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PubMed2000

TCF is the nuclear effector of the beta-catenin signal that patterns the sea urchin animal-vegetal axis.

The mechanism of animal-vegetal (AV) axis formation in the sea urchin embryo is incompletely understood. Specification of the axis is thought to involve a combination of cell-cell signals and as yet unidentified maternal determinants. In Xenopus the Wnt pathway plays a crucial role in defining the embryonic axes. Recent experiments in sea urchins have shown that at least two components of the Wnt signaling pathway, GSK3beta and beta-catenin, are involved in embryonic AV axis patterning. These results support the notion that the developmental network that regulates axial patterning in deuterostomes is evolutionarily conserved. To further test this hypothesis, we have examined the role of beta-catenin nuclear binding partners, members of the TCF family of transcriptional regulators, in sea urchin AV axis patterning. To test the role of TCFs in mediating beta-catenin signals in sea urchin AV axis development we examined the consequences of microinjecting RNAs encoding altered forms of TCF on sea urchin development. We show that expression of a dominant negative TCF results in a classic "animalized" embryo. In contrast, microinjected RNA encoding an activated TCF produces a highly "vegetalized" embryo. We show that the transactivational activity of endogenous sea urchin TCF is potentiated by LiCl treatment, which vegetalizes embryos by inhibiting GSK3, consistent with an in vivo interaction between endogenous beta-catenin and TCF. We also provide evidence indicating that all of beta-catenin's activity in patterning the sea urchin AV axis is mediated by TCF. Using a glucocorticoid-responsive TCF, we show that TCF transcriptional activity affects specification along the AV axis between fertilization and the 60-cell stage.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Detrimental effects of chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. From obesity to memory deficits.

Increasing evidence suggests that the detrimental effects of glucocorticoid (GC) hypersecretion occur by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in several human pathologies, including obesity, Alzheimer's disease, AIDS dementia, and depression. The different patterns of response by the HPA axis during chronic activation are an important consideration in selecting an animal model to assess HPA axis function in a particular disorder. This article will discuss how chronic HPA axis activation and GC hypersecretion affect hippocampal function and contribute to the development of obesity. In the brain, the hippocampus has the highest concentration of GC receptors. Chronic stress or corticosterone treatment induces neuropathological alterations, such as dendritic atrophy in hippocampal neurons, which are paralleled by cognitive deficits. Excitatory amino acid (EAA) neurotransmission has been implicated in chronic HPA axis activation. EAAs play a major role in neuroendocrine regulation. Hippocampal dendritic atrophy may involve alterations in EAA transporter function, and decreased EAA transporter function may also contribute to chronic HPA axis activation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HPA axis activation will likely advance the development of therapeutic interventions for conditions in which GC levels are chronically elevated.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2007

[Subdental synchondrosis. Computed tomographic and histologic investigation on morphological aspects of fracture at the base of the dens in 36 human axis specimens].

BACKGROUND: During development of the axis, four different ossification centers are formed. The two cranial ossification centers are demarcated from the ossification center of the vertebral corpus by a subdental synchondrosis. During further development the subdental synchondrosis--which is thought to close spontaneously--might not close completely, which leads to the necessity for differentiating synchondrotic remnants from a fracture at the base of the dens (type II according to Anderson and D'Alonzo). RESULTS: To characterize the architecture of the axis with particular attention to the subdental synchondrosis, the axis was harvested from 36 age- and gender-matched patients covering the human aging process from adolescence to senescence. In all specimens bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Morphological analysis after undecalcified processing of all specimens revealed a persistency of the subdental synchondrosis in 87% of all patients. Histological characterization of the subdental synchondrosis showed a cartilaginous structure interspersed with focal mineralization. Furthermore, static histomorphometric analysis revealed that trabecular bone volume and cortical thickness were significantly reduced within the base of the axis as compared to the dens and the corpus, respectively. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results provide evidence that the base of the axis is a structurally distinct region. Besides well-recognized biomechanical aspects, these results suggest that the structure of the base of the axis might contribute to the occurrence of fractures of the axis and offer an additional explanation for the observation of nonunion after type II dens fractures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of orthodox versus off-optical axis endoscopic manipulations.

