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PubMedDate not supplied

Associations of location and perceived environmental attributes with walking in neighborhoods.

PURPOSE: Ecological models highlight the importance of environmental influences. We examined associations of coastal versus noncoastal location and perceived environmental attributes with neighborhood walking, total walking, and total activity. METHODS: Telephone interviews with 800 faculty and general staff of an Australian university. RESULTS: Men were significantly more likely to walk in their neighborhood if they lived in a coastal location (odds ratio [OR] = 1.66), and they highly rated environmental "aesthetics" (OR = 1.91), "convenience" of facilities (OR = 2.20), and "access" to facilities (OR = 1.98). For women, neighborhood walking was associated with high ratings of "convenience" (OR = 3.78) but was significantly less likely if they had high ratings for "access" (OR = 0.48). For total walking and total physical activity, few significant associations emerged. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental attributes were related to walking in the neighborhood but not to more general activity indices. Understanding gender-specific environmental correlates of physical activity should be a priority.

Australia↗
PubMed1979

Drowning: community aspects.

One hundred and ninety-six fatal immersion accidents occurred in Geelong and district during the 20-year period, 1959 to 1978. Of 54 drownings in children aged 16 years and younger, 43 (80%) occurred in males and 33 (61%) in fresh water. All 14 drownings in children under four years of age occurred in fresh-water sites, 12 of which were about the home. Immediate and optimal resuscitative measures in such children are extremely important.

Accidents↗
PubMed1999

[Real and irrelevant risks of infection by swimming in recreational bodies of water].

Life-threatening infectious diseases associated with recreational water exposure are possible but occur very rarely. About eighty per cent of all infections due to bathing water produced gastroenteritis, the remaining were spontaneously healing infections of ear, nose and throat as well as eye and respiratory symptoms. They are caused by endogenic and exogenic agents. The risk, i.e. the mean frequency of such commonplace diseases associated with bathing or swimming is already doubled by endogenic infectious agents even without any etiological agents in the recreational water. The additional risk by exogenic infectious agents increases with the concentration of fecal markers. The prescribed limit E coli value of 200 CFU per 100 ml of the EU guidelines for bathing waters corresponds to a risk increased by the factor 7-8. The Bathing Water Committee of the German Federal Environmental Agency issued new recommendations prescribing severely lowered limit values. For example, the Committee called for 100 CFU of E. coli per 100 ml. However, there are economical and legal objections as well as doubts regarding the Committee's scientific competence. The lower limit values are associated with high expenses for communities and bathers without recognizable returns in terms of efficiency. Furthermore, they offend against the legal principle of equality because newly constructed pools are not different from bathing water regulated according to EU guidelines. Finally, the Bathing Water Committee holds scientifically incorrect views on infectious agents and on the risks in recreational waters.

Bathing Beaches↗
PubMed1999

[Marine life envenomations: example in New Caledonia].

Marine life in the waters of New Caledonia is extraordinarily rich. However some of the animals inhabiting this wonderland are dangerous including a number of venomous species. A retrospective study conducted at the Territorial Hospital in Noumea for the three-year period between 1995 and 1998 showed that nearly 200 people/year were victims of envenomation by marine animals. Findings also indicated that the incidence of envenomation was rising as the practice of marine activities by the local population and tourists increased. Venomous species can be classified into 4 categories according to the mechanism of envenomation, i.e., biting animals such as sea snakes, cephalopoda, and eels; stinging animals including not only fish such as scorpion fish (Pterois, stonefish), sting-rays, saltwater catfish, surgeon fish, and flatfish but also cones and crown of thorns (Acanthaster planci); animals with contact venoms such as cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and men-of-war), glaucus, sea cucumbers (holothurioidae), and sponges; and animals with more than one envenomation apparatus such as sea urchins and sea worms which can bite and sting. Study focused on the characteristics of each species including biology, envenomation apparatus, and chemical composition and action of the venom; pharmacological and clinical aspects of envenomation; and management and prevention of accidents.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Microbiological standards for water and their relationship to health risk.

Maintenance of the microbiological quality of water has been used as an important means of preventing waterborne disease throughout the twentieth century. The commonest microbiological tests done on water are for coliforms and Escherichia coli (or faecal coliform). This paper reviews the legislative and other guidance for microbial standards in drinking and bathing waters and considers evidence for the relationship between the microbiological quality of water and risk to human health. In the past measures of the microbiological quality of water correlated well with risks of acquiring gastrointestinal disease. More recent work suggests that gastrointestinal disease is more strongly associated with the presence of enterococci than of E. coli. New diseases such as cryptosporidiosis have been shown to cause outbreaks of waterborne disease when levels of conventional microbiological parameters are satisfactory. In response to this, and because of failure of prosecution in one outbreak, the United Kingdom (UK) Government has introduced new legislation that requires water providers to perform a risk assessment on their water treatment facilities and to implement continuous monitoring for cryptosporidium. A new European directive on drinking water has been introduced and legislation on cryptosporidium in drinking water has been proposed in the UK.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with an interactive water fountain at a beachside park--Florida, 1999.

