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PubMed2003

Leo Kanner: his years in Berlin, 1906-24. The roots of autistic disorder.

By providing the first description of infantile autism Leo Kanner (1894-1981) has substantially influenced the field of child and adolescent psychiatry. The classification of the disorder seems to be evolving with progress in clinical and diagnostic research, epidemiology and genetics. In the current classification systems of ICD-10 and DSM-IV, Kanner's name is merely mentioned, in contrast to other specified pervasive developmental disorders. This article draws attention to Kanner's early scientific career at Berlin's Charité University Hospital which ended in 1924 with Kanner's emigration to the United States. The study is based on original documents such as the files of Kanner's doctoral thesis on electrocardiography and cardiophonography found at the archives of Humboldt University of Berlin, and his unpublished autobiography, located at the library of the American Psychiatric Association in Washington, DC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Childhood attachment, childhood sexual abuse, and onset of masturbation among adult sexual offenders.

Written autobiographies of 48 incarcerated adult male sexual offenders (22 rapists, 13 intrafamilial child molesters, and 13 extrafamilial child molesters) were used to generate retrospective self-report measures of their childhood maternal and paternal attachment, childhood sexual abuse experiences, and onset of masturbation. Contrary to expectation, the offenders as a combined group more often reported secure than they did insecure childhood maternal and paternal attachment. There were no differences between the three offender subgroups with respect to maternal attachment; however the rapists and the intrafamilial child molesters were more likely to report insecure paternal attachment than were the extrafamilial child molesters. There were no differences between these offender subgroups in the frequency with which childhood sexual abuse was reported. However, offenders with insecure paternal attachment were more likely to report having been sexually abused than were those with secure paternal attachment. Sexually abused offenders in turn reported earlier onset of masturbation than did those who were not sexually abused. These results are consistent with contemporary attachment models linking insecure childhood attachment to childhood sexual abuse, and with traditional conditioning models linking childhood sexual abuse, early masturbation, and sexual offending.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Identifying schemas in child molesters, rapists, and violent offenders.

One focus of research concerning offending behavior has been the concept of the cognitive distortion, although the importance of the need for research into the underlying cognitive structures in offenders has been highlighted. This study examined schemas in child molesters, rapists, and violent offenders, predicting content differences in the offence-related schemas between these groups. In accordance with previous research, the prevalence of a "suspiciousness/hostility to women" schema in rapists was predicted. Twelve rapists, twelve child molesters, and twelve violent offenders incarcerated in a male maximum-security prison completed "Life Maps" (autobiographies) and the My Life questionnaire (R. E. Mann & C. R. Hollin, 2001), both designed to indicate the presence of schemas. A content analysis template containing nine schemas was constructed and applied to the Life Map data. Results showed a significant difference in the prevalence of schema type between the three groups. There was a prevalence of a "hostility/distrust of women" schema in the rapists. Analysis of the My Life questionnaire revealed a difference between violent offenders and rapists only. This study highlights the need for further research into schemas with sexual and violent offenders.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Transsexualism and gender reassignment.

Gender reassignment for carefully assessed transsexual patients is now an established and accepted practice in many parts of the world. In other areas customary attitudes to those with sexual differences prevents consideration. A large number of autobiographies by reassigned patients have been published and all throw light on the experience of the writers. The one which may be recommended is that by Morris (1974). For the interested lay-person enquiring about the nature of transsexualism the brief book by Hodgkinson (1987) may be recommended.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Emergency medicine narratives: a systematic discussion of definition and utility.

A substantial number of emergency medicine providers are publishing stories and other creative expressions related to their medical experiences. This is a systematic review of such publications, introduces the term "emergency medicine narratives" to describe such pieces, and proposes a framework to classify the various forms of expression. Specifically, six genres of emergency medicine narratives are discussed: medical autobiography, clinical narratives, creative narratives, out-of-hospital narratives, lay exposition, and photojournalism. This review explores the utility of these narratives and the role they play within the field of emergency medicine, provides a bibliography of emergency narratives, and suggests future questions that might be addressed regarding this growing phenomenon in the field of emergency medicine.

Emergency Medicine↗
PubMed1977

The Rorschach test and the assessment of object relations.

The study attempts to demonstrate a structurally-based consistency to subjects' object relations as measured across various independent ratings. Particular interest was aimed at the capacity of the Rorschach to tap developmentally crucial aspects of the structure of patients' object relations. A scale was developed to measure the degree to which relationships between figures on the Rorschach were perceived in terms of a mutuality of autonomy. These Rorschach ratings were then correlated with independent measures of this mutuality of autonomy dimension which were obtained from a written autobiography, and ratings by ward staff. Based on a sample of 40 inpatient subjects, the resulting intercorrelation among measures proved to be highly significant.

Authoritarianism↗
PubMed1977

Inventory and expressive measures of locus control and academic performance: a 5-year outcome study.

