kg, bra size greater than or equal to 40 in., cup size greater than or equal to D, and tangent separation greater than or equal to 23 cm. All patients were given cosmetic scores on a 1-10 scale by an independent observer for each of 8 cosmetic indices. These scores were analyzed at 1, 3, and 5 years follow-up (median 3 years). The average group scored higher than the large group on overall cosmesis (8.01 vs 7.34, p = 0.0004) and on 5 of 7 subindices (p = 0.0001 to 0.05) at 1 year. At 3 and 5 year follow-up only symmetry and retraction remained significantly different, favoring the average group. The largest difference noted at any point between the groups was 1.27 (retraction at 5 years, 8.54 vs 7.27, p = 0.0148). Therefore, although an inferior cosmetic result has been documented in the large group, we do not feel the magnitude of the difference mandates a change in our policy of offering all of these women breast-conserving therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Are cosmetic results following conservative surgery and radiation therapy for early breast cancer dependent on technique?

To assess the cosmetic results in relation to treatment technique, we retrospectively reviewed the results for 1159 Stage I-II breast cancer patients treated with conservative surgery and radiotherapy between 1970-1985. All patients underwent gross excision followed by radiation therapy including an implant or electron beam boost. The total dose to the primary site was greater than or equal to 60 Gy. Because of technical modifications introduced over time after 1981, the population was divided arbitrarily into two cohorts: 504 patients treated through 1981 and 655 treated between 1982-1985. Median follow-up time for surviving patients in the two cohorts were 107 months and 67 months, respectively. Cosmetic outcome was evaluated by the examining physician and scored as excellent, good, fair or poor. Excellent results at 5 years were scored in 59% of early cohort patients and 74% of the latter cohort (p = 0.002). Acceptable results (either good or excellent) were seen in 84% and 94%, respectively (p = 0.02). In the latter cohort, the likelihood of achieving an excellent result, but not an acceptable result, was significantly related to the volume of resected breast tissue and the use of chemotherapy. The number of fields (three-field technique, provided that fields are precisely matched, compared to tangents only) and boost type (implant vs electrons) did not influence the cosmetic outcome. We conclude that our current technique using breast RT to 45-46 Gy and a boost to the primary site of 16-18 Gy is associated with a high likelihood of acceptable cosmetic results and that this likelihood is not diminished by the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, a large breast resection, the use of a third field, or boost type.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed1993

The cosmetic outcome in early breast cancer treated with sector resection with or without radiotherapy. Uppsala-Orebro Breast Cancer Study Group.

In a randomised trial, the cosmetic results after sector resection and axillary dissection with or without postoperative radiotherapy for early breast cancer were evaluated. The evaluations were made at 3, 12, 24 and 36 months (357, 326, 302 and 255 women, respectively) after treatment. Good to excellent cosmetic results were achieved in 84-90% of those in the group randomised to radiation and in 91-95% in the group allocated to surgery only, as judged by the women themselves, and in 81-86% and 87-93%, respectively, according to other observers. At 12 months the results in 290 patients were photographically documented and evaluated by a panel. The results were good to excellent in 35-84% of the irradiated group and in 62-93% of the non-irradiated group. Poor results followed the development of contour differences, breast oedema and mamillary deviation, which were the most important mediators of a poor cosmetic result after radiotherapy. We conclude that sector resection and axillary dissection can be performed with good cosmetic results. Doses to 54 Gy of radiotherapy influence the result negatively, but from a clinical standpoint to a moderate extent.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The psychological and social characteristics of patients referred for NHS cosmetic surgery: quantifying clinical need.

