Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “BODY”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Effects of 24 weeks of whole body vibration training on body composition and muscle strength in untrained females.

The aim of this study was to investigate and to compare the effect of 24 weeks "whole body vibration" training and fitness training on body composition and on muscle strength. Forty-eight untrained females (21.3 +/- 2.0 yr) participated in the study. The whole body vibration group (N = 18) performed unloaded static and dynamic exercises on a vibration platform (35 - 40 Hz, 2.5 - 5.0 mm; Power Plate). The fitness group (N = 18) followed a standard cardiovascular (15 - 40 min) and resistance training program including dynamic leg press and leg extension exercises (20 - 8 RM). Both groups trained 3 times weekly. The control group (N = 12) did not participate in any training. Body composition was determined by means of underwater weighing. Additionally 12 skinfolds were assessed. Isometric (0 degrees /s) and isokinetic (50 degrees /s, 100 degrees /s, 150 degrees /s) knee-extensor strength was measured by means of a motor-driven dynamometer (Technogym). Over 24 weeks there were no significant changes (p > 0.05) in weight, in percentage body fat, nor in skinfold thickness in any of the groups. Fat free mass increased significantly in the whole body vibration group (+ 2.2 %) only. A significant strength gain was recorded in the whole body vibration group (24.4 +/- 5.1 %; 5.9 +/- 2.1 %; 8.3 +/- 4.4 %; 7.6 +/- 1.5 %) and in the fitness group (16.5 +/- 1.7 %; 12.0 +/- 2.7 %; 10.4 +/- 2.3 %; 10.2 +/- 1.9 %), at 0 degrees /s, 50 degrees /s, 100 degrees /s and 150 degrees /s respectively. In conclusion, 24 weeks whole body vibration training did not reduce weight, total body fat or subcutaneous fat in previously untrained females. However, whole body vibration training induces a gain in knee-extensor strength combined with a small increase in fat free mass. The gain in strength is comparable to the strength increase following a standard fitness training program consisting of cardiovascular and resistance training.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The relation of body fat distribution and body mass with haemoglobin A1c, blood pressure and blood lipids in urban Japanese men.

The relation of body fat distribution and body mass with haemoglobin A1c, blood pressure and blood lipids were examined in 874 men aged 40 to 59 not taking medication for diabetes mellitus and who worked for an urban company in Japan. Body fat distribution was measured by the waist hip circumference ratio. Body mass was estimated by Quetelet index. Haemoglobin A1c was measured from casual venous blood samples by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Measurement of haemoglobin A1c was validated by a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test conducted in a 7% sample. There was a dose-response relation between waist-hip ratio and haemoglobin A1c concentration while the relation between body mass index and haemoglobin A1c was not evident. Using linear regression to control for age, serum total cholesterol, usual alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and body mass index, the positive association between waist-hip ratio and haemoglobin A1c remained significant (p = 0.02). This was not true for the positive association between body mass index and haemoglobin A1c (p = 0.32). Both waist-hip ratio and body mass index were positively associated with blood pressure and serum total cholesterol, and inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol. The associations of waist-hip ratio with blood pressure and blood lipids were significant after controlling for body mass index. Therefore, the waist-hip ratio is a correlate of both glucose abnormalities and known coronary risk factors in urban Japanese men even when body mass is controlled for.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Fusion of body surface potential and body surface Laplacian signals for electrocardiographic imaging.

Various approaches to the solution to the inverse problem of electrocardiography have been proposed over the years. Recently, the use of inverse algorithms using measured body surface Laplacians has been proposed, and in various studies this technique has been shown to outperform the traditional use of body surface potentials in certain model problems. In this paper, we compare the use of body surface potentials and body surface Laplacians on two model problems with different assumed cardiac sources. For the spherical cap model problems with an anterior source, the epicardial estimates using body surface potentials had smaller average relative errors than when body surface Laplacians were used. For the spherical cap model problems with a posterior source, the epicardial estimates using body surface potential or body surface Laplacian sensors generally produced similar relative errors. For the radial dipole model, the epicardial estimates using body surface Laplacians had smaller errors than when body surface potentials were used. We introduce a fusion algorithm that combines the different types of signals and generally produces a good estimate for both model problems.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of body fat estimated from body mass index, skinfolds and impedance. A comparative study.

