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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

'Zoladex' versus 'Zoladex' plus flutamide in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. First interim analysis of an international trial. International Prostate Cancer Study Group.

The first interim report of this multicentre prospective clinical trial to compare the efficacy of 'Zoladex' versus 'Zoladex' + flutamide in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate furnishes evidence of a reduction of the incidence of tumour flare within the first 4 weeks of therapy. The combination of 'Zoladex' and flutamide produced an earlier response in tumour markers (TAP, PAP) only. The combination, however, had no effect on subjective and objective response rates and had a negative effect on time to treatment failure. Flutamide produces a significant increase in toxicity and withdrawals due to toxicity. This interim analysis indicates that the continued administration of flutamide in combination with 'Zoladex' has no significant clinical benefit over that of 'Zoladex' alone. Further follow-up is required to determine whether combination treatment has any effect on time to treatment failure and survival.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

[Anesthesia dolorosa in the higher ages - example of problems in therapy (author's transl)].

Chronic forms of facial pain in higher decades of age demonstrate problems of therapy in this period of life. Following herpetic infections and operations in the course of the trigeminal nerve the anesthesia dolorosa is a complication often resistant to therapy. Observations in two patients with typical pain syndrome made clear, that besides common problems of therapy in the higher ages, disorders of communication influence especially every cooperation and every step of therapy, which the patient does. Independent os success in therapy, longtime-care and permanent allocation in the older patient must compensate the deficit of communication.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Long-term results of internal mammary artery implantation for coronary artery disease: a controlled trial by the participants of the Veterans Administration Coronary Bypass Surgery Cooperative Study Group.

One hundred forty-six adult men from sixteen Veterans Administration hospitals were entered in a controlled prospective clinical trial. Seventy-one patients were randomly allocated to receive implantation of the internal mammary artery into the left ventricular myocardium for chronic ischemic heart disease with angina pectoris, and 75 were assigned to the control group. The two treatment groups were similar at baseline with respect to sixteen clinical and angiographic factors thought to have prognostic importance. Most of the patients were operated on before 1970. Operative mortality was 12%, and implant patency in 52% of eligible patients studied 1 year after operation was 67%. At the end of follow-up extending up to 12 years (mean, 9.3 years), cumulative survival for both groups was similar. Over half of the patients (58%) had died at the end of 10 years (5% per year). While the hypothesis on which the operation was based appears to be valid, the degree of revascularization achievable in most patients did not affect longevity.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Increased breast-cancer recurrence rate after adjuvant therapy with levamisole. A preliminary report. Executive Committee of the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group.

After total mastectomy with partial axillary-lymph-node biopsy, patients with breast carcinomas with histologically positive lymph-nodes but without distant metastasis (N+, Mo) were allocated at random to receive either radiotherapy alone (384 patients) or radiotherapy plus levamisole 2.5 mg/kg/day for two consecutive days each week for 48 weeks (336 patients). At 1 year the levamisole-treated patients had a significantly higher recurrence rate than the radiotherapy-only group. They also had an unacceptably high incidence of side-effects, especially patients aged over 50. The frequency of levamisole-induced agranulocytosis was 3.6% and leucopenia 15-20%. These preliminary results suggest that adjuvant therapy with levamisole should not be used in patients with N+, Mo breast carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Male parental effort and paternity in a variable mating system

