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PubMed1984

Ultrastructure of Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide isolated from culture supernatant: comparison with other lipopolysaccharides.

Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide (KO3 LPS) isolated from the culture supernatant, which was found to exhibit a very strong adjuvant activity in augmenting antibody response and delayed-type hypersensitivity to protein antigens in mice, was examined by electron microscopy. When negatively stained with uranyl acetate or ammonium molybdate, the KO3 LPS was found to consist principally of flat ribbon-like structures branching freely (average width 16 nm and average thickness 7 nm) and to contain a small proportion of spheres (diameter 20-50 nm), both structures covered with fine hairy structures (average length approximately 10 nm). When the polysaccharide of KO3 LPS was stained by the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate procedure, silver granules were deposited on the ribbon-like structures and around the spheres, suggesting that the polysaccharide moiety is located on their surface and that the fine hairy structures consist of the polysaccharide moiety. Comparison by means of preparations stained with uranyl acetate or ammonium molybdate showed that KO3 LPS isolated from the culture supernatant has structural features in common with KO3 LPS isolated from bacterial cells, Escherichia coli O9 LPS isolated from the culture supernatant, and E. coli O127 LPS isolated from bacterial cells. On the basis of the present results, schematic representations of the common physical structure of LPS were drawn; the fine hairy structures attach to the wide surface of the flat ribbon-like structures along their lateral margin.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed2003

Covalently linked human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120/gp41 is stably anchored in rhabdovirus particles and exposes critical neutralizing epitopes.

Rabies virus (RV) vaccine strain-based vectors show significant promise as potential live-attenuated vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here we describe a new RV construct that will also likely have applications as a live-attenuated or killed-particle immunogen. We have created a RV containing a chimeric HIV-1 Env protein, which contains introduced cysteine residues that give rise to an intermolecular disulfide bridge between gp120 and the ectodomain of gp41. This covalently linked gp140 (gp140 SOS) is fused in frame to the cytoplasmic domain of RV G glycoprotein and is efficiently incorporated into the RV virion. On the HIV-1 virion, the gp120 and gp41 moieties are noncovalently associated, which leads to extensive shedding of gp120 from virions and virus-infected cells. The ability to use HIV-1 particles as purified, inactivated immunogens has been confounded by the loss of gp120 during preparation. Additionally, monomeric gp120 and uncleaved gp160 molecules have been shown to be poor antigenic representations of virion-associated gp160. Because the gp120 and gp41 portions are covalently attached in the gp140 SOS molecule, the protein is maintained on the surface of the RV virion throughout purification. Surface immunostaining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis with anti-envelope antibodies show that the gp140 SOS protein is stably expressed on the surface of infected cells and maintains CD4 binding capabilities. Furthermore, Western blot and immunoprecipitation experiments with infected-cell lysates and purified virions show that a panel of neutralizing anti-envelope antibodies efficiently recognize the gp140 SOS protein. The antigenic properties of this recombinant RV particle containing covalently attached Env, as well as the ability to present Env in a membrane-bound form, suggest that this approach could be a useful component of a HIV-1 vaccine strategy.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Predicting rejection of her infant from mother's representation of her own experience: implications for the abused-abusing intergenerational cycle.

Child-battering parents are described in the literature as having three primary behavioral characteristics: a general difficulty with the control of aggression; an aversive, unsympathetic response to distress in others; and self-isolating tendencies. Here we review recent studies of young abused children which show the development of similar behavioral characteristics as early as 1-3 years of age. Surprisingly, these same three behavioral characteristics also develop in relatively maternally rejected children in normal samples. Taken together, these findings seem to suggest a continuum of psychological process from the experience of "normal" rejection to the experience of actual abuse by the parent. Studies of normal samples can then enrich our understanding of the psychological processes involved in child abuse. The second half of this article presents preliminary findings taken from our own ongoing study of social development in normal (nonabusive) families. Our study of the transcripts of 30 Berkeley Adult Attachment Interviews shows that a mother's apparent experience of her own mother as rejecting is systematically related to her rejection of her own infant (as observed in our laboratories) and at the same time to systematic distortions in her own cognitive processes (as taken from our study of adult attachment interviews). These distortions (idealization of the rejecting parent, difficulty in remembering childhood, incoherency in discussing attachment) are each significantly related to the mother's rejection of her own infant. Distortions in representation of an abusing parent may play a positive role in the perpetuation of child abuse.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Internal representations of movement in the cerebral cortex as revealed by the analysis of reaching.

