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Writing book reviews is an excellent way to start your publication experience and develop a relationship with a journal editor. Most nursing journals include book reviews, and some even select editorial board members from book reviewers who have demonstrated their ability to write concise, honest reviews and submit them on time. This author includes tips on writing a high-quality review by keeping the audience in mind.
In 1650 Robert Pemell, an English country physician, published De Morbis Capitis; or, Of the Chief Internal Diseases of the Head, the first neurology book written in English. Two factors are probably responsible for the appearance of this book. It was written during the 17th century, a period when the number of medical books published in English increased six-fold. In addition, there was a need for texts in English. Most poor people could not afford a physician's care and were ministered to by laymen who could not read Latin. The text of De Morbis Capitis was based on the works of contemporary and ancient authors. It contains chapters on modern syndromes, eg, headache, paralysis, epilepsy, and vertigo, as well as disorders of the time, eg, incubus and phrenitide. Each chapter first describes the disease and its differential diagnosis and then provides remedies, including herbals and bleeding. Overall, the treatment of brain diseases, as outlined in De Morbis Capitis, is probably a description of a high standard of neurologic practice in the 17th century English countryside.
This article describes a systematic and integral method of incorporating self-help books into psychotherapy as a collaborative function. We address the distinctions between self-help and bibliotherapy, consider bibliotherapy as adjunctive or integrative to psychotherapy, and outline the multiple uses of bibliotherapy for clinical purposes. How to apply self-help books in psychotherapy and ways to select books are illustrated by a case example. Indications and contraindications for bibliotherapy in therapy are outlined.
A retrospective study was made of 100 Tile type B and 122 type C pelvic ring lesions. Type B1-open book lesions occurred in 52 patients while 48 had lateral compression lesions of type B2 or B3. Only 13.1% of the patients showed no associated lesions. The frequency of associated neurological lesions in the B1 group with 21% was higher than in the B2/B3 group with 12%. The frequency of urologic lesions in group B1 was 9.6% but in B2/B3 patients it was only 2.1%. A total of 66% of B-lesion patients were stabilized with an external fixator. The frequency of secondary operative procedures was 23% in B1-patients and 6.25% in the B2/B3 group. Overall mortality was 10.4%: 5% in the B-group and 14.8% in the C-group. Outcome for patients with B2/B3 lesions was, with 92% excellent and good end results,much better than in patients with B1 lesions (74%). The inverse was true for radiologic results: 93% of the B1- but only 75% of the B2/B3-patients had an anatomical reduction. Open book lesions, lateral compression lesions and combined vertical stable lesions should be differentiated. We suggest that lateral compression lesions be characterized as B1 and open book lesions as B2 type injuries in the classification system of AO.
A computer assisted book on medical helminthology has been prepared using ZOOM, a teaching computer program, which uses hypermedia technology to link pictures and text. Information on various helminths, including their morphology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology can be easily accessed using three types of link in a non-linear approach. The book consists of five chapters, each contains the latest information on various aspects of helminth parasites. New information can easily be added to each chapter by the user. References can be assessed and updated for each parasite. The book is designed for students of medical schools, health administrators and physicians in developing countries.
This paper describes a tool, the site survey book, which can be used to rapidly and efficiently prepare for a site survey. The book is a framework that incorporates all of the special requirements for emergency medicine as listed in the Director of Residency Training Programs. This framework can easily be modified to meet the needs of individual programs, yet still adhere to the director guidelines. The site survey book is designed to be updated periodically, to reflect what is occurring in the program. The report can be used as a master guide, to plan changes in the curriculum, or to plan lectures. Furthermore, it provides a ready method of rapidly acquainting residency candidates with the structure of individual training programs during the interview process.