Since 1989, approximately 170 outbreaks associated with recreational water venues (e.g., swimming pools, waterparks, fountains, hot tubs and spas, lakes, rivers, and oceans) have been reported, with almost half resulting in gastrointestinal illness (1-5). This report summarizes the investigation of an outbreak of gastroenteritis in Florida during 1999. The findings indicated that Shigella sonnei and Cryptosporidium parvum infections caused illness in persons exposed to an "interactive" water fountain at a beachside park.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Bacterial pollution of Messina coastal waters: a one year study.

A year's monitoring of faecal pollution of marine coastal waters surrounding Messina was carried out in 1996/97. The distribution of faecal coliforms was evaluated in 15 stations located along the Sicilian coastline, sampled monthly in coincidence of the two opposing current phases ("montante" and "scendente" currents) which characterise the Straits of Messina. The data obtained provided a complete picture of hygienic-sanitary conditions of the area and highlighted the presence of heavily polluted sites in correspondence with river outflows. Higher bacterial counts were associated with lower salinity values and higher ammonia concentrations; over an annual study, they occurred during the coldest months, showing the negative impact of continental water inputs on the bacteriological quality of coastal waters.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2000

[Amoeba of the Acanthamoeba species in swimming pools and lakes of the Lublin area and in people using contact lenses].

Examinations of water for the presence of Acanthamoeba in covered and open air swimming pools and lakes of the city of Lublin were performed in order to determine the places where the invasion of amoebas of Acanthamoeba kind on the eyes can occur. Pathogenic strains of Acanthamoeba were found in all collected water samples. The cultures from the conjunctival sac of regular swimmers practising every day in these pools were taken. Amoebas were found in none of the examined cultures. The observations have shown that contact lenses should be protected from the contamination with swimming pool water. Amoebas were not revealed in the conjunctival sac of the swimmers after bathing.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Microbiological quality of the Catania coastal sea water].

This study was carried out from 1997 to 1998 along a selected coastal area near Catania to ascertain bacteriological and virological quality of marine waters. 44 seawater samples, collected from 4 stations, were assayed for the presence of total and fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, coliphages, Salmonellae and enteric viruses. Two stations localized at canal outfalls showed high levels of fecal pollution. The other stations were of good microbiological quality and showed a limited number of samples exceeding the standards laid down as guide values for bathing waters by Italian normative during the bathing period. Salmonellae were isolated in 8 out of 44 sea water samples (18%). Their presence was ascertained mainly in samples of the two polluted stations. Enteroviruses were not isolated. Enteric viruses such as Reoviruses were isolated from all stations, in 12 out of 44 samples (27%). The presence of these viruses was ascertained only during autumnal and winter seasons. The results of this study showed that, notwithstanding some stations showed high levels of bacteriological indicators of fecal pollution and presence of Salmonellae, enteroviruses growing on cell cultures were not isolated. Reoviruses confirmed their high diffusion in marine waters.

Bathing Beaches↗
PubMed1999

Clinical, laboratory and X-ray findings of drowning and near-drowning in the Gulf of Aqaba.

Clinical, laboratory and X-ray findings in 34 victims of submersion are presented. Five people died and 29 survived (age range 12-60 years). Severe hypoxia was found in all patients (mean PO2 of 58 mmHg with some oxygen support). Arterial blood gas analysis showed significant metabolic acidosis in 19 patients and significant respiratory acidosis in 15 patients. Pulmonary oedema was the most common X-ray finding. Fourteen patients were put on mechanical ventilation on the basis of their clinical picture and blood gases analysis. Clinical and laboratory data are very similar to those reported in international studies.

Acidosis, Respiratory↗
PubMed2001

Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in water in Northern Ireland: implications for public health.

The occurrence of Campylobacter spp was examined in a variety of waters in Northern Ireland. Conventional cultural techniques were employed with 768 water specimens, including drinking waters (tap, spring, bore hole and bottled) and recreational waters (swimming pool, lough, river and sea). Positive waters included 1/11 (9.1%) drinking water from untreated well water, as well as 5/12 (41.7%) untreated surface waters from loughs and 7/8 (87.5%) untreated river waters. Overall, untreated surface waters may represent a source of contamination with Campylobacter spp. in Northern Ireland, where they have a recreational involvement or are used as a drinking source by man or agricultural livestock. Therefore waterborne campylobacteriosis should be considered in patients presenting with acute enteritis and a history of participation in water sports/activities. As faecal coliform organisms have been previously shown to be poor markers of water quality, especially for Campylobacter spp, new criteria should be established to assess the risk of this infection and to evaluate and monitor the quality of water used for recreational purposes.

Bathing Beaches↗