The purpose of the study was to cross-validate three different methods used in field studies for estimating body fat in a group of Danes (n = 139) aged 35-65 years with a wide range in body fat. On the first two-thirds of the participants (n = 93) multiple regressions equations were developed for body fat by means of height, weight, sex and age and either BMI, or by sum of four skinfolds or electrical impedance. A four-compartment-model based on measurements of both total body water (TBW) and potassium (TBK) was used as reference. On the remaining one-third of the subjects (n = 46) cross-validation of the developed equations was carried out. The multiple regression equation for impedance had higher R-square (R2 = 0.89) and lower residual error (SEE = 3.32 kg) than the multiple regression equations for skinfolds (R2 = 0.81, SEE = 3.91 kg) or body mass index (R2 = 0.85, SEE = 3.94 kg). The cross-validation study showed that all three simple methods give reliable average body fat estimates. The difference in estimates of body fat between the reference method and impedance, BMI and skinfolds was 0.76 kg, -0.64 kg and -0.21 kg respectively, none of these differences being different from zero. However, the variance of body fat estimated from BMI (4.84 kg) was higher than body fat estimated from impedance (4.36 kg) (P = 0.013). The multiple regression analysis further showed that measurements of skinfold do not seem to add significantly to the prediction of body fat if height and weight are included.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

Total body water as an index for predicting body fat in rats.

The determinations of total body water, body density, surface area and Lee index were carried out on 15 live Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were subsequently sacrificed and subjected to carcass analysis by desiccation, gravimetry and ether extraction of body fat. The results of multiple regression using the maximum R2 improvement technique indicated that a strong correlation existed only between body fat and total body water which was statistically significant (P = 0.0001). The regression equation representing such a relationship was % of body fat = 83.167-1.067 X (% total body water). The % body fat computed from density, multiple regression models, and the actual fat content of carcass were not significantly different by the Newman-Keuls range test. The validation of the predicting equation was done using lean and obese Zucker rats. It was found that the predicting equation overestimated body fat by 0.67% for lean rats and underestimate 1 body fat of obese Zucker rats by 3.57%.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Effects of the menopause transition on body fatness and body fat distribution.

OBJECTIVE: The menopause transition increases cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk, partly because of the adverse effects of estrogen deficiency on the plasma lipid-lipoprotein profile and cardiovascular function. This increased cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk may also be partially mediated by increased body fat, increased intra-abdominal adipose tissue accumulation, or both. The objective of this mini-review is to summarize studies that have investigated the relationships among the menopause transition, body fatness, and body fat distribution. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on menopause that examined body fatness and body fat distribution. RESULTS: Cross-sectional reports show that the menopause transition is related to modest increases in body mass index or total fatness, although not all studies found significant effects. Increased central adiposity appears to be related to menopause, independent of advancing age, but these results are methodology dependent. An independent effect of menopause on central body fatness was noted by the use of techniques such as DEXA or computed tomography, whereas studies using circumference measures showed discrepant results. Longitudinal studies showed that the menopause transition accelerated the increase in central adiposity, although no studies quantified changes in intra-abdominal fat by imaging techniques. DISCUSSION: Thus, additional longitudinal studies using more accurate measures of adiposity are needed to critically examine the effects of the menopause transition on total and central body fatness. Collectively, previous studies suggest that menopause is related to modest increase in total fatness and accelerated accumulation of central body fat that exceeds changes normally attributed to the aging process. These changes may increase the risk for cardiovascular and metabolic disease in aging women.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1990

Effects of nicotine on body weight, food consumption and body composition in male rats.

The present study examined the effects of nicotine administration and cessation on body weight, food consumption, and body composition in rats. Administration of nicotine was associated with attenuated body weight gains and cessation was associated with accelerated body weight gains. Changes in fat composition paralleled changes in body weight, whereas changes in body water and protein did not. These results suggest that nicotine administration decreases body weight through its effects on fat stores in the body. After cessation of nicotine, body fat rapidly approached levels of control animals.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Effect of climacteric transition and hormone replacement therapy on body weight and body fat distribution.