OBJECTIVE: To describe antenatal 'booking' interviews as regards content and illuminate the meaning of the ways midwives and expectant parents relate to each other. DESIGN: Content analysis and phenomenological hermeneutic analysis of transcribed texts from five video-recorded antenatal booking interviews. SETTING: Midwifery clinics at five health centres in the context of Swedish primary care. PARTICIPANTS: Five midwives, five pregnant women (less than 14 weeks pregnant) and two expectant fathers. FINDINGS: A variety of content themes and ways of relating were found. Combined themes of biomedical and obstetric content occurred as frequently as the sum of social, emotional, antenatal care and life-style themes. The midwives' ways of relating formed two main themes; considering and disregarding the uniqueness of the expectant parents. The midwives directed the interview through their choice of content themes and the way they related to the expectant parents. The expectant parents mainly shadowed the midwives' content themes and ways of relating. The expectant fathers seemed like strange visitors in the women's world. Two perspectives of antenatal midwifery care, obstetric and parental, operated alternately and in competition within the interviews. KEY CONCLUSIONS: The content and the ways of relating within the interviews seem to be connected and could be understood in the light of Buber's writings on dialogue. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The findings provide a basis for reflection on the education of midwives and the planning, training and implementation of midwifery care at antenatal 'booking' interviews.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if the RhD status of the fetus can be detected in an unselected group of RhD-negative women with ongoing pregnancies booking for routine antenatal care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We obtained 2.5 ml of whole blood from 202 unselected women with a normal ongoing pregnancy who booked for antenatal care before 20 weeks' gestation. DNA was extracted and real time quantitative PCR performed. Primers and a specific probe were targeted at the Rhesus D gene. RESULTS: Of 194 women, 31 were RhD-negative with no evidence of prior isoimmunisation. They delivered 17 RhD-positive and 14 RhD-negative babies. Of the 17 RhD-negative women carrying a RhD-positive fetus, the RhD gene was detected in the maternal blood in 14 (82%). There were no false positives. The quantity of RhD gene detected in the maternal blood of RhD-negative mothers ranged from 2 x 10(2) to 4 x 10(6) copies/ml of whole blood. CONCLUSION: Using real time quantitative PCR assays to amplify free fetal DNA in the maternal circulation, identification of RhD-positive fetuses in RhD-negative mothers is feasible when they book for antenatal care. Before such RhD genotyping can be introduced into clinical practice, however, further studies are required to show that false negative results can be eliminated and to show that this diagnostic test is reliable outside a research setting.
Writing about complementary medicine, whether intended for book or journal publication, has often suffered from three flaws: inadequate attention to the origin and nature of knowledge claims; careless use of problematic concepts such as 'holistic' or 'natural' and poor application of basic principles of good scholarship. In this paper I present guidelines to promote better writing. With respect to knowledge claims, authors need to be explicit about the origin of the claim; that is, the reasons why they believe it to be true. Many books and papers on complementary medicine are flawed because their authors avoided explaining why they have made particular claims. Claims can be justified by using personal experience or by quoting scientific research. When using personal experience, authors need to: describe the practitioners concerned; use generalities about practitioners with care and be wary when referring to 'classical' or 'traditional' practitioners. When quoting scientific research, authors should: cite references and use these sparingly and specifically; avoid 'secondary sourcing', reliance on abstracts and the referencing of authorities; use 'weasel words' ('may' or 'can') with extreme care; think carefully about causal inferences and take care with laboratory-based research. Many of the concepts found in books and papers on complementary medicine are used rather carelessly. Concepts such as holism or 'natural' medicine, or even the concept of 'complementary' and 'conventional' medicine, are often taken to have simple and obvious meanings. Yet these concepts are extremely slippery and open to differing interpretations, especially if they are used with insufficient care. Authors should apply basic principles of good scholarship by displaying thoroughness and attention to detail; reflecting on the validity of each point made; reflecting on the limitations of their arguments and maintaining a level of disinterestedness. However, authors should avoid trying to sound academic for the sake of it: the use of long words, obscure jargon and dense and lengthy prose does not make a work scholarly.
Radioactivity values of 137Cs in printed pages and covers of hardbound books issued during the 1960s in Japan were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. The result showed that the main source of 137Cs present in the books was rice straw used to make the backing board of covers. The 1965 peak of 137Cs content of the book was explained by the variation of 137Cs content of rice straw with the harvest year and a change of the kind of board.
The authors assessed the relative benefits of 3 styles of adult book reading for preschoolers' emergent literacy. A describer style focused on describing pictures during the reading, a comprehender style focused on story meaning, and a performance-oriented style introduced the book and discussed story meaning on completion. Forty-eight 4-year-olds were randomly assigned to receive 1 of the 3 reading styles over a 6-week period. Pretests and posttests measured children's receptive vocabulary, print, and story comprehension skills. A describer style of reading resulted in the greatest overall benefits for children's vocabulary and print skills, but a performance-oriented style was also beneficial when children's initial skill levels were taken into account. Future book-reading interventions should be tailored to children's initial skill levels.
Thirty-five mothers and fathers were videotaped in their homes as they read a familiar and unfamiliar book to their preschoolers aged between 3;6 and 4;1. Parental discussions about the text were coded for four levels of abstraction and correlated with children's gains one year later on a formal test of the same four levels of language abstraction (the Preschool Language Assessment Instrument). Parental input at three of the four levels of abstraction was positively and significantly correlated with their children's gains at the highest level of abstraction. This was also the level at which children's scores were the lowest initially and showed the greatest gains. The results suggest that discussions during book reading with preschoolers may be a positive influence, since it was parents' amount of input at lower as well as higher levels of abstraction that correlated with the children's development of more abstract language. We speculate that more input at lower levels might enhance learning by creating a climate of success in allowing children to display mastered skills, whereas more input at higher levels might enhance learning by challenging children with abstract language skills they are just beginning to acquire. In contrast to previous research, these results suggest that there is a great deal of variability in middle-class families in the amount of input that children receive at various level of abstractions during book sharing.