Reaching movements have the well-defined goal of bringing the hand to the location of an object of interest. For neuroscientists a basic problem to be solved is how the nervous system transforms the visual information concerning the location of the object in space into a pattern of muscle activity necessary to bring the hand to it. According to Descartes, spirits passing from the eyes impinge on the pineal gland, causing it to lean in one direction or another; this leaning of the gland pulls on filaments (nerves) attached to the muscles. Modern treatments, instead, tend to decompose this process into sequences of transformations between informational representations. Such transformations lead from a description of the target in visual coordinates to an expression of the movement in muscle space by way of various internal representations. The organization of such internal representations has implications for the types of transformations actually performed in the brain. Recent psychophysical, neurophysiological, and computational approaches to study the cortical representations of reaching movements are yielding complementary data on this issue.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Apparent motion determined by surface layout not by disparity or three-dimensional distance.

The most meaningful events ecologically, including the motion of objects, occur in relation to or on surfaces. We run along the ground, cars travel on roads, balls roll across lawns, and so on. Even though there are other motions, such as flying of birds, it is likely that motion along surfaces is more frequent and more significant biologically. To examine whether events occurring in relation to surfaces have a preferred status in terms of visual representation, we asked whether the phenomenon of apparent motion would show a preference for motion attached to surfaces. We used a competitive three-dimensional motion paradigm and found that there is a preference to see motion between tokens placed within the same disparity as opposed to different planes. Supporting our surface-layout hypothesis, the effect of disparity was eliminated either by slanting the tokens so that they were all seen within the same surface plane or by inserting a single slanted background surface upon which the tokens could rest. Additionally, a highly curved stereoscopic surface led to the perception of a more circuitous motion path defined by that surface, instead of the shortest path in three-dimensional space.

Depth Perception↗
PubMed1988

A modification of testicular biopsy reporting.

A modified method has been devised which enables the pathologist to evaluate more efficiently the seminiferous tubules and to present a more detailed histological report on testicular biopsies in patients investigated for infertility. This basically involves the production of a diagrammatic representation of the actual biopsy onto a specifically designed reporting form: a detachable prismatic arm attached to an ordinary light microscope enables the pathologist to transfer an actual outline of each of the seminiferous tubules contained in the biopsy onto this form. The seminiferous epithelium and Leydig cells are scored using the method of Johnsen. This method was evaluated using 20 consecutive biopsies. Skill in its usage was quickly acquired and it has been found to be a more clinically acceptable way of histopathological reporting, further facilitating standardization and inter-laboratory comparison.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Receptive fields and response properties of neurons in the star-nosed mole's somatosensory fovea.

Star-nosed moles have an extraordinary mechanosensory system consisting of 22 densely innervated nasal appendages covered with thousands of sensitive touch domes. A single appendage acts as the fovea and the star is constantly shifted to touch this foveal appendage to objects of interest. Here we investigated the receptive fields on the star and the response properties of 144 neurons in the mole's primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Excitatory receptive fields were defined by recording multiunit activity from the S1 representations of the nasal appendages that form the star, while stimulating the touch domes on the skin surface with a small probe. Receptive fields were among the smallest reported for mammalian glabrous skin, averaging <1 mm(2). The smallest receptive fields were found for the fovea representation, corresponding to its greater cortical magnification. Single units were then isolated, primarily from the representation of the somatosensory fovea, and the skin surface was stimulated with a small probe attached to a piezoelectric wafer controlled by a computer interface. The response properties of neurons and the locations of inhibitory surrounds were evaluated with two complementary approaches. In the first set of experiments, single microelectrodes were used to isolate unit activity in S1, and data were collected for stimulation to different areas of the sensory star. In the second set of experiments, a multi-electrode array (4 electrodes spaced at 200 microm in a linear sequence) was used to simultaneously record from isolated units in different cortical areas representing different parts of the sensory periphery. These experiments revealed a short-latency excitatory discharge to stimulation of the fovea followed by a long-lasting suppression of spontaneous activity. Sixty-one percent of neurons responded with an excitatory OFF response at the end of the stimulus; the remaining 39% of cells did not respond or were inhibited at stimulus offset. Stimulation of areas surrounding the central receptive field often revealed inhibitory surrounds. Forty percent of the neurons that responded to mechanosensory stimulation of the receptive field center were inhibited by stimulation of surrounding areas of skin on the same appendage. In contrast to neurons in rodent barrels, few neurons within a stripe representing an appendage responded to stimulation of neighboring (nonprimary) appendages on the snout. The small receptive fields, short latencies, and inhibitory surrounds are consistent with the star's role in rapidly determining the locations and identities of objects in a complex tactile environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The feasibility of barcode-based dispensing quality assurance programs.