BACKGROUND: During complex laparoscopic operations, the surgeon often has to use both instruments to one side of the telescope (off-optical axis work). This experimental study was undertaken to compare this orthodox versus the off-optical axis endoscopic manipulations regarding the performance parameters and motion analysis and muscle work of the surgeon's dominant upper limb. METHODS: Ten surgeons participated in the study; each sutured 50-mm enterotomy in pig's small bowel in each of three setups: (1) in-optical axis manipulation (one instrument on either side of the laparoscope) (2) off-optical axis manipulation (both instruments on one side of the laparoscope to the dominant hand of the surgeon), and (3) off-optical axis manipulation both instruments on one side of the laparoscope on the nondominant side). The main outcome measures were the placement error score, execution time, leakage pressure, motion analysis, and telemetric electromyography parameters of the surgeon's dominant upper limb. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in all parameters of performance, muscle work, and fatigue between setup 1 and setup 3. However, marked degradation of all parameters of performance with increased muscle work and fatigue was observed with setup 2 compared to setups 1 and 3. The reason for the deterioration with setup 2 is related to the altered "monitor display angle" which are different from the actual physical angles. With this setup, the instrument-to-target physical angle of 30 degrees appears on the screen as ?30 degrees and this disturbs both the manipulation and the azimuth angles obscuring the needle-tissue entry point. In addition, the instrument casts a shadow on its medial side and this tends to obscure the exact relations between instrument, needlepoint, and the tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Off-optical axis work is a good alternative to the orthodox setup provided the instruments are placed to the nondominant hand. The marked degradation in performance encountered during off-optical axis work to the dominant hand of the surgeon is due to the resulting altered monitor display angles. The importance of these monitor display angles in influencing task performance has been previously overlooked.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Adrenal axis functions in patients with familial Mediterranean fever.

OBJECTIVE: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a hereditary disease characterized by recurrent attacks of fever with peritonitis, arthritis, pleuritis or erysipelas-like rash. It is unclear what effects of FMF itself on endocrine system and hormones are. None of the FMF patients without amyloidosis have been reported to have any endocrine disorders, except those who developed colchicine-induced diabetes insipidus. There is a large body of evidence to show that cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha) activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We have designated this study to investigate the HPA axis in FMF patients without amyloidosis. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with FMF were included. ACTH stimulation test was performed on the healthy subjects and during attack period in the patients. In the patient group, same test was repeated during remission period. RESULTS: Peak cortisol levels were significantly higher in the attack period than those in the remission period of patients (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The cytokines play a role on the activation of the HPA axis; we thought the axis would be affected in this disease. The response of cortisol to 250 mug ACTH was significant in attack period when compared with remission period. This result reveals that HPA axis is more activated in an FMF attack. Previous studies suggest that the adrenal hormones increase in acute inflammatory events, and eventually, the changes on these hormones are related to TNF and IL-6 levels. During the FMF attack, HPA axis may be stimulated by cytokines. It seems that HPA axis is regulated normally in FMF patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with the opioid antagonist nalmefene.

UNLABELLED: Nalmefene Stimulation of the HPA Axis. BACKGROUND: The Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a vital role in the body's response to stress. The traditional gold standard for evaluating the HPA axis, the insulin hypoglycemia test (IHT), has several known limitations, and a second test, the standard ACTH stimulation test, can detect severe deficiencies of cortisol, but often misses mild or early cases. Therefore, a better test for the evaluation of the HPA axis is needed. This study evaluated the opiate antagonist nalmefene as a stimulation test of the HPA axis. METHODS: 25 healthy subjects were studied, 9 women and 16 men, mean age 30.4 yr. (range 21-55), and mean BMI 24.1 kg/m2 (range 18.6-34.2). Subjects received one of 3 doses of intravenously administered nalmefene: 2 mg (n = 6), 6 mg (n = 12), or 10 mg (n = 7). Serum cortisol and plasma ACTH were measured before and serially over two hours after the administration of nalmefene. RESULTS: ACTH and cortisol levels rose significantly and similarly after the 10 mg dose and the 6 mg dose. After the 10 mg dose, mean peak ACTH was 82.4 +/- 22.6 pg/ml and mean peak cortisol was 25.2 +/- 1.8 microg/dl. After the 6 mg dose, mean peak ACTH was 70.3 +/- 7.7 pg/ml and mean peak cortisol was 24.7 +/- 1.7 microg/dl. Cortisol levels rose above 18 microg/dl in all subjects receiving 10 mg of nalmefene, and in all but two of the subjects receiving 6 mg of nalmefene. Side effects to nalmefene were of greater duration and intensity in the subjects receiving 10 mg of nalmefene vs. those receiving 6 or 2 mg. These included most notably fatigue, lightheadedness, nausea and vomiting. CONCLUSIONS: Of the nalmefene doses we studied, 6 mg achieved the best combination of stimulation of ACTH and cortisol and fewest side effects. If further studies show a concordance between nalmefene and IHT, nalmefene testing could be used to assess the HPA axis in patients at risk for dysfunction of this axis.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1982

M-mode echocardiography in left bundle branch block: significance of frontal plane QRS axis.