PURPOSE: Elective cosmetic surgery is expanding in the UK in both the public and private sectors. Because resources are constrained, many cosmetic procedures are being excluded within the National Health Service. If guidelines on who can receive such surgery are to be evidence-based, information is needed about the level of dysfunction in patients referred for elective surgery and whether this is related to their degree of physical abnormality. METHOD: Consecutive patients referred to a regional plastic surgery and burns unit for assessment for elective cosmetic surgery completed standardised measures of physical and psychosocial dysfunction, and indicated their perception of the degree of their abnormality and their preoccupation with it. We distinguished between patients referred for physical reasons or appearance reasons only, and compared levels of physical and psychosocial dysfunction in each with published values for community and clinical samples. Surgeons indicated patients' degree of objective abnormality, and we identified the relationship of dysfunction with perceived and objective abnormality and preoccupation. RESULTS: Whether patients sought surgery for physical or appearance reasons, physical function was normal. Those seeking surgery for appearance reasons only had moderate psychosocial dysfunction, but were not as impaired as clinical groups with psychological problems. Patients seeking the correction of minor skin lesions for purely appearance reasons reported excellent physical and psychosocial function. Level of function was related (negatively) to patients' preoccupation with abnormality rather than to their perceived or objective abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: In general, patients referred for elective cosmetic surgery did not present with significant levels of dysfunction. Moreover, levels of functioning were related to preoccupation rather than to objective abnormality. Therefore, for most patients, whether surgical treatment is generally appropriate is questionable. Future guidelines must seek to identify the small minority who do have a clinical need for surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surgical experience and cosmetic outcomes in children with sacrococcygeal teratoma.

To determine the extent of progress in the treatment of sacrococcygeal teratomas (SCTs), the experience of 25 patients over a period of 30 years between 1972 and 2002 was evaluated. The medical records of the children were reviewed for demographics, histology, clinical course, bladder, anorectal and sexual function, and outcome. In particular, analysis of long-term cosmetic results after surgery for SCT was performed. The follow-up period ranged from 1 day to 396 months (median, 212 months). In more than half of the cases, unsatisfactory cosmetic long-term results after surgery for SCT were found. This study demonstrates that poor cosmetic results in the buttock region were the most common long-term complication after surgery for SCT, possibly leading to further corrective operations in later life. A better surgical procedure for closing the buttock region in the treatment of SCT should be discussed. Early assessment of bladder, anorectal, and sexual function along with long-term cosmetic results should be integrated into the well-established long-term oncology follow-up program. Moreover one has to keep in mind that cesarean section could become necessary as the primary delivery technique in female patients who have had surgery for SCT. More evaluations concerning this aspect are necessary.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed2005

Cosmetic and anatomic outcomes after feminizing surgery for ambiguous genitalia.

BACKGROUND: Reports on anatomic and cosmetic outcomes after genital surgery for children with ambiguous genitalia are mixed, with recent reports using standardized assessments suggesting poor outcomes and that multiple operations may be required. METHODS: All children with ambiguous genitalia and who had feminizing surgery at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, were identified. Standardized genital assessment was undertaken at their clinical review after informed consent. Underlying diagnosis, number and type of procedures performed, and the expertise of the surgeon were recorded from their medical notes. RESULTS: Of 32 patients examined aged 13 to 33 years, 47% had congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Ten patients had initial surgery performed elsewhere. Overall, there were good anatomic and cosmetic outcomes for those initially treated at our institute by a specialized surgeon, although some required additional intervention in adolescence or adulthood. Initial surgery before or after 2 years of age did not significantly affect outcomes. Those patients who had only 1 operation (by a surgeon with special interest in intersex) had better cosmetic and anatomic outcomes than those patients who had multiple operations. CONCLUSIONS: Cosmetic and anatomic outcomes of surgery for ambiguous genitalia were generally good when undertaken by pediatric surgeons with specific expertise in intersex surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Repair of atrial septal defect through a right posterolateral thoracotomy: a cosmetic approach for female patients.

