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PubMed1998

The seventh meeting and exchange programme of European Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in training (13-15 November, 1997, in Athens).

The European Network of Trainees in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ENTOG) is a newly founded organisation which is closely associated with the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The main objectives of ENTOG are: (i) to provide a forum for trainees to discuss and express their opinions on issues in Obstetric/Gynaecology (Ob/Gyn) training; (ii) to establish a continuous means of communication between European trainees; (iii) to promote high standards of training and thus improve the quality of medical care. To reach these objectives, ENTOG organizes a yearly exchange programme and educational meeting for trainees. Recently, a meeting was held in Greece with harmonization of training programmes in Ob/Gyn serving as a main topic.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2001

Impact of thermal treatment on metal in sewage sludge from the Psittalias wastewater treatment plant, Athens, Greece.

This paper describes a laboratory study that examined the effect of thermal treatment at four different temperatures on the behavior of heavy metals in the anaerobically treated primary sludge from the Psittalias wastewater treatment plant. The sewage sludge was found to contain significant amounts of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn). The metal form distribution in the sludge samples which was determining by the application of a sequential extraction procedure revealed that a significant portion of metals was embodied in the organic and reducible fractions. Treatment at 105, 250, 650 and 900 degrees C demonstrated significant conversions of the metals to a less mobile form as well as removal by vaporization. By applying sequential analysis, it was found that most of the metals were removed from the initial mobile phases to more stable ones. Also, significant amounts were transformed to the gaseous phase.

Metals, Heavy↗
PubMed2000

Management approaches to adrenal incidentalomas (adrenalomas). A view from Athens, Greece.

We believe the management of adrenalomas should include the following: 1. A detailed history and physical examination to detect subtle evidence of hormonal hypersecretion or the possibility of metastatic carcinoma 2. Hormonal studies, such as The short dexamethasone suppression test (2 mg of dexamethasone) followed by a high-dose dexamethasone suppression test (8 mg), CRH assay, and analysis of the diurnal cortisol rhythm if serum cortisol is greater than 3 micrograms/dL 24-Hour (or spot) urinary catecholamine metabolites (metanephrine and normetanephrine) Plasma aldosterone level and renin activity in the hypertensive or normotensive patient with serum potassium less than 3.9 nmol/L 3. Additional imaging studies, such as MR imaging 131I-iodocholesterol (NP59) scanning to detect a subclinically functioning adenoma or carcinoma (MIBG scanning is rarely indicated) The role of FNA is limited. This modality may be helpful only in the patient with coexistent extradrenal carcinoma to confirm adrenal metastasis. Although genetic and molecular biology studies do not have wide clinical application, they should be encouraged and supported. Once all of these data are collected, the clinician should perform the following two steps: 1. All clearly nonfunctioning adrenalomas that are not suspicious for malignancy should be observed for several years, mainly with hormonal studies, until their secretory and benign nature is confirmed. 2. All patients with adrenalomas with evidence of subclinical function or potential for malignancy (using size, imaging, FNA, and molecular biology criteria) should undergo laparoscopic adrenalectomy for definitive diagnosis and therapy. The age, the overall medical condition, and the anxiety of the patient should be considered in the decision to operate on a patient with an adrenaloma.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1996

The intensive care units in greater Athens: needs and resources.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to investigate the availability of intensive care unit (ICU) beds and the number of requests, the number and categories of nursing staff, the nursing care required, and the time spent in various nursing activities. METHODS: 19 district general hospitals were studied. The characteristics of the units and their nursing personnel were recorded. The availability of ICU beds, the frequency of bed requests, and the way of patient admission in the ICUs were studied retrospectively for 1 year and prospectively for 2 weeks. The staffing level of direct care for 36 patients was studied to determine the time required for direct nursing care. RESULTS: the distribution of intensive care beds was: GICU 108, CICU 114, PSICU 30. During 1991, 12363 patients were admitted and 12172 of them were discharged; 3 628 patients stayed less than 2 days while the average length of stay was 12.5 days. In 1992, during the 2-week period, there were 303 requests for an admission to ICUs and of these 150 requests could not be met because of lack of ICU beds. The mean staffing level was 2.3 nurses per bed (to cover the three shifts). The mean nursing time required for direct nursing care of each patient per shift was found to be 6 hours for GICU patients, 5.3 for CICU, and 6.0 for PSICU patients.

Greece↗
PubMed1997

Perinatal morbidity and mortality rates in twin pregnancies--a 15-year review study from Athens.