Inventory and expressive measures of locus of control were used in a effort to assess their long term potential for predicting academic performance. Thus 45 male graduate students from three diverse major areas and 45 male high ability undergraduates were initially administered Rotter locus of control and Autobiography locus of control scales. Academic data regarding grade point average and baccalaureal or doctoral degree attainment were gathered five years later. The hypotheses were supported to the extent that low to moderate significant correlations were found between the two locus of control scales and subsequent academic performance. The strongest relationships were found between locus of control and graduate degree attainment, with graduate student internals significantly more likely to earn the doctorate within 5-year period than externals. It was speculated that the externals might be a more persistent group, but the internals were more likely to either attain the degree within 5 years, or drop out. And within this study's restricted ability ranges, locus of control personality measures proved to be better predictors of degree attainment than conventional ability scales.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Have PhD, will travel.

This autobiography contains some of the clinical and research highlights of my career in the context of my personal odyssey and my appreciation of science as a potential check on political and economic forces in psychology. Typically, my research arose from clinical problems encountered at work and from my disinclination to rely on methods that lacked prior demonstrated validity for the type of problem and client in question. Otherwise, I feared my recommendations were no better than those based on common prejudices and biases, which I encountered throughout my work life as a dark-skinned, outspoken, non-Christian from the Bronx.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The shifting sands of a professional identity.

I decided while an undergraduate that I wanted to be a psychologist. Beyond that, I'm still not sure what I'll do when I grow up. This brief autobiography maps the shifting sands of my professional identity: from psychotherapist to developmental psychopathologist and then to primary concerns with education and training, from psychologist to academic administrator and then back again, to forensic psychologist and on to whatever may come next. Through all of these shifts in focus, however, there has been one recurring theme--the appeal of being an assessment psychologist. The events that kept bringing me back to assessment, whatever else my focus at the time, are recorded in the story that follows.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2004

Americo Negrette (1924 to 2003): diagnosing Huntington disease in Venezuela.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the role of Dr. Americo Negrette in diagnosing and reclassifying the dancing mania in Maracaibo, Venezuela as Huntington disease (HD). METHODS: All of the medical and nonmedical books and articles by Negrette were collected and reviewed. Personal interviews with Negrette were performed to confirm the details of his life and original work. His childhood, medical education, and contribution to HD, as well as contributions to medicine, art, and poetry, were covered in interview sessions. Excerpts from his autobiography, Ciudad de Fuego, were translated into English for publication. A complete bibliography of 70 books and research articles authored by Negrette was assembled. Negrette himself reviewed the compilation of this manuscript just days before his sudden death on September 14, 2003. RESULTS: Americo Negrette, a Venezuelan physician, biochemist, artist, and poet, observed a dancing epidemic in 1952. He acquired, through interviews with locals, the knowledge that there were two other small towns along Lake Maracaibo devastated by a syndrome called el mal (the bad). Negrette changed the diagnosis of these patients from a dancing mania to what he believed was Huntington chorea, later termed HD. He presented his findings at the Venezuelan Sixth Congress of Medical Science in 1955. He was met with reluctance in the local scientific community and a passive ear from government authorities. His description, written in Spanish, was not widely distributed beyond Venezuela, and its importance would have to wait until one of his students shared his observations (more than a decade later) with the HD research community and the rest of the world. CONCLUSION: The "dancing mania" of Maracaibo, because of the work of Americo Negrette, has been reclassified as Huntington disease.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

Weir Mitchell's observations on sensory localization and their influence on Jacksonian neurology.

BACKGROUND: John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911) in London was critical in advancing the concept of cerebral localization. Hughlings Jackson, however, did not work in a vacuum. Silas Weir Mitchell (1829-1914), in Philadelphia, published several clinical observations related to localization. OBJECTIVE: To examine Weir Mitchell's clinical observations on sensory localization, to determine whether they influenced Jacksonian neurology, and to elucidate the private relationship between the two men. METHODS: The authors reviewed published (fictional and scientific writings of Weir Mitchell and scientific writings of Hughlings Jackson) and archival sources (Weir Mitchell's unpublished autobiography and Hughlings Jackson's unpublished correspondence with Weir Mitchell). RESULTS: In the 1860s, Weir Mitchell, through his work on phantom limb syndrome and other nerve injuries, made oblique references to the central representation of body parts, specifically with regard to sensation. Hughlings Jackson had an interest in somatotopic representation in the nervous system and repeatedly cited Weir Mitchell's work in support of his ideas. The two shared several patients, met at least once in London, and carried on a friendly correspondence. CONCLUSIONS: Weir Mitchell's observations on sensory localization were well known to Hughlings Jackson, who cited them in seminal articles on cortical localization. Their correspondence provides an example of trans-Atlantic scientific and clinical communication at the time that neurology emerged as a distinct clinical discipline.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2006

Oliver St John Gogarty, MD (1878-1957): quintessential Irish Literary Renaissance figure.

