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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Dimethindene maleate in the treatment of pruritus caused by varizella zoster virus infection in children.

The efficacy and tolerability of dimethindene maleate (CAS 3614-69-5, DMM, Fenistil) as drops in the treatment of pruritus in children suffering from chicken-pox were investigated in a study with two different doses of dimethindene maleate and placebo. 128 children, 1 to 6 years of age, were included in a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled, multi-center clinical trial. Patients received either a dosage of DMM of 0.1 mg/kg x d, or 0.05 mg/kg x d, or placebo, respectively. All patients received a commercially available astringent lotion for topical treatment of skin lesions. The primary efficacy criterion which was the change in the itching severity score from baseline to the end of the treatment assessed as area under the baseline (AUB) showed for both treatments with DMM a statistically significant superiority versus placebo in reducing the severity of itching. There was no statistically proven difference between the two verum groups.

Appetite↗
PubMed1998

Does oral zinc aid the healing of chronic leg ulcers? A systematic literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether oral zinc sulfate is an effective treatment for promoting healing of venous or arterial leg ulcers. DATA SOURCES: The search strategy of the Cochrane Wounds Group was used. This includes searches of electronic databases, conference proceedings, relevant bibliographies, and hand searching of journals. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials of oral zinc sulfate in the treatment of chronic venous or arterial ulcers with objective measures of healing. Six of the 10 studies initially identified were included in the review. DATA EXTRACTION: The trial method, participants, interventions, outcomes, baseline comparability, adequate reporting of withdrawals, and blinding of assessment were extracted by 2 reviewers independently. DATA SYNTHESIS: No trial showed a statistically significant benefit of zinc sulfate for healing leg ulcers. There is limited evidence to suggest that zinc might increase healing in individuals with a low serum zinc level, but more evidence is needed. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence of benefit from the general use of zinc sulfate in patients with chronic leg ulcers. There is a need for further research to see if oral zinc sulfate is beneficial in the treatment of patients with leg ulcers who have a low serum zinc level. If it is demonstrated to be beneficial, further trials are required to establish dose and duration of treatment.

Astringents↗
PubMed1991

Surgical management of primary hyperhidrosis.

Primary hyperhidrosis, although lacking a precise definition and of unknown aetiology, disrupts professional and social life and may lead to emotional problems. A variety of treatment methods are used to control or reduce the profuse sweating which involves mainly the palms, soles and axillae. The simplest method, the application of topical agents, is usually attempted first for axillary and plantar sweating. Iontophoresis may provide relief especially in patients with plantar or palmar involvement. In severe cases operative intervention is necessary. Excision of sweat glands is successful in patients with axillary hyperhidrosis but the role of suction-assisted removal of axillary sweat glands remains to be determined. Sympathectomy remains the standard by which other treatments must be judged. For upper thoracic sympathectomy a variety of surgical approaches are used with satisfactory relief of hyperhidrosis. Complications related to the surgical approach, such as Horner's syndrome, brachial plexus injuries, pneumothorax and painful scars may occur, while following sympathectomy compensatory hyperhidrosis is usual and hyperhidrosis may recur. Plantar hyperhidrosis which may be exacerbated or ameliorated by upper thoracic sympathectomy and which fails to respond to non-operative intervention is relieved by lumbar sympathectomy.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1996

Effect of aluminum on hematopoiesis after intraperitoneal exposure in rats.

The experiments were performed on female Wistar rats that received aluminum chloride every day intraperitoneally, 4 mg Al/kg for 3 weeks. In the blood selected morphological factors and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALA-D) were investigated. In the kidney and liver ALA-D, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA-S), and heme oxygenase activity were also determined. After aluminum chloride administration the most sensitive indicator was an increase of heme oxygenase activity in the liver and a decrease in iron levels in the serum of rats. Aluminum also increased ALA-S activity in the kidney and liver of rats. No changes of ALA-D activity in the liver, the kidney, and the blood were observed. The decreasing of hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin mass, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was noted after 3 weeks of exposure.

5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase↗
PubMed2002

Repeatability of the submitochondrial particle assay.