There were 150 deliveries of twin pregnancies over 26 weeks in our hospital. The incidence of twin pregnancies was 1.0% in a population consisting of Greek nationals. Seventy five (50%) were term at delivery whereas 75 (50%) were premature (mean gestational age at delivery 36.5 weeks). The birth weight at delivery ranged from 350 grs to 4,050 grs with mean birth weight for the 1st and 2nd twin of 2,404 grs and 2,384 grs, respectively. One hundred and forty four (48%) neonates had weights between 1,501 to 2,500 grs. Twenty two (9.57%) neonates had weights between 1,501 grs to 2,500 grs. The perinatal mortality when birth weights exceeded 1,500 grs was 7.32%. In total, 186 (62%) newborns were delivered vaginally and 114 (38%) by cesarean section. Forceps were used in 4.33% of the cases and breech extraction was performed in 2.33%. The mode of delivery and perinatal mortality rates were not correlated for both twins (p > 0.05). The most common causes of death were hyaline membrane disease (48.5%), immaturity (18.2%), congenital abnormalities (15.1%), septicemia (12.1%) and asphyxia (6.06%). Prematurity seems to constitute the most common cause of perinatal deaths while the mode of delivery found to be irrelevant to perinatal mortality.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1997

Factors modifying exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in children (Athens, Greece).

The aim of the study was to investigate individual, family, and environmental factors which may modify exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). A total of 2,108 children of both genders, aged up to 14 years old, were enrolled in the study. Parents of the children provided information concerning several factors that may affect exposure to ETS. Cotinine-to-creatinine ratios in spot urine samples were measured for each child. These values were logtransformed and regressed on a series of exposure variables. Among children, 73 percent were exposed to ETS generated by at least one smoker in the household. Exposure to ETS was affected by the following factors: cigarettes smoked by parents while the child was at home (increase by 37 percent per 10 cigarettes daily, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 32-43 percent); precautions taken by parents (no cf yes, increase by 38 percent, CI = 24-54 percent); child's age (decrease by nine percent per year, CI = -11-8 percent); gender (male lower than female by 13 percent, CI = -21-3 percent); day of the week (Monday cf Tuesday-through-Sunday, increase by 28 percent, CI = 14-44 percent); floor surface area (decrease by nine percent per 20 m2, CI = -14-5 percent); heating (central cf non-central decrease by 14 percent, CI = -25-2 percent); maternal education (decrease by nine percent per five years, CI = -18-0 percent); paternal education (decrease by seven percent per five years, CI = -15-2 percent). It is concluded that several household-related factors affect exposure to ETS and that this exposure can be reduced by about one-third by simple precautions taken by smoking parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Heat-stable antigen serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from hospitalized children in Athens, Greece.

A hundred and twentynine Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from hospitalized children with gastroenteritis were serotyped by the heat-stable antigen scheme (HS, Penner's method). Isolates belonged to two different periods. Group A contained strains isolated in 1987-1988 and group B contained strains which were isolated in 1998-2000. A variety of serotypes was found. Serotype HS:2 was predominant, followed by the HS:4 complex and HS:1,44. Many clinically important Guillain-Barré Syndrome associated serotypes--like HS:19--were identified. There were no significant differences in the distribution of serotypes between the two periods. The present report provides reference data, as this is the first C. jejuni serotyping study ever made in Greece.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Incidence determinants of gonorrhea, chlamydial genital infection, syphilis and chancroid in attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Athens, Greece.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the specific impact on the incidence rate of some demographic and behavioral characteristics in outpatients with four bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional hospital outpatient-based study was conducted from 1990 to 1996 on 1064 consecutive symptomatic STD cases (Chlamydia trachomatis, n = 375; gonorrhea, n = 369; early symptomatic syphilis, n = 288, and chancroid, n = 32) using a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: In a reference STD population of 5831 symptomatic outpatients, the relative incidence of gonorrhea, syphilis and chancroid was found to be increased among immigrants. Low educational/socioeconomic level was also a significant incidence predictor. Older age characterized homo/bisexuals. The chlamydial infection detection rate was not affected by nationality, injecting drug use history or sexual orientation in males. CONCLUSION: Innovative preventive and control strategies are needed among immigrants, older men having sex with men and injecting drug users, apart from those targeting the general population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Family dynamics of child-bearing families in Athens, Greece: a pilot study.

The purpose of this pilot study was to describe family dynamics in Greek families during the third trimester of a low-risk pregnancy with a first or second child. The description is based on Barnhill's framework for healthy family systems. The sample consisted of families expecting their first or second child. Both mothers (n = 160) and fathers (n = 47) participated in the study. The Family Dynamics Measure and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used in data collection. Data on 160 mothers and 47 couples were analyzed. Fathers perceived their families as having greater stability and role reciprocity than mothers. Fathers also reported clearer communication than mothers. There were no statistically significant relationships among family dynamics dimensions, maternal age and parity. Delayed first-time expectant mothers reported greater flexibility than normative first-time expectant mothers. The results provide some useful clues for prenatal care and also for further family dynamics research in Greece.

Adolescent↗