Oliver St John Gogarty (1878-1957) was a quintessential figure of the Irish literary renaissance. He was a successful surgeon, accomplished lyric poet, a man of letters, a senator in the first Irish Free State and a celebrated wit. While pursuing a successful career in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgery, Gogarty served a brief, nearly lethal term in politics. He devoted the last several years of his life to a remarkably versatile literary career, the spectrum of his creativity including elegant lyric poetry, autobiographies, biographies, essays, novels and parodies.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed1992

Verse letters to T.W. from John Donne: "By you my love is sent".

Relying on an audience of one for their impact, the verse letters of John Donne are closer to autobiography than anything else in his poetry. Among the most tender of these lyrics are the verse letters written to a young man named Thomas Woodward, whose older brother was one of Donne's closest friends. Using sexual metaphors, the poems reflect a homoerotic undercurrent and demonstrate affection that most readers of Donne associate only with his heterosexual love poems.

Correspondence as Topic↗
PubMed1993

Invertidos sexuales, tortilleras, and maricas machos: the construction of homosexuality in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1900-1950.

The author discusses Argentinean construction of homosexuality from 1900 to 1950 in the context of the raging debate of the essentialists versus social constructionists. The history of sexual inverts is discussed with reference to early sexologists. After a broad exploration of sexual inversion, the author turns to the Argentinean doctors who distinguish between acquired and congenital inverts. There was much resistance to the medical and legal establishments as there were autobiographies written by inverts, who subverted the medical views of the day. Finally, Bao concludes that there was, indeed, an Argentine construction of homosexuality, and that there were similarities between Buenos Aires and other large European cities. It is also noted that at the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a developed Argentine subculture of inverts who had meeting places, fashion, sexual tastes, and customs.

Argentina↗
PubMed2004

Memoir and performance: social change and self life-writing among men who are gay pornography producers and actors.

Identity may be understood both as a life-story, either told or written as memoir or autobiography, and also as a practice such as producing or acting in gay pornographic film, but always within the context of social and historical change. Study of the memoirs of gay men who have been actors and/or producers of gay pornographic films across three generation cohorts provides an opportunity for understanding the interplay of social change and life circumstances in making gay identity. This perspective on identity is illustrated through the study of the memoirs of three men from different cohorts who have produced and acted in gay pornographic films: Wakefield Poole, born in 1936; Scott O'Hara, born in 1961; and Aaron Lawrence, born in 1971. Differences in style and content of both memoir and practice in gay pornographic films reflect changing social expectations regarding men who have sex with men following the emergence of the gay rights movement and the AIDS epidemic.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dreams for the second half of life.

Dreams in midlife and old age can reveal a process of spiritual growth described by Tornstam as gerotranscencence. This same process of inner growth has also been described in theoretical terms as self-actualization (Maslow), ego-integrity (Erikson), and individuation (Jung). The process is illustrated through dream symbols of transpersonal development, displaying the duality of self-fulfillment and self- transcendence. In lifespan development terms this process can be studied in detail in the autobiography of Helen Luke. The interpretation of dreams has importance for what has recently come to be known as Conscious Aging.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Supporters and survivors: the people without AIDS.

Over the past 10 years the AIDS crisis has produced a large volume of writing. Much of this is documentary. Dozens of studies of AIDS from various clinical and political perspectives have been complemented by just as many published diaries, autobiographies, novels, plays, and poems. A few of these works have risen to the surface not only as extraordinarily valuable testimonies to the changes AIDS has wrought in individual and collective life but also as first-rate literary works, worth reading because beyond their immediate purposes they articulate with extraordinary lucidity and compassion some deep truths about the human--and the modern--condition. Paul Monette's Borrowed Time is among the most distinctive of those. It speaks not only for the community of people with AIDS and those who support them but for a generation.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Ohtsuki Kenji and the beginnings of lay analysis in Japan.

The authors outline the major role played by Ohtsuki Kenji in the formation of the Japanese Psychoanalytic Society. Unlike the other pioneers of psychoanalysis in Japan, Ohtsuki never went abroad or met Freud. He was a literature graduate who taught himself the fundamentals of psychoanalysis. He organised the translation of Freud's complete works, formed a psychoanalytic training institute and started a journal that carried English-language editorials. These became the major means whereby foreign analysts came to know and understand the Japanese psychoanalytic scene. A number of rival groups amalgamated to form the Japanese Psychoanalytical Association in the mid-fifties, excluding Ohtsuki's group despite its pre-war prominence. The authors reconsider Ohtsuki's role in the light of his many articles, his autobiography, new information uncovered in interviews conducted with current analysts and with Ohtsuki's widow and son. They describe his championing of lay analysis, and his criticisms of medicalisation of the discipline and of the view from abroad that questioned the suitability of Japanese culture for psychoanalytic therapy, as well as his efforts to modify some of the basic tenets of psychoanalysis to accord with his own views in his later work.

Correspondence as Topic↗