M-mode echocardiograms were obtained in 48 patients with complete left bundle branch block (LBBB). Of these 48 patients, 28 had LBBB with normal frontal plane QRS axis (-20 degrees to +90 degrees, mean +/- SD 18 degrees +/- 34 degrees), and 20 had LBBB with a left axis deviation (LAD) (-30 degrees to -60 degrees, mean +/- SD -48 degrees +/- 11 degrees). In the group with LBBB and normal axis, 25 patients had typical early mean +/- SD -48 degrees +/- 11 degrees). In the group with LBBB and normal axis, 25 patients had typical early systolic posterior septal motion characteristic of LBBB. Septal motion following early posterior septal motion (through the ejection period) was posterior in 24 patients (86%), anterior (paradoxical) in 2 (7%), and flat in 2 (7%). In the group with LBBB and LAD, 16 patients had the typical early systolic posterior septal motion; subsequent septal motion was posterior in 3 (15%), anterior (paradoxical) in 13 (65%), and flat in 4 (20%). Patients with LBBB and normal axis had a higher frequency of posterior septal motion, and patients with LAD had a higher frequency of anterior septal motion (p less than 0.001). The correlation of abnormal axis and paradoxical septal motion may be explained by the activation pattern producing LAD or by a septal disease process producing both abnormalities of axis and abnormal septal motion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Left bundle branch block with left-axis deviation: an electrophysiologic approach.

In an attempt to explain QRS left-axis deviation (LAD) in left bundle branch block (LBBB), 69 patients with LBBB were studied. The patients were separated into 2 groups. Group A included 60 patients with a QRS axis of +80 degrees to -55 degrees (average -11 degrees) and Group B included 9 patients with a QRS axis of -60 degrees. In all patients, a point was detected on the apex of the right ventricle at which activation was simultaneous with the beginning of ventricular depolarization (V-apex = 0). Ventricular stimulation at this point gave a monomorphic response with a QRS axis of -60 degrees and QS in D2 and D3. Minor conduction aberrations related to the relative refractory period of the His Purkinje network were found during atrial premature beats in 40 patients in Group A (and always as LAD of the QRS axis [average 24.6 degrees]) and in 4 patients in Group B. In Group B, these aberrations were in the form of a disappearance of the r2 wave with a QRS axis similar to that achieved through stimulation of the right ventricle apex. Given this aberration, one may conclude that the left bundle branch plays a role in the depolarization of the left ventricle. Blocking it brings the QRS axis closer to that obtained by stimulation of the point of primary depolarization of the right ventricle. Thus, LBBB must have a monomorphic morphology. If not, the left branch is the location of slowed, but persistent, conduction.

Bundle-Branch Block↗
PubMed1995

A new method for on-screen ultrasonographic determination of fetal cardiac axis.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to develop an ultrasonographic method of using multiple electronic calipers for on-screen measurement of fetal cardiac axis. STUDY DESIGN: Two hundred low-risk patients who were seen for antenatal ultrasonography were studied. Standard biometry, anatomic survey, and echocardiography were performed on all fetuses. By use of a four-chamber view fetal cardiac axis was measured with electronic calipers. A table, derived from a trigonometric formula, was created to convert the caliper measurements to cardiac axis in degrees. The results were compared with a protractor-determined fetal cardiac axis. RESULTS: All echocardiograms had normal results. Fetal cardiac axis (+/- 2 SD) by the ultrasonographic method was 43 degrees (+/- 16 degrees) versus 43 degrees (+/- 14 degrees) by the protractor method. This difference was not significant. CONCLUSION: An on-screen method to determine fetal cardiac axis by use of multiple calipers is described. It is comparable to a protractor-measured fetal cardiac axis.

Echocardiography↗
PubMed1984

Early cellular interactions promote embryonic axis formation in Xenopus laevis.

