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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Hitting a baseball: a biomechanical description.

A tremendous amount of time and energy has been dedicated to the development of conditioning programs, mechanics drills, and rehabilitation protocols for the throwing athlete. In comparison, a significantly smaller amount has been spent on the needs of the hitting athlete. Before these needs can be addressed, an understanding of mechanics and the demands placed on the body during the swing must be developed. This study uses three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data to define and quantify biomechanics during the baseball swing. The results show that a hitter starts the swing with a weight shift toward the rear foot and the generation of trunk coil. As the hitter strides forward, force applied by the front foot equal to 123% of body weight promotes segment acceleration around the axis of the trunk. The hip segment rotates to a maximum speed of 714 degrees/sec followed by a maximum shoulder segment velocity of 937 degrees/sec. The product of this kinetic link is a maximum linear bat velocity of 31 m/sec. By quantifying the hitting motion, a more educated approach can be made in developing rehabilitation, strength, and conditioning programs for the hitting athlete.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The isokinetic torque curve of shoulder instability in high school baseball pitchers.

Athletes with shoulder problems are commonly referred to orthopaedic and sports physical therapists for rehabilitation. Many of these problems include some form of shoulder instability. The purpose of this study was to generate an isokinetic torque curve that is representative of the shoulder impingement syndrome that may affect high school baseball pitchers. A sample of 241 subjects, each diagnosed with an impingement syndrome in the right shoulder, was tested using a Cybex II+ dynamometer configured to duplicate the orthopaedic loose-packed and plane of the scapula positions of the shoulder complex. The subjects were tested concentrically across five maximal repetitions of internal and external rotation at the speeds of 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 degree/sec; graphic records were collected at 60 degrees/sec. Descriptively, testing revealed a distinct isokinetic torque curve for the impingement syndrome compared with the noninvolved shoulder. This information might serve as a useful complement to traditional clinical procedures for the diagnosis of the shoulder impingement syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Toxicological deaths of major league baseball players.

REPORT: A retrospective review of major league baseball records was conducted for players' cause of death. Any death attributed to a toxic exposure was analyzed for causal agent, reason for exposure, age at time of death, location, time of year, team, and dominant position played while active. RESULTS: Twenty-eight poisoning deaths were identified between 1889-1995. The most common agent was carbon monoxide (8), followed by methane gas asphyxiation (4), opiate overdose (4), ethanol (3), and phenol (3). Fourteen (50%) were unintentional deaths, 13 (46%) were suicidal in nature, and 1 (4%) homicidal. The majority of deaths (75%) occurred after the players had retired from the game. The leading position was pitcher (13), followed by catcher (5), outfield (4), second base (2), first (1), shortstop (1), third (1), and umpire (1). CONCLUSIONS: With society's increased illicit drug use, better drug detection, escalating salaries, and increased public pressures placed on present-day players, more poisonings may likely occur.

Baseball↗
PubMed1998

A dental-based, athletic trainer-mediated spit tobacco cessation program for professional baseball players.

During 1997 spring training, the National Spit Tobacco Education Program provided a spit (smokeless) tobacco intervention program to 16 professional baseball clubs. The program consisted of an awareness-raising presentation and an opportunity to discuss quitting spit tobacco use with an expert cessation counselor. For two clubs, however, a more extensive intervention was pilot-tested for feasibility and acceptability among their major- and minor-league teams during their regularly scheduled health examinations at the beginning of spring training. The intervention included an oral exam by a dentist who advised spit tobacco users to stop and pointed out any spit tobacco-associated lesions in the player's mouth, brief cessation counseling by a specially trained dental hygienist, and ongoing support and follow-up by the certified athletic trainer to promote cessation. Findings from this pilot study indicate that this intervention, which is dependent upon involvement of dental professionals, was feasible to implement during spring training and appeared to be well-received by the athletes. Dental professionals are in an excellent position to advise and help spit tobacco users to quit and can have an important role in helping youth overcome this rapidly growing addiction.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The shoulder in baseball pitching: biomechanics and related injuries-part 1.