OBJECTIVE: To develop and test a book of photographs of commonly eaten foods to be used as a visual aid in the description of portion sizes in a large cross-sectional study on the health profile of Africans in transition (THUSA - Transition, Health and Urbanization in South Africa). SETTING: Clinics in the North West Province of South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and sixty-nine adult African volunteers DESIGN: Data on commonly eaten foods, preparation methods, recipes and portion sizes were collected in a pilot study. Colour photographs, taken of foods prepared by the researchers and measured into three or four portion sizes, were enlarged and put together in a book. The food portion photograph book (FPPB) was tested by presenting subjects with a portion of real food and asking them to estimate the portion size by matching it with one of the portion photographs. MAIN RESULTS: Of 2959 portions tested, 68% were accurately estimated (estimated weight within 10% of actual weight). Clearly defined solid foods were better estimated than foods that had an amorphous appearance. Accuracy of estimation was not affected by gender, age or education. CONCLUSION: The FPPB was accepted as a useful and convenient visual aid to estimate portion sizes in the cross-sectional dietary intake study.
The Mach book is a two-dimensional figure which looks three-dimensional. Despite the impression of depth in the figure, the apparent shape has not been determined. It has been suggested that the book appears as part of a 'cubic corner', 'as flat as possible', or with each half rotated about its long diagonal. Alternative hypotheses as to the three-dimensional orientation of the book were tested by means of a probe-line technique. It was found that, although no hypothesis matched the results of all of the subjects, the probe-line settings of individual subjects were approximately linear or piecewise linear functions of the angles in the picture. The technique was also applied to asymmetric versions of the figure and it was found that the subjects modified their settings in accord with the constraint that the two halves of the figure must join in depth along their common edge. The findings are in agreement with models of the interpretation of line drawings in which local estimates of edge orientation in depth are formed, and subsequently checked for consistency.
A systematic, structured training sequence for teaching individuals with severe memory impairments to independently utilize a compensatory memory book is reviewed. The training sequence is theoretically motivated, incorporating both principles of learning theory as well as aspects of memory known to be preserved in many patients with even severe amnestic disorders. This paper describes the components of a functional memory book system as well as the three-stage behavioral training procedure. An illustrative case study reviewing the training and resultant effective use of a memory book system for daily living and employment in a severely memory-impaired patient is provided.
The article discusses how the metaphor of the Book of Life was extended over time to cover the life cycle of the Human Genome Project from genetics to genomics. In particular, the focus is on the role of extendable metaphors in the debate on the Human Genome Project in three European newspapers, popular scientific journals and scientific and scholarly articles from 1990 to 2002. In these different domains of use, various parts of the metaphor were highlighted. The metaphor of Book of Life was mainly used to justify the continuation of the gene research from gene sequencing to comparative genomics. Readily extendable metaphors, such as the Book of Life, function as useful communicative tools both over time and across domains of use.
We propose herein a new method of DNA distribution, whereby DNA clones or PCR products are printed directly onto the pages of books and delivered to users along with relevant scientific information. DNA sheets, comprising water-soluble paper onto which DNA is spotted, can be bound into books. Readers can easily extract the DNA fragments from DNA sheets and amplify them using PCR. We show that DNA sheets can withstand various conditions that may be experienced during bookbinding and delivery, such as high temperatures and humidity. Almost all genes (95%-100% of randomly selected RIKEN mouse cDNA clones) were recovered successfully by use of PCR. Readers can start their experiments after a 2-h PCR amplification without waiting for the delivery of DNA clones. The DNA Book thus provides a novel method for delivering DNA in a timely and cost-effective manner. A sample DNA sheet (carrying RIKEN mouse cDNA clones encoding genes of enzymes for the TCA cycle) is included in this issue for field-testing. We would greatly appreciate it if readers could attempt to extract DNA and report the results and whether the DNA sheet was shipped to readers in good condition.
Whether booking body mass index (BMI) in the UK is increasing is unknown but is of clinical interest since overweight or obese pregnant women face far greater risks of pregnancy complications including pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes. We examined booking BMI in 1990 and 2002/2004, of women with singleton pregnancies. Our analyses indicate an increase of 1 U in mean BMI over this period despite lower parity in recent years. When the model was adjusted for maternal age, parity, smoking status and deprivation category the mean BMI was 1.37 U higher in 2002/2004 than in 1990. More striking was the significant increase in the proportion of women who were obese (BMI > or = 30 kg/m2) at booking--more than twofold higher in unadjusted analysis (18.9% vs 9.4%) rising to greater than threefold higher in multivariate analysis. These findings suggest that obesity-related pregnancy complications are likely to increase with implications for both mother and child.