We have attempted to define the location and mode of action of axial determinants in the egg of Xenopus laevis. To this end, we transplanted small numbers of blastomeres from normal 64-cell stage embryos into synchronous recipient embryos which had been irradiated with ultraviolet light prior to first cleavage. Without transplantation, such embryos fail to develop dorsal structures of the embryonic body axis. We found that one to three blastomeres transplanted from the vegetal-most octet of cells can effect complete or partial rescue of of axis development in a recipient, provided that the donor cells derive from the quadrant just under the prospective dorsal marginal region. These same cells, when transplanted into the ventral vegetal quadrant of a normal 64-cell embryo, cause the formation of a complete second body axis. In contrast, other cells from the vegetal octet of normal donors fail to cause axis formation. When the rescuing donor cells are labeled with a lineage-restricted fluorescent marker, we find that their progeny do not contribute to the axial structures of the recipient. Progeny of the transplanted cells are found below the level of the blastopore in the early gastrula and eventually give rise to portions of the gut, as is their fate in normal development. These results, in agreement with those of Nieuwkoop (P.D. Nieuwkoop, 1977, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 11, 115-132), imply that the dorsal-most vegetal cells of the 64-cell embryo receive from the egg cytoplasm a set of determinants enabling them to induce neighboring cells to undertake axis formation. We discuss the relationship between axis induction in rescued irradiated embryos and axis determining processes in normal embryogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Subcortical rotation in Xenopus eggs: an early step in embryonic axis specification.

The amphibian egg undergoes a rotation of its subcortical cytoplasm relative to its surface during the first cell cycle. Nile blue spots applied to the egg periphery move with the subcortical cytoplasm and make rotation directly observable (J.-P. Vincent, G.F. Oster, and J. C. Gerhart (1986). Dev. Biol. 113, 484). We have previously shown that the direction of rotation accurately predicts the orientation of the embryonic axis developed by the egg. This suggests an important role for subcortical rotation in axis specification. In this report, we provide two kinds of experimental evidence for the essential role of rotation, and against a role for other concurrent cytoplasmic movements such as the convergence of subcortical cytoplasm toward the sperm entry point in the animal hemisphere. First, dispermic eggs develop only one embryonic axis, which is oriented accurately in line with the direction of the single rotation movement and not with the two convergence foci that form in the animal hemisphere. Rotation probably modifies the vegetal, not animal, hemisphere since axial development is normal in dispermic eggs despite highly altered animal subcortical movement. Second, we show that the amount of rotation correlates with the extent of dorsal development. UV irradiation of the vegetal hemisphere, or cold shock of the egg, inhibits rotation effectively. When there is no rotation, there is no dorsal development. On average within the egg population, increasing amounts of rotation correlate with the increasingly anterior limit of the dorsal structures of the embryonic body axis. However, individual partially inhibited eggs vary greatly in the amount of axis formed following a given amount of movement. Furthermore, the egg normally rotates more than is necessary for the development of a complete axis. These findings suggest that rotation, although essential, does not directly pattern the antero-posterior dimension of the body axis, but triggers a response system which varies from egg to egg in its sensitivity to rotation. This system is artificially sensitized by exposure of the egg to D2O shortly before rotation. We show that D2O-treated eggs produce extensive axes despite very limited rotation, often developing into hyperdorsal embryos. However, like normal eggs, they depend on rotation and cannot form dorsal structures if it is eliminated.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Arbitrary mandibular hinge axis locations.

This study compared selected arbitrary hinge axis locations with the kinematic axis location. Fifty subjects were studied, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results showed significant differences between the location of experimental arbitrary axis point and those of Beyron, Gysi, and Bergstrom in relation to the kinematic axis. The arbitrary points of Beyron, Gysi, and Bergstrom showed directional tendencies, whereas the experimental arbitrary points were evenly distributed around the kinematic axis. This study indicates that the experimental arbitrary axis point more closely and consistently approximated the kinematic axis than the arbitrary points of Beyron, Gysi, and Bergstrom. The finding suggests that the clinical use of a point on Camper's line, 10 mm from the superior border of the tragus, results in a more accurate transfer of the maxillary cast to the articulator.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Ultrasonographic left cardiac axis deviation: a marker for fetal anomalies.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if a relation exists between left cardiac axis deviation and fetal anomalies. METHODS: Estimation of cardiac axis was attempted prospectively as part of the cardiac examination in approximately 41,500 second- and third-trimester fetuses scanned between 1987-1993. Those with heart axes greater than 75 degrees to the left were considered to have left axis deviation. Only cases with postnatal follow-up were included. RESULTS: Thirty-four fetuses with left cardiac axis deviation had postnatal follow-up; eight were normal and 26 abnormal (positive predictive value 76%). Twenty-one fetuses had cardiac abnormalities (ten of these had additional extracardiac findings), and five had extracardiac findings only. CONCLUSION: Although left cardiac axis deviation can occur as an isolated sonographic finding in an otherwise normal fetus, most cases will demonstrate abnormalities of cardiac and/or extracardiac anatomy. Left cardiac axis deviation is largely associated with cardiac abnormalities, especially conotruncal anomalies, which may not be detectable by a four-chamber view alone. Therefore, the cardiac axis should be examined routinely as part of the four-chamber view of the fetal heart.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed2004

T-wave axis deviation as an independent predictor of mortality in chronic Chagas' disease.