The extreme range of motion at the shoulder, the high angular velocities and torques, and the repetitious nature of the pitching motion combine to make the shoulder vulnerable to injury during the baseball pitch. An understanding of the biomechanics that contribute to shoulder injuries during each phase of the pitching motion can facilitate the athlete's diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Common injuries that occur during the late cocking and acceleration phases of the pitch include anterior instability and impingement, bicipital tendinitis, and subacromial impingement. Nonoperative treatment consisting of an initial period of rest and NSAIDS, followed by physical therapy and a gradual return to activity, is usually successful. When this approach fails, surgical intervention, either arthroscopic or open, may be necessary. Physical therapy and rehabilitation are directed toward restoring the integrity and strength of the dynamic and static stabilizers of the shoulder joint, yet preserving the range of motion necessary for performance. Through rehabilitation, the dedicated athlete can often return to the pitching mound at his previous level of performance.

Acceleration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The shoulder in baseball pitching: biomechanics and related injuries-part 2.

The extreme range of motion at the shoulder, the high angular velocities and torques, and the repetitious nature of the pitching motion combine to make the shoulder vulnerable to injury during the baseball pitch. An understanding of the biomechanics that contribute to shoulder injuries during each phase of the pitching motion can facilitate the athlete's diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. The athlete's symptoms and signs, as well as radiographic imaging, are key elements in arriving at a diagnosis of shoulder injuries. Nonoperative treatment consisting of an initial period of rest and NSAIDS, followed by physical therapy and a gradual return to activity, is usually successful. When this approach fails, surgical intervention, either arthroscopic or open, may be necessary. Physical therapy and rehabilitation are directed toward restoring the integrity and strength of the dynamic and static stabilizers of the shoulder joint, yet preserving the range of motion necessary for performance. Through rehabilitation, the dedicated athlete can often return to the pitching mound at his previous level of performance.

Baseball↗
PubMed1965

INJURY TO THE THROWING ARM. A STUDY OF TRAUMATIC CHANGES IN THE ELBOW JOINTS OF BOY BASEBALL PLAYERS.

X-ray studies were made of both elbows of 162 boys in the 9 to 14 year age group, divided into three categories: Pitchers, non-pitchers, and a control group who had never played organized baseball. Changes involving the medial epicondylar epiphysis and opposing articular surfaces of the capitulum and head of radius in the throwing arm appeared to be in direct proportion to the amount and type of throwing. The most striking changes were in the arms of pitchers. Some degree of accelerated growth, separation and fragmentation of the medial epicondylar epiphyses was noted in the throwing arm of all 80 pitchers in the study. Five cases of traumatic osteochondritis of the capitulum and head of radius, and one case of juvenile osteochondritis of the head of the radius were also found among the pitchers. Better medical supervision and stress on prevention are needed, especially in the Southern California area where climatic conditions favor prolonged seasons and throwing practice the year around.

Arm↗
PubMed1989

Pasteurella multocida corneal ulcer following a baseball injury.

Pasteurella multocida is an ubiquitous organism that can be isolated from a variety of animals and birds. It is an infrequent ocular pathogen but can cause infection as a result of injury or animal exposure. This article reports a case of P multocida corneal ulcer following a baseball injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Dynamic stereoacuity: a test for hitting a baseball?

Vision is a critical ingredient in professional sports such as baseball. It would, therefore, be logical to assume that vision testing should be able to discriminate between good and bad performance. Past attempts to establish this vision/performance relationship have not been successful. We believe the fault is anchored in the fact that all routine vision testing is static and unable to measure motion parameters. Using an instrument of our design to test dynamic stereoacuity, we have been able to detect subtle differences among individuals. The data show a segregation between major league hitters and pitchers. Such information could be used as one clue to predict hitting performance.

Baseball↗
PubMed1986

Baseball adaptation for below-elbow prosthesis.

A baseball bat adaptation to improve the handling with below-elbow prosthesis is described. The adaptation consists of a ball and socket joint unit interposed between wrist and hand prostheses. A patient who had forearm amputation successfully used the adaptation to play softball.

Artificial Limbs↗
PubMed1994

Shoulder weakness in professional baseball pitchers.