A study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using barcodes in an outpatient pharmacy quality assurance program. In the first step of this study, adhesive labels containing a barcode representation of the National Drug Code (NDC) identification for the hospital's formulary medications were printed for each stock bottle or drug package used in dispensing. When an outpatient prescription was presented to the pharmacist, a label containing a barcode representation of the NDC identification for the prescribed medication was generated on-line and attached to the back of the prescription form. After the prescription item was filled by the pharmacist, an automated check was performed with a scanning wand by comparing the barcode on the prescription with the previously generated barcode on the stock bottle or drug packaging. A match indicated that the correct medication had been dispensed. Elaborations on this basic automated system for a barcode-based dispensing quality assurance program are suggested.

Computers↗
PubMed2002

Geometric and chemical patterns of interaction in protein--ligand complexes and their application in docking.

We present a new method for representing the binding site of a protein receptor that allows the use of the DOCK approach to screen large ensembles of receptor conformations for ligand binding. The site points are constructed from templates of what we called "attached points" (ATPTS). Each template (one for each type of amino acid) is composed of a set of representative points that are attached to side-chain and backbone atoms through internal coordinates, carry chemical information about their parent atoms and are intended to cover positions that might be occupied by ligand atoms when complexed to the protein. This method is completely automatic and proved to be extremely fast. With the aim of obtaining an experimental basis for this approach, the Protein Data Bank was searched for proteins in complex with small molecules, to study the geometry of the interactions between the different types of protein residues and the different types of ligand atoms. As a result, well-defined patterns of interaction were obtained for most amino acids. These patterns were then used for constructing a set of templates of attached points, which constitute the core of the ATPTS approach. The quality of the ATPTS representation was demonstrated by using this method, in combination with the DOCK matching and orientation algorithms, to generate correct ligand orientations for >1000 protein--ligand complexes.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1994

Childhood abuse and neglect and loss of self-regulation.

Secure attachments with caregivers play a critical role in helping children develop a capacity to modulate physiological arousal. Loss of ability to regulate the intensity of feelings and impulses is possibly the most far-reaching effect of trauma and neglect. It has been shown that most abused and neglected children develop disorganized attachment patterns. The inability to modulate emotions gives rise to a range of behaviors that are best understood as attempts at self-regulation. These include aggression against others, self-destructive behavior, eating disorders, and substance abuse. The capacity to regulate internal states affects both self-definition and one's attitude toward one's surroundings. Abused children often fail to develop the capacity to express specific and differentiated emotions: Their difficulty putting feelings into words interferes with flexible response strategies and promotes acting out. Usually, these behaviors coexist, which further complicates diagnosis and treatment. Affective dysregulation can be mitigated by safe attachments, secure meaning schemes, and pharmacological interventions that enhance the predictability of somatic responses to stress. The ability to create symbolic representations of terrifying experiences promotes taming of terror and desomatization of traumatic memories.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Caregiving representations of mothers of behaviorally inhibited and uninhibited preschool children.

This study examined differences in the caregiving representations of mothers of 3- to 4-year-old behaviorally inhibited and uninhibited children with secure or insecure attachments. Mothers of inhibited children perceived their children as more vulnerable than did mothers of uninhibited children, and they acknowledged difficulties associated with their children's inhibited temperament. However, mothers of insecure inhibited children were less likely than mothers of secure inhibited children to validate their children's emotional experiences and to be aware of their children's internal states and perspectives, and they showed higher levels of boundary violation and defense against negative affect. Implications of the more problematic caregiving representations of mothers of insecure inhibited children for parent-child relationships are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transport systems of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

We have undertaken the inventory and assembly of the typical subunits of the ABC transporters encoded by the complete genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These subunits, i.e. the nucleotide binding domains (NBDs), the membrane-spanning domains (MSDs) and the substrate binding proteins (SBPs), were identified on the basis of their characteristic stretches of amino acids and/or conserved structure. A total of 45 NBDs present in 38 proteins, of 47 MSDs present in 44 proteins and of 15 SBPs were found to be encoded by M. tuberculosis. Analysis of transcriptional clusters and searches of homology between the identified subunits of the transporters and proteins characterized in other organisms allowed the reconstitution of at least 26 complete (including at least one NBD and one MSD) and 11 incomplete ABC transporters. Sixteen of them were unambiguously classified as importers whereas 21 were presumed to be exporters. By searches of homology with already known transporters from other organisms, potential substrates (peptides, macrolides, carbohydrates, multidrugs, antibiotics, iron, anions) could be attributed to 30 of the ABC transporters identified in M. tuberculosis. The ABC transporters have been further classified in nine different sub-families according to a tree obtained from the clustering of their NBDs. Contrary to Escherichia coli and similarly to Bacillus subtilis, there is an equal representation of extruders and importers. Many exporters were found to be potentially implicated in the transport of drugs, probably contributing to the resistance of M. tuberculosis to many antibiotics. Interestingly, a transporter (absent in E. coli and in B. subtilis) potentially implicated in the export of a factor required for the bacterial attachment to the eukaryotic host cells was also identified. In comparison to E. coli and B. subtilis, there is an under-representation of the importers (with the exception of the phosphate importers) in M. tuberculosis. This may reflect the capacity of this bacterium to synthesize many essential compounds and to grow in the presence of few external nutrients. The genes encoding the ABC transporters occupy about 2.5% of the genome of M. tuberculosis.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Importance of attachment in the development of psychism].