A study assessing the intralaboratory precision of the in vitro submitochondrial particle (SMP) electron transfer (ETr) and reverse electron transfer (RET) assays was undertaken using the standard reference toxicants, pentachlorophenol (PCP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and zinc sulfate 7-hydrate (ZnSO4 7H2O). One to three trials of each assay were manually conducted daily for at least 5 days with each toxicant using commercially available sources of particles and reagents. Composite coefficients of variation (CVs) for the ETr assay ranged from 20.6% for ZnSO4 to 29.3% for PCP (n > or = 15). Composite CVs for the RET assay ranged from 6.5% for SDS to 16.5% for PCP (n > or = 15). Comparison of intralaboratory results with in-house and published data demonstrates that the precision of both of these SMP assays is comparable to that of the more common in vivo, whole-organism bacterial, invertebrate, and fish toxicity tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Primary culture of adult mouse olfactory receptor neurons.

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are unique because they can be replaced by stem cells throughout life. Previous studies have demonstrated that adult mouse olfactory epithelium (OE) injured by exposure to ZnSO4 through nasal irrigation can stimulate stem cell mitotic activity in situ, which continues when placed in culture. We report on an improved ZnSO4 delivery method, mist inhalation, which produces more consistent and greater yields of OE cells. Cultures established following this method contained bipolar, nest, fusiform, and giant cells. The bipolar cells usually underwent asymmetric process development. Some bipolar cells reacted positively to neuron-specific antibodies and were immunonegative for keratin and glia-specific proteins, suggesting that they were ORNs. Those that were negative for the neuron-specific proteins may represent either neuron progenitors or olfactory ensheathing cells. The fusiform cells were relatively small and undifferentiated, exposure to brain-derived neurotrophic factor resulted in their decrease and an increase in bipolar cells. Therefore, they might be the stem cells. The nest cells had morphological characteristics of epithelia and bound keratin antibodies. The giant cells had the morphology of epithelial cells but were negative for keratin; they may represent a unique cell population induced by the ZnSO4. These results indicate that the major cell types of intact OE are present in our cultures, and each retains characteristics found in situ. The mist inhalation method provides an in vitro population of adult mitotically active neurons for study.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1996

Absorption and elimination of trivalent and hexavalent chromium in humans following ingestion of a bolus dose in drinking water.

These studies investigate the magnitude and valence state of chromium absorbed following plausible drinking water exposures to chromium(VI). Four adult male volunteers ingested a single dose of 5 mg Cr (in 0.5 liters deionized water) in three choromium mixtures: (1) Cr(III) chloride (CrCl3), (2) potassium dichromate reduced with orange juice (cr(III)-OJ); and (3) potassium dichromate [Cr(VI)]. Blood and urine chromium levels were followed for 1-3 days prior to and up to 12 days after ingestion. The three mixtures showed quite different pharmacokinetic patterns. CrCl3 was poorly absorbed (estimated 0.13% bioavailability) and rapidly eliminated in urine (excretion half-life, approximately 10 hr), whereas Cr(III)-OJ was absorbed more efficiently (0.60% bioavailability) but more slowly (half-life, approximately 17 hr), and Cr(VI) had the highest bioavailability (6.9%) and the longest half-life (approximately 39 hr). All three chromium mixtures caused temporary elevations in red blood cell (RBC) and plasma chromium concentrations, but the magnitude and duration of elevation showed a clear trend (Cr(VI) > Cr(III)-OJ > CrCl3). The data suggest that nearly all the ingested Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) before entering the bloodstream based on comparison to RBC and plasma chromium patterns in animals exposed to high doses of Cr(VI). These findings support our prior work which suggests that water-soluble organic complexes of Cr(III) formed during the reduction of Cr(VI) in vivo explain the patterns of blood uptake and urinary excretion in humans at drinking water concentrations of 10 mg/liter or less.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Tannin inhibition of protein kinase C in airway epithelium.