In the present study we evaluated the effects of climacteric modifications on body weight and fat distribution. From women attending a menopause clinic we selected 2175 untreated, normal healthy women who were divided into three groups: premenopausal (n = 540), perimenopausal (n = 750) and postmenopausal (n = 885), and compared them with 354 postmenopausal women receiving different forms of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The total body fat tissue mass and distribution were analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Body weight and body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher in perimenopausal and postmenopausal than in premenopausal women. Mean total body fat and fat as a percentage of soft tissue were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal groups than in the premenopausal group. Fat tissue and regional fat tissue as a percentage of total fat tissue were higher in the trunk (p < 0.0001) and arms (p < 0.0001) in perimenopausal and postmenopausal than in premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, leg fat tissue was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in premenopausal and perimenopausal groups. Total body and leg lean tissue were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in postmenopausal than in premenopausal and perimenopausal women. In age-matched women with similar BMI, total body fat as a percentage of soft tissue was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal groups than in the premenopausal group. As for body fat distribution, fat as a percentage of total fat tissue was significantly higher in the trunk (p < 0.0001) region in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women compared with the premenopausal group. In the legs, fat as a percentage of total fat tissue was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the premenopausal than in the postmenopausal group. In the arms a slight but not significant (p < 0.18) difference was shown in fat distribution between the three untreated groups. In age-matched HRT-treated postmenopausal women, the fat tissue was similar to that in the premenopausal group. The present results confirm that endocrine changes during the menopausal transition, rather than the aging process, are related to changes in body weight and fat distribution. Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women show a shift to a central, android fat distribution that can be counteracted by HRT.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement of whole body cellular and collagen nitrogen, potassium, and other elements by neutron activation and whole body counting.

Whole body nitrogen can be measured by neutron activation analysis with an acceptable radiation dose; it is an index of body protein which, in normal subjects, is 65% cellular protein and 35% extracellular connective collagen. Whole body potassium can be measured by whole body counting without irradiating the subject; it is an index of body cell mass. We measured whole body nitrogen, potassium, extracellular water, intracellular water, and fat-folds. The differences between 37 malnourished patients and five normal subjects suggested that the patients had 9 kg less cell mass than normal, but no difference in extracellular mass. Measurements were made on eight patients before and after 14 days of total parenteral nutrition; balance of nitrogen intake and excretion also was measured. The changes were consistent with mean increases of 3 kg of cellular mass and 3 kg of fat with no change of extracellular mass. The accuracy and sensitivity of the whole body measurements need further confirmation for use in patients with changing body composition. Where tissue wasting is largely from the cellular compartment, potassium could be a more sensitive index of wasting than nitrogen. Multielement analysis of nitrogen, potassium, chlorine, and carbon will probably be valuable in elucidating body composition in malnutrition.

Body Composition↗
PubMed2005

[Body mass index, body weight perception and common mental disorders among university employees in Rio de Janeiro].

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that inadequate self-perception of body weight with or without obesity would be associated with common mental disorders (CMD). METHOD: We analyzed cross-sectional data from 4,030 university employees participating in the longitudinal Pró-Saúde Study Phase 1 (1999) in Rio de Janeiro. Participants (22-59 years of age) were invited to fill out a questionnaire that includes an evaluation of common mental disorders by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Body mass index (BMI=kg/m2) was calculated based on measured weight and height, and participants self-classified their own current body weight as highly above ideal, slightly above ideal, ideal, slightly below ideal or highly below ideal. RESULTS: Among woman 58.3% of those with body mass index lower than 25.0 kg/m2 considered themselves as being above ideal weight; for men, this proportion was 23.5%. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, income, leisure-time physical activity, self-reported health problem and body mass index, showed that body weight perception highly above ideal had a strong association with common mental disorders among women (OR=1.84, 95%CI=1.22-2.76). For women but not men, body mass index showed a borderline association with common mental disorders (p-trend=0.05) that did not persist after adjustment for income and self-reported health problem. CONCLUSION: Inadequate body weight perception, independent of body mass index, was associated with common mental disorders in women, but not men. One possible explanation for this association may be the socio-cultural pressure placed on women to conform the thinness ideal.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

In vivo total body electrical conductivity following perturbations of body fluid compartments in rats.

Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) provides a rapid and safe noninvasive technique for the assessment of total body water in animals and man. An instrument employing this principle has been shown to measure body water in healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. With the exception of adult obesity in humans, alterations in body fluid compartments that could theoretically affect the utility of conductivity measurements have not been studied. We, therefore, applied the total body electrical conductivity measurement in rats following perturbations of body fluid/electrolyte spaces including obesity, furosemide diuresis, severe burn, and low protein diet. Our findings confirm that total body water can be accurately measured by TOBEC in conditions of abnormal body fluid distribution. However, when the ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluid is significantly reduced, such as the severe burn or low protein intake, TOBEC does not reflect the intracellular (potassium) space but does predict total water and extracellular (sodium) space.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body mass index and the prediction of percentage body fat in Australian Chinese women.

BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) is frequently related to percentage body fat. Nevertheless the relationship between BMI and fat mass/height2 (FM/H2), theoretically, should be more appropriate. AIM: This study seeks to evaluate the relationship between BMI and both percentage body fat and FM/H2 in a group of Chinese Australian females. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty subjects took part in the study and all were Chinese females resident in Brisbane, Australia. Body mass index was calculated from height and weight. Percentage body fat and fat mass were calculated from measurements of total body water. RESULTS: The use of BMI to predict FM/H2 accounted for double the variance of that found when BMI was used to predict percentage body fat. CONCLUSIONS: As a consequence, it is possible that the use of BMI to predict FM/H2 and not percentage body fat in the first instance may prove to be more useful in a number of adult populations. Nevertheless, with a relatively small sample size it is difficult, if not impossible, to test the developed equations on a validation group and further investigation into the findings described in this paper needs to be undertaken.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Estimated lean body mass as an index for normalization of body fluid volumes in humans.

Blood volume was measured in 66 healthy subjects (38 males, 28 females), and extracellular fluid volume in 54 subjects (31 males, 23 females). Volumes were normalized against body weight, height, body surface area, leanness index, and lean body mass (estimated from body weight and height). The regression lines of body fluid volumes against lean body mass passed through the origin on extrapolation and were not different for males and females. None of the other indices fulfilled these criteria. It is concluded that estimated lean body mass is a suitable index for normalization of body fluid volumes. A single set of normal reference values can be used for males and females.

Blood Volume↗
PubMed2003

Whole-body dual-modality PET/CT and whole-body MRI for tumor staging in oncology.

CONTEXT: Deciding on the appropriate therapy for patients with malignant diseases mandates accurate tumor staging with whole-body coverage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a combined modality including positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) provide whole-body tumor staging in a single session. OBJECTIVE: To determine the staging accuracies of both whole-body PET/CT and whole-body MRI for different malignant diseases. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Prospective, blinded, investigator-initiated study of 98 patients (mean age, 58 years; range, 27-94 years) with various oncological diseases who underwent back-to-back whole-body glucose analog [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT and whole-body MRI for tumor staging. The study was conducted at a university hospital from December 2001 through October 2002 and had a mean follow-up of 273 days (range, 75-515 days). The images were evaluated by 2 different, blinded reader teams. The diagnostic accuracies of the 2 imaging procedures were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correct classification of the primary tumor, regional lymph nodes, and distant metastasis (overall TNM stage) using whole-body PET/CT and whole-body MRI. Secondary outcome measures were accurate assessment of T-stage, N-stage, and M-stage by the 2 imaging procedures. RESULTS: Of 98 patients, the overall TNM stage was correctly determined in 75 with PET/CT (77%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 67%-85%) and in 53 with MRI (54%; 95% CI, 44%-64%) (P<.001). Compared with MRI, PET/CT had a direct impact on patient management in 12 patients. Results from MRI changed the therapy regimen in 2 patients compared with PET/CT. Separate assessment of T-stage (with pathological verification) in 46 patients revealed PET/CT to be accurate in 37 (80%; 95% CI, 66%-91%) and MRI to be accurate in 24 (52%; 95% CI, 37%-67%) (P<.001). Of 98 patients, N-stage was correctly determined in 91 patients with PET/CT (93%; 95% CI, 86%-97%) and in 77 patients with MRI (79%; 95% CI, 69%-86%) (P =.001). Both imaging procedures showed a similar performance in detecting distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS: The feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of the whole-body staging strategies of PET/CT and MRI are established. Superior performance in overall TNM staging suggests the use of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT as a possible first-line modality for whole-body tumor staging.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A nucleus-basal body connector in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that may function in basal body localization or segregation.