John Bowlby refers to attachment as the special affect and trust bond that a child establishes with other emotionally significant people, who constitute a source of security and protection. The main figure of attachment during childhood is generally the person who fulfills the maternal function (primary caregiver), although it is also established with the father, brothers/sisters, grandparents, and others. The approaching behavior could be activated by different stimuli which depends on each person and his/her developing stage. This bond is developed according to experiences and relationships in the first years of life - experiences stored in mental representations (internal working models), which influence the individual's psychic organization. Different instruments allow to make evident the different types of attachment bonds and to establish a correlation between parents and children. The Attachment makes up a valid theoretical and methodological model for the investigation, prevention and treatment in mental health.

Anxiety, Separation↗
PubMed2006

Stalking as paranoid attachment: a typological and dynamic model.

Stalking encompasses a wide range of behavioral patterns, risk factors, interpersonal dynamics, and dangerousness. To account for these diverse phenomena, we propose that stalking behavior is best conceptualized by a dynamic interaction of attachment styles and psychodynamic phenomena. This paper articulates a model that explains stalking behavior within the framework of attachment theory. Four prototypical configurations of stalkers and their victims are developed. Each configuration is discussed in terms of a pattern of internal representations, affective constellations, combinations of aggression and narcissism, and potential for future violence. The four configurations proposed here are maintained through stalkers' over ideational linkage fantasies and projective identifications, which range from shame-prone and needy idealization to malevolent torment of the victim. Our model arrays erotomanic, jealous, and persecutory attachments along a continuum of increasingly paranoid and pathological identifications. We argue that these prototypical attachment configurations provide a theoretically driven means of differentiating phases of stalking, and as such provide useful leads in the empirical study and clinical assessment, treatment, and management of stalkers.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hyperbranched Polyether Polyols with Liquid Crystalline Properties.

The attachment of mesogens as end groups to hyperbranched polyglycerol (degree of polymerization 22-45; see schematic representation, the rigid mesogens are shown as rods and the flexible alkyl chains as lines) leads to liquid crystalline polymers with narrow polydispersity, whose liquid crystalline behavior is induced by the mesogenic end groups only.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Attachment, loss, and complicated grief.

Bereavement is a highly disruptive experience that is usually followed by a painful but time-limited period of acute grief. An unfortunate minority of individuals experience prolonged and impairing complicated grief, an identifiable syndrome that differs from usual grief, major depression, and other DSM IV diagnostic entities. Underlying processes guiding symptoms are not well understood for either usual or complicated grief. We propose a provisional model of bereavement, guided by Myron Hofer's question "What exactly is lost when a loved one dies?" We integrate insights about biobehavioral regulation from Hofer's animal studies of infant separation, research on adult human attachment, and new ideas from bereavement research. In this model, death of an attachment figure produces a state of traumatic loss and symptoms of acute grief. These symptoms usually resolve following revision of the internalized representation of the deceased to incorporate the reality of the death. Failure to accomplish this integration results in the syndrome of complicated grief.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

The contribution of ego psychology to understanding the process of termination in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.

Ego psychology is presented as an integrated psychoanalytic developmental theory, including a theory of object relations. The process of termination is employed as one of the many possible illustrations of the usefulness of this theory. Termination is regarded as a process that pervades the treatment from the outset, rather than as the final phase of treatment only, because the treatment process, whether psychoanalysis or psychotherapy, includes continuous promotion of ever-increasing autonomy. Ideally, by the time termination proper takes place, maximum autonomy has been attained. To the definition of autonomy as intersystemic, involving relative independence of the ego from the drives (and from the super-ego), an object-relations dimension is added which extends that definition to include an intrasystemic consideration--namely, relative independence of the self-representation from the object representations. Especially in the treatment of the borderline conditions is the intrasystemic factor cogent because borderline states are characterized by varying degrees of incompletely differentiated self- and object representations. The objective, in the psychoanalysis of neurosis, where self- and object constancy already exist to a large degree, is ego autonomy in the intersystemic sense. In the psychotherapy of the borderline conditions, the objective is greater differentiation of the self-representation from the object representations.

Ego↗