Recent theoretical models suggest that males may respond to changes in paternity by adjusting their parental effort. Male response will depend on the availability of reliable paternity cues and the relative costs and benefits of parental effort to the male (i.e. its effect on the survival of young and alternative mating opportunities). Males breeding in pairs may be constrained because reductions in male parental effort are unlikely to be compensated for by the female and thus the survival of both related and unrelated young may decrease. In contrast, males breeding in cooperative groups (i.e. with helpers or co-breeders) may not have this constraint if other individuals in the group compensate for reductions in male parental effort. White-browed scrubwrens, Sericornis frontalis, breed in pairs and cooperative groups, typically with one female and two males (alpha and beta). We found that male parental effort was related positively to paternity for beta males, but not for alpha or pair males. Alpha males had paternity in all broods and always fed young. In contrast, beta males often had no paternity and sometimes did not feed young. Time spent near the fertile female was not an accurate predictor of the percentage of young sired in a brood, but it was a good predictor of having sired young in a brood. Our results are consistent with the idea that male parental effort is allocated according to whether or not the male copulated with the female. We suggest that the relationship between male parental effort and paternity may vary among cooperatively breeding species depending on the type and availability of cues to a male's paternity. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Discomfort after outpatient abortion using paracervical block: a comparison between two opioids and one non-opioid drug for premedication.

One hundred and one patients undergoing outpatient abortion using local anesthesia were randomly allocated to one of three different premedications: morphine-scopolamine, pethidine or midazolam. The incidence of pain, anxiety, emetic (nausea-vomiting) and patient cooperation was analyzed. Discomfort was frequently noticed, 79 patients reported pain, 57 nausea and 26 vomited at least once during the postoperative period which lasted 2.6 h (mean value). There were no major differences in complaints among the different premedication groups. Nausea, though, was correlated to pain. Symptoms of pain, nausea and vomiting were frequent after abortion under paracervical block. These complaints were not found to be related to the type of premedication or other circumstances in the perioperative period.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1978

Daunomycin, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine (DAT) vs vincristine, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine (VAT) in the induction treatment of acute nonlymphocyte leukemia: a randomized collaborative study.

One hundred patients were entered in a cooperative study comparing the efficacy of two different regimens in the induction treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Patients were randomly allocated to receive either the DAT or VAT combination; half of the patients were also randomized to receive CNS prophylaxis including intrathecal methotrexate + prednisone and cranial irradiation. Consolidation and maintenance therapy were uniform in responding patients. Out of 82 evaluable patients 41 (50%) attained complete remission (CR) with no significant difference between the two regimens. Median remission duration was slightly longer in the DAT group (32.5 vs 22 weeks); median survival was 34 weeks for all evaluable patients with no difference between the two schedules. Meningeal relapse occurred only in two patients after 19 and 99 weeks of continuous remission. Fourteen patients are still alive after 61 to greater than or equal to 155 weeks, of whom seven are in their initial remission (six in the DAT and one in the VAT group). We conclude that 1) DAT and VAT are equally effective in inducing CR in a high proportion of ANLL patients; 2) until marrow remission can be prolonged significantly, preventing CNS leukemia will not have any significant impact of the course of ANLL.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Surgical treatment of obesity.

Surgical treatment of obesity by methods that have withstood over 5 years of clinical evaluation is effective in ameliorating and even curing manifest serious co-morbid diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory distress in the majority of patients. Despite numerous shortcomings and limitations, surgical methods are the only viable alternative for achieving and maintaining substantial weight loss in dangerously obese patients and, therefore, represent a legitimate, often life-saving, intervention. Nevertheless, the magnitude of weight loss varies widely, as does the number of patients lost to follow-up or requiring multiple operations. Safety of performing the surgery and recognition and successful treatment of side effects in cooperating patients has improved greatly over the past 10 years. More effort needs to be put into improving patient selection to allocate patients to specific types of operations and to identify those patients who may not require surgery.

Gastric Bypass↗
PubMed1986

[A comparative study of mitoxantrone and adriamycin in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a preliminary result].

