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PubMedDate not supplied

Commerce and genetic diagnostics.

The revolution in molecular biology and molecular genetics has begun to reveal the sequence of events that links genes and disease. As a result of activities such as the Human Genome Project, a parallel revolution in technology is bringing nearer to hand the possibility of readily available genetic diagnostics. Genetic testing services have begun to move out of the academic medical centers and into the private enterprise arena. Under these circumstances it is important to understand the factors affecting the availability and application of this powerful predictive tool in a for-profit mode. How does the marketplace encourage or discourage genetic testing? Will the same market influences that generate pharmaceutical sales be operating to "sell" genetic tests?

Abortion, Eugenic↗
PubMed2001

[Ethical aspects of man and commerce(Literary overview 2000/2001) Literature report on the new approach of the Archives on ethics toward animals, nature and the environment].

The question how the volume of the annual report could be reduced in the face of a continuous increase in literature has been discussed in the past. But now, we have arrived at a reduction of one-third which could only be achieved through far-reaching neglect of English-language articles and especially of periodicals. The scope of topics, reinforced over the years, has been maintained and should facilitate the orientation of the reader. In the continuing ethics-boom, a change seems to be in the offing. While dealing with the animal-epidemics, the animals themselves were, aside from consumer protection interests, at least of some concern. In the bio-ethics discussion human well-being and dignity have asserted themselves as the almost exclusive issue. At any rate, the various ethics-commissions have been installed solely for representing human interests, and it is conspicuous how the voices speaking in favour and for justice of non-human life are becoming lesser and softer. The report's central goal remains the intent to introduce and comment recent published developments in the man - animal relationship.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Remittances and migration--the commerce of movement.

"This paper comments upon the role of remittances in a variety of emigrant situations, traces the way remittance patterns change over time and evaluates the importance of remittance payments for personal and national economies. It considers the concept of 'remittance-societies" in the South Pacific and elsewhere, and briefly examines the various mechanisms involved in the emigration-remittance cycle, including the expectation of interactions and interdependence that exists between migrants and their home-based kin, and the sacrifices and hardships often endured by many migrants to meet obligations back home."

Demography↗
PubMed2001

Clinical trials face heightened scrutiny as science and commerce appear to merge.

Clinical trials involving human subjects face increased scrutiny and regulation by the federal government that may lead to costly changes to the process. Prompted by a highly publicized death in a gene therapy trial, federal regulators are examining almost all aspects of clinical trial conduct, from how patients are recruited and how they give informed consent, to the relationship between the researchers and the company sponsoring the research. In addition to the heightened regulation, the government has announced that it will seek the power to impose civil money penalties on researchers who do not observe applicable patient protection regulations. In an effort to include more senior citizens in clinical trials, the government for the first time will cover certain costs of Medicare beneficiaries who participate in clinical trials. The risk of increased government involvement includes criminal prosecution of physicians for failing to follow the rules, as an innovative case in California demonstrates.

Aged↗