Tannin, a polydisperse polyphenol extracted from cotton bracts (CBE), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of byssinosis, a lung disease of mill workers. CBE tannin inhibits chloride secretion in airway epithelial cells by means of an unknown mechanism(s). Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) in airway cells increases chloride secretion. The effect of tannin on this PKC pathway was examined, using canine tracheal epithelium mounted in Ussing chambers. PMA addition (10 nM) to the mucosal bath resulted in a 0.36 +/- 0.07 microEq/cm2.h (mean +/- SEM, n = 20) increase in short-circuit current (Isc) and a 0.38 +/- 0.17 microEq/cm2.h increase in net chloride secretion (Jnet). The inactive 4 alpha-phorbol had no effect. Tannin addition to the mucosal bath produced a dose-dependent decrease in Isc and Jnet. In tissues pretreated with 2-50 micrograms/ml tannin, and subsequently stimulated with PMA, tannin inhibited PMA stimulation of chloride secretion beginning at a tannin concentration of 10 micrograms/ml (0.09 +/- 0.05 microEq/cm2.h [n = 10] increase in Isc and 0.08 +/- 0.03 microEq/cm2.h increase in Jnet with PMA after tannin pretreatment). At 50 micrograms/ml tannin, the stimulatory effect of PMA was completely abolished. The known PKC inhibitor, H-7 (20 microM), inhibited PMA stimulation, while chelerythrine (2 microM) had not effect on PMA-stimulated Isc and Jnet, and calphostin C was toxic to the airway epithelium. In membrane fragments, 2.5 micrograms/ml tannin inhibited the rate of histone III phosphorylation by PMA from 32.1 +/- 4.4 nmol/mg protein per min to 20.1 +/- 2.7 nmol/mg protein per min (n = 7). In bovine airway cells, tannin pretreatment (2.5 micrograms/ml) decreased the cytosolic activity of PKC but had no effect on PKC translocation to the membrane. We conclude that tannin inhibits chloride secretion in airway epithelial cells in part by inhibiting PKC.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effects of aluminum chloride on normal and uremic adult male rats. Tissue distribution, brain choline acetyltransferase activity, and some biological variables.

Normal and uremic adult male rats were given a daily ip injection of 20 mg Al (Al chloride)/kg for 14 d. The results indicate that Al induces a significant decrease in food ingestion, weight gain, and total protein concentration in the plasma. Compared with control animals, very high increases in Al levels were found in plasma and hepatic homogenates (about 36 and 19 times, respectively). In the brain homogenates, the Al increases were lower (about 23%). The brain cholineacetyltransferase activity was reduced: 10.6 and 14.9% in normal and uremic rats, respectively. The nephrectomy and the food restriction did not affect the total protein concentrations in plasma and the cerebral cholineacetyltransferase activity. Both were only found to be reduced in the rats treated by Al chloride.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1995

Effects of aluminum chloride on the kinetics of rat cortex synaptosomal ATP diphosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.5).

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3), a neurotoxic compound, inhibited ATP diphosphohydrolase activity of synaptosomes obtained from cerebral cortex of adult rats. The metal ion significantly inhibited ATPase and ADPase activities of the enzyme at all concentrations tested in vitro (0.01, 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 10 mM) in the presence of 1.5 mM calcium. When tested in the absence of Ca2+, and with increasing amounts of Al3+, enzyme activity remained below basal levels, suggesting that the trivalent cation Al3+ is not a substitute for the divalent cation Ca2+ in ATP-Ca2+ and ADP-Ca2+ complexes. The Al3+ inhibition was competitive with respect to Ca2+. The enzyme inhibition was reversed by the addition of deferoxamine (DFO). NaF significantly inhibited ATP diphosphohydrolase activity, and this inhibition was reversed by the addition of Ca2+ to the medium. Such inhibition was not potentiated by AlF4, which is an inhibitor of cation-transport ATPases.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2004

[Hemorrhoids. Differential diagnosis and therapy].

Hemorrhoidal disease results from the pathological enlargement and distal displacement of the upper hemorrhoidal plexus. This disorder is very widespread in modern industrial society. Hereditary predisposition, malnutrition with constipation and abnormal bowel habits seem to be the most relevant causes for pathogenesis. The exact classification of hemorrhoids according to the degree of prolapse as well as the correct evaluation of accompanying anal diseases are very important in order to choose the appropriate conservative or surgical treatment with the goal of long-term avoidance of recurrence.

Administration, Rectal↗