BACKGROUND: Because the operation for atrial septal defect is considered a low-risk procedure, the cosmetic result has become an important issue. Principally for cosmetic reasons, anterolateral thoracotomy is frequently used for closure of atrial septal defect in young female patients. However, in anterolateral thoracotomy, the skin incision frequently crosses the future breast line, which may cause breast and pectoral muscle maldevelopment. METHODS: We review the long-term results of a consecutive series of 126 patients in whom the atrial septal defect was closed through a right posterolateral thoracotomy. The mean age at operation was 7.1 years (range, 1 to 15 years), and the mean body weight was 23.9 kg (range, 6.9 to 56 kg). Defects repaired included 121 ostium secundum (central type), 3 sinus venosus, and 2 ostium secundum without inferior margin. RESULTS: The average cardiopulmonary bypass time was 65 minutes (range, 37 to 130 minutes), with an average fibrillation time of 41 minutes (range, 23 to 70 minutes). There was no operative or late mortality. A majority of patients were pleased with their cosmetic results. There were no other late complications. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial septal defect can be safely repaired through a right posterolateral thoracotomy approach. This approach offers the benefit of a total absence of scarring and cosmetic disfigurement of the anterior chest wall.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A comparison in cosmetic outcome between per-operative interstitial breast implants and delayed interstitial breast implants after external beam radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Interstitial implants for brachytherapy boost in the breast conserving therapy of breast cancer can be performed in two ways; implants during the tumor excision (per-operative implants) or after the external beam therapy (delayed interstitial implants). Differences in cosmetic outcome were investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cosmetic results in 47 patients having a per-operative implant were compared to 123 patients having a delayed interstitial implant in a matched case-control study. Cosmesis was scored on a four-point-scale varying from 0 (excellent) to 3 (poor). RESULTS: After mean follow-up of 63 months, three observers found no difference in cosmetic outcome between the two groups after adjustment for variables found to be related with cosmesis (difference in mean score 0.50, P=0.26). Implant volume at 100% isodose was not found to differ (P=0.084) between the per-operative group (mean 102 cm3, S.D. 34 cm3) and the delayed group (mean 93 cm3, S.D. 29 cm3). CONCLUSIONS: Performing per-operative implants has not led to smaller implants. The method of performing brachytherapy does not result in marked differences in cosmetic outcome.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed1996

Late cosmetic results of short fractionation for breast conservation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The number of fractions of radiation therapy (RT) used after breast conserving surgery varies widely and accounts for a significant proportion of the workload in a modern radiotherapy department. Internationally, 'standard' therapy ranges from 3 to 7 weeks of daily treatment with or without a boost. Short RT schedules have the attraction of reducing workload but raise concern about an increased risk of late effects and poorer cosmetic outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a randomized trial, 186 women with T1 or T2, pathologically node-negative breast cancer had cosmetic and various normal tissue effects data collected prospectively. The breast RT prescription was 44 Gy in 16 daily fractions to a tangent pair. RESULTS: Median follow-up is 6.7 years. Actuarial 5-year breast recurrence was 6%. Overall cosmetic results at 5 years were good or excellent in 89% and 96% as reported by physicians and patients, respectively, and were stable between 2 and 5 years. Breast discomfort, erythema, edema and induration were related to both surgery and RT. At 5 years, 20% had breast discomfort, 18% had induration, 6% had erythema and 3% had some degree of breast edema. Fewer patients had these effects at 5 years than immediately after primary surgery. The presence of induration prior to starting RT was associated with a greater likelihood of breast induration 3 or more years following RT (P = 0.02). Thirteen percent of patients, generally those with large breasts, developed mild inframammary telangiectasia by 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Results are comparable to those reported from centers employing more conventional fractionation. Short fractionation produces acceptable cosmetic results for the majority of women if there are no contraindications to RT and in the absence of significant post-operative breast induration.

Aspirin↗
PubMed2003

[Quality of scientific publications about cosmetic surgery].

OBJECTIVE: Ethical and methodological quality of scientific papers on cosmetic surgery is often criticised. This is why we have proposed to create and validate an ethical and a methodological grid in the field of cosmetic surgery. METHODS: A questionnaire had been mailed to 40 cosmetic surgeons. The questionnaire was voluntary and simple and included two open questions and the possibility of giving one's opinion on this subject. The first question was: "Please mention, without describing your first ten methodological criteria, when you decide to evaluate a scientific publication concerning cosmetic surgery". The second question was written exactly in the same way, except that the word "methodological" was replaced by the word "ethical". RESULTS: In the methodological field, our results are the same as the classical criteria that permit answers the following questions: what did you do?, why did you do?, how did you do?, what did you find?, what is the meaning of this finding?, what is the future of this finding? Finally, except for the importance of comparing before and after photography, our criteria are not so different from the methodological criteria of all scientific studies. In the ethical field, in a decreasing order, we found the balance of benefits and risks, the probity of the author, the respect for the a priori equivalence clause, the disclosure of conflicts interest, the quality of the iconography, the respect for legislation, the transparency on the effective work of each author, the existence of rules for early stopping of the study and the transparency on preliminary animal studies if necessary. CONCLUSION: Similar to the existing practice, a study could be refused for publication because of its methodological insufficiencies; in the future, more and more studies would be refused because of their ethical insufficiencies.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