In order to compare the efficacy and toxicity of mitoxantrone and adriamycin in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a randomized trial has been conducted by a cooperative study group since June 1984. Previously untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of intermediate-grade-malignancy were allocated to either MCOP (a combination of mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone) or CHOP (a combination of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone) regimens. Forty-four patients were entered and 43 of these were fully evaluated for tumor response and toxicity. The complete remission rate was 80% for 20 patients receiving MCOP compared to 61% for 23 patients treated with CHOP. Response duration and overall survival were similar for the two treatments. Toxicity was almost comparable for the two treatments. Only alopecia was significantly less frequent in patients given MCOP than in those receiving CHOP. Mitoxantrone thus appears to be as effective as adriamycin in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The Evolution of Intraspecific Brood Parasitism in Birds and Insects.

Many species of birds and insects engage in intraspecific brood parasitism (IBP), when a female lays eggs in the nest of a conspecific and leaves without providing parental care. These visiting females may also act to cooperate with a primary female, staying to provide parental care. Therefore, IBP and cooperative breeding can be considered extremes on a continuum of parental care provided by a secondary female. When a secondary female abandons a nest, she creates an asymmetry in parental care between herself and the host. While models of asymmetry in reproductive allocation have focused directly on relatedness between females, we lack an appropriate theoretical framework that addresses the effects of relatedness on parental care asymmetry. Here, I present an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) model that predicts the conditions under which IBP is favored over cooperation and solitary breeding. Intraspecific brood parasitism is less likely to evolve (relative to cooperation and solitary breeding) as the relatedness between a host and parasite increases. It can evolve, however, if parasites achieve a high overall fecundity relative to solitary females. Constraints on solitary breeding can further promote IBP under some circumstances. Cooperation is favored when relatedness is high and reproductive skew is low. This model makes several predictions regarding the conditions under which IBP may evolve, motivating a variety of experimental approaches.

birds↗
PubMed1992

Is the adoption of more efficient strategies of organ procurement the answer to persistent organ shortage in transplantation?

[I]s persistent organ shortage the major obstacle to the performance of more procedures as often popularly portrayed? Does the answer therefore lie in the adoption of more efficient strategies of organ procurement? While the measures taken to improve the efficiency of organ procurement may be inspired by the laudable motive of saving lives, they may ultimately prove to be myopic if the larger ethical issues raised by organ transplant programs for the allocation of national and organ resources are not given their due consideration. For any society that desires to include organ transplantation in its health delivery system, it must consider the social and ethical issues that transplant programs raise for the macroallocation of available national resources and the manner by which organ resources are procured, and distributed. The failure to resolve these issues in an ethically acceptable manner at any of these levels would render any transplant program ethically indefensible. This essay therefore argues that before a society decides on its policy of organ procurement it ought to make prior assessments of: a) its social priorities; b) the policies for ensuring fair access to organ resources; and c) the extent to which it is willing to support transplants.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1995

Health services financing in Greece: a role for private health insurance.

Private health insurance can play a significant role in the financing and delivery of health services in relatively undeveloped health systems which suffer from limited public expenditures, resource shortages, and quality of care problems. Research results, however, indicate that private health insurance in Greece has not yet assumed that role. The rapid increase of private health insurance was the result of underfinancing by the public sector and restrictive policies for the private sector. The private sector, however, largely financed by private health insurance, found alternative investment and profit opportunities, which, unfortunately, did not improve health system microeconomic efficiency. In this paper we propose that a way of cooperation could exist between the public sector and private health insurance, which would improve public health services provision and the overall technical, allocative and dynamic efficiency of the health system.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2001

Attributions of the "causes" of group performance as an alternative explanation of the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and organizational performance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility that feedback regarding team performance may influence team members' reports of organizational citizenship behaviors. Ninety-five teams of business students (N = 412) participated in a labor-scheduling simulation over a local area network. Teams were provided with false negative, false positive, or neutral feedback regarding their performance. Results support the hypothesis that the perception of 2 forms of organizational citizenship behavior (helping behavior and civic virtue) in work groups may, in part. be a function of the nature of the performance feedback that group members receive. However, negative feedback appears to play a more critical role than positive feedback in this attributional process. Possible reasons for these findings, as well as their implications, are discussed.

Adult↗