The purposes of this study were to: 1) compare shoulder range of motion and strength in professional baseball pitchers (N = 47) compared with age-matched controls (N = 16), and 2) examine the relationship of injury history to strength and range of motion. Based on injury history pitchers were categorized as: 1) none (N = 26), 2) injury requiring conservative intervention (N = 9), or 3) injury requiring surgical intervention (N = 12). Range of motion was measured for internal rotation (IROM) and external rotation (EROM). Eccentric strength was measured by hand-held dynamometer for internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), abduction (ABD), and supraspinatus muscle (SUP) strength. Injury history had no effect on strength and range of motion. Dominant EROM was greater in pitchers, P < 0.0001, and controls, P < 0.05, with pitchers having greater EROM motion bilaterally, P < 0.0001. Pitchers were weaker in SUP on the dominant vs nondominant side, P < 0.0001, and on the dominant side for weight adjusted ER, ABD, P < 0.01, and SUP, P < 0.0001, compared with controls. In conclusion, dominance and pitching resulted in soft tissue adaptation. Pitchers displayed weakness in three of four tests by comparison with controls, suggesting that the demands of pitching are insufficient to produce eccentric strength gains and may in fact lead to weakness. Dominant-side SUP weakness in pitchers may reflect subclinical pathology or chronic fatigue.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1983

Overuse syndromes in baseball, tennis, gymnastics, and swimming.

The shoulder is the "center of action" for most sports including those discussed in this article. Overuse problems of the shoulder are the most common group of injuries affecting the athlete involved in baseball, tennis, swimming, and gymnastics. Most of the injuries can be directly related to the mechanics of throwing, swimming, or gymnastics. After diagnosis, treatment is directed at "selective rest" of the injured shoulder and modalities and medications intended to decrease the inflammatory response of the body to stress.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1994

The 'baseball' orbital implant: a prospective study.

The 'baseball' orbital implant was described by Frueh and Felker in 1976. Although this implant was originally described for use as a secondary implant, it has also been widely used as a primary implant at the time of enucleation. This prospective study evaluated the effectiveness of this implant used both primarily and secondarily. Forty-four patients were implanted between April 1990 and May 1991, 19 of the implants being primary and 25 secondary. A standardised operative and post-operative protocol was followed. The mean follow-up time was 31 months (range 24-36 months). The patients were evaluated for the degree of volume replacement, implant and associated prosthesis motility, secondary eyelid and socket problems, patient satisfaction, the need for further surgery and post-operative complications. The overall results achieved by primary implantation were superior to those of secondary implantation. Our results suggest that this implant provides a satisfactory functional and cosmetic rehabilitation of the anophthalmic patient with few complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Baseball orbital implants: a review of 39 patients.

Thirty-five secondary and six primary 'baseball' implants--acrylic balls in envelopes of donor sclera--were followed up for a minimum of 24 months. 97.1% secondary and 50% primary implants were retained. Volume replacement was satisfactory in 83.8% with a single operation, and motility of the artificial eye was at least 14 degrees of horizontal gaze in 86%, at least 7 degrees of upgaze in 95%, and at least 14 degrees of downgaze in 62.6%. Ptosis associated with the procedure occurred in 22%, and 12.2% developed a shallow fornix with instability of the artificial eye.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Self-esteem and narcissism among the most and least empathetic Finnish baseball players.

560 girls and 819 boys, ages 8 to 16 years and actively interested in Finnish baseball, were tested in small groups in three training-camp championship games with the modified Mehrabian and Epstein's Empathy Scale, and the Battle Self-esteem Inventory, Form B. Narcissism was estimated on the 1984 Emmons scale. The hypothesis that the most empathetic players compared with the least empathetic players have better self-esteem and less narcissism was confirmed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Magnitude of stress experienced by baseball and softball umpires.

This study surveyed 782 certified baseball and softball umpires from randomly chosen umpire associations in one state to assess how much stress they experienced while officiating. The mean stress score was between "very little" and "a moderate amount," although 4.5% of the respondents reported "quite a bit" or "a great deal" of stress. The mean stress score may have been attenuated by the umpires' reluctance to admit stressful experiences or by collection of data after the season was over.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Anterior angulation deformity of the radial head. An unusual lesion occurring in juvenile baseball players.

Four cases of an unusual angulation deformity of the radial head were seen in juvenile baseball players, with or without associated lesions of osteochondritis in the contiguous capitellum of the humerus and loose-body formation. The established deformity did not show a tendency toward anatomical restitution. In each case, symptoms produced by this deformity were noted to appear in association with athletic activity.

Adolescent↗