We have isolated a nucleus-basal body complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The complex is strongly immunoreactive to an antibody generated against a major protein constituent of isolated Tetraselmis striata flagellar roots (Salisbury, J. L., A. Baron, B. Surek, and M. Melkonian, J. Cell Biol., 99:962-970). Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic analysis indicates that, like the Tetraselmis protein, the Chlamydomonas antigen consists of two acidic isoforms of approximately 20 kD. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of nucleus-basal body complexes reveals two major fibers in the connector region, one between each basal body and the nucleus. The nucleus is also strongly immunoreactive, with staining radiating around much of the nucleus from a region of greatest concentration at the connector pole. Calcium treatment causes shortening of the connector fibers and also movement of nuclear DNA towards the connector pole. Electron microscopic observation of negatively stained nucleus-basal body complexes reveals a cluster of approximately 6-nm filaments, suspected to represent the connector, between the basal bodies and nuclei. A mutant with a variable number of flagella, vfl-2-220, is defective with respect to the nucleus-basal body association. This observation encourages us to speculate that the nucleus-basal body union is important for accurate basal body localization within the cell and/or for accurate segregation of parental and daughter basal bodies at cell division. A physical association between nuclei and basal bodies or centrioles has been observed in a variety of algal, protozoan, and metazoan cells, although the nature of the association, in terms of both structure and function, has been obscure. We believe it likely that fibrous connectors homologous to those described here for Chlamydomonas are general features of centriole-bearing eucaryotic cells.

Calcium↗
PubMed1975

The basal bodies of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Formation from probasal bodies, isolation, and partial characterization.

The assembly and composition of basal bodies was investigated in the single-celled, biflagellate green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, using the cell wall-less strain, cw15. In the presence of EDTA, both flagellar axonemes remained attached to their basal bodies while the entire basal body-axoneme complex was separated from the cell body, without cell lysis, by treatment with polyethylene glycol-400. The axonemes were then removed from the basal bodies in the absence of EDTA, leaving intact basal body pairs, free from particulate contamination from other regions of the cell. The isolated organelles produced several bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gels, including two tubilin bands which co-electrophoresed with flagellar tubulin. The formation of probasal bodies was observed by electron microscopy of whole mount preparations. Synchronous cells were lysed, centrifuged onto carbon-coated grids, and either negatively stained or shadowed with platinum. The two probasal bodies of each cell appeared shortly after mitosis as thin "annuli," not visible in thin sections, each consisting of nine rudimentary triplet microtubules. Each annulus remained attached to one of the mature basal bodies by several filaments about 60 in diameter, and persisted throughout interphase until just before the next cell division. It then elongated into a mature organelle. The results revive the possibility of the nucleated assembly of basal bodies.

Chlamydomonas↗
PubMed2000

Lean body mass and body fat distribution in participants with chronic low back pain.

BACKGROUND: Loss of muscle mass and central obesity progress with aging, but the effect of muscle loss on chronic low back pain has not been precisely evaluated. METHODS: Three hundred thirty Japanese persons aged 45 to 69 years, with a complaint of low back pain for longer than 3 months (n = 203) and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (n = 127), were enrolled in this study. Participants with chronic low back pain were classified into the following groups: (1) women with a positive straight leg raise test result, (2) women with a negative straight leg raise test result, (3) men with a positive straight leg raise test result, and (4) men with a negative straight leg raise test result. Controls were classified by sex into a female and a male group. Anthropometric data, consisting of body mass index, percentage body fat, waist-hip ratio, and lean body mass of the upper extremities, trunk, and lower extremities divided by body weight, were measured in participants with low back pain, and the results were compared with those of controls. RESULTS: The waist-hip ratio in women with a negative straight leg raise test result was significantly higher than those in the female control group (P<.001) and in the women with a positive straight leg raise test result (P =.04). The lean body mass of the trunk and lower extremities divided by body weight of women with a negative straight leg raise test result was significantly lower than that of female controls (P =.03 for the trunk and P<.001 for the lower extremities). However, no significant differences were detected between the female negative straight leg raise test result group and the female control group for lean body mass of the upper extremities divided by body weight or body mass index. There were no significant differences in anthropometric data between the male test and control groups or between the female positive straight leg raise test result group and the female control group. CONCLUSION: Trunk and lower extremity loss of muscle mass and central obesity may be risk factors for chronic low back pain without a positive straight leg raise test result in women aged 45 to 69 years. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3265-3269.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

Body size estimation and body dissatisfaction in eating disorder patients and normal controls.

In this study comparing 41 eating disorder patients and 34 female controls, the video distortion technique was used to test the accuracy of body size estimation and to assess the ideal body image. No difference was found in the estimation of actual body sizes, although the accuracy of estimation was quite variable in both bulimics and anorexics. With regard to the ideal body image, significant differences were found: All bulimics and 92.6% of the controls wished to be thinner versus 42.9% of the anorexics (23.8% wished to be larger). Looking at subjective body experience, as measured with a self-report questionnaire (Body Attitudes Test), body dissatisfaction appeared to be negatively correlated with the ideal body image but not with the estimation of actual body sizes.

Adult↗