The T-wave axis shift has been reported to represent a general marker of ventricular repolarization abnormalities and a potential indicator of increased risk for cardiovascular mortality. We assessed the prognostic importance of the T-wave axis deviation for mortality rate in patients with chronic Chagas' disease. In a long-term follow-up prospective study, 738 adult outpatients in the chronic phase of Chagas' disease were enrolled. The frontal plane T-wave axis was estimated from 12-lead electrocardiograms obtained on admission and categorized as normal (15 degrees to 75 degrees ), borderline (75 degrees to 105 degrees or 15 degrees to -15 degrees ), and abnormal (>105 degrees or < -15 degrees ). Clinical and radiologic data, 2-dimensional echocardiographic data, and other electrocardiographic data were also recorded. Primary end points were all-cause, those related to Chagas' disease, and sudden cardiac deaths. Statistical analyses included Kaplan-Meier estimation of survival curves and multivariate Cox's proportional hazards models. During a follow-up of 58 +/- 39 months, 62 patients died, 54 from causes related to Chagas' disease and 40 due to sudden cardiac death. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the 3 categories of T axis had significantly different prognoses. Multivariate Cox's survival analysis demonstrated that an abnormal T axis increases the risk of death threefold and sudden death nearly sixfold after adjustment for other covariates, including left ventricular systolic function and other electrocardiographic abnormalities. Borderline T-wave axis also indicated a worse prognosis, particularly in the subgroup of patients with abnormal baseline electrocardiograms. These results indicate that T-wave axis deviation is an easily quantified, strong, and independent mortality risk predictor in patients with chronic Chagas' disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The brain-pituitary-gonad axis in male teleosts, with special emphasis on flatfish (Pleuronectiformes).

The key component regulating vertebrate puberty and sexual maturation is the endocrine system primarily effectuated along the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis. By far most investigations on the teleost BPG axis have been performed on salmonids, carps, catfish and eels. Accordingly, earlier reviews on the BPG axis in teleosts have focused on these species, and mainly on females (e.g. 'Fish Physiology, vol. IXA. Reproduction (1983) pp. 97'; 'Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish. FishSymp91, Sheffield, UK, 1991, pp. 2'; 'Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 30 (1995) pp. 103'; 'Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 7 (1997) pp. 173'; 'Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish. John Grieg A/S, Bergen, Norway, 2000, pp. 211'). However, in recent years new data have emerged on the BPG axis in flatfish, especially at the level of the brain and pituitary. The evolutionarily advanced flatfishes are important model species both from an evolutionary point of view and also because many are candidates for aquaculture. The scope of this paper is to review the present status on the male teleost BPG axis, with an emphasis on flatfish. In doing so, we will first discuss the present understanding of the individual constituents of the axis in the best studied teleost models, and thereafter discuss available data on flatfish. Of the three constituents of the BPG axis, we will focus especially on the pituitary and gonadotropins. In addition to reviewing recent information on flatfish, we present some entirely new information on the phylogeny and molecular structure of teleost gonadotropins.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased personality disorders and Axis I comorbidity in atypical depression.

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of patients with and without atypical depression on comorbid Axis I and I disorders to determine whether atypical depression is associated with a higher comorbidity. METHOD: Twenty-nine major depressive disorder patients with and without atypical depression were compared on clinical measures using multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: Atypical depression predicted the presence of comorbid Axis I (100% vs 33%), Axis II (90% vs 35%), and both Axis I and II (65% vs 8.14%) disorders. Personality disorders did not mediate the relationship between atypical depression and Axis I comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of Axis I and II comorbidity in major depression may be explained, at least in part, by the presence of atypical depression. Our findings also suggest that the increased Axis I comorbidity observed in atypical depression is independent of the effects of personality disorders and is probably a direct effect of atypical depression subtype. Future research should confirm whether clinical findings associated with atypical depression are independent of their association with personality disorders in a larger sample of depressed patients and also examine treatment implications in atypical depression other than a preferential monoamine oxidase inhibitor responsivity.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Visual axis opacification after AcrySof intraocular lens implantation in children.

PURPOSE: To evaluate visual axis opacification after AcrySof intraocular lens (IOL) (Alcon) implantation in pediatric eyes. SETTING: Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India. METHODS: This prospective study evaluated 103 consecutive eyes of 72 children with congenital cataract. Two groups were formed based on age at surgery: Group 1, younger than 2 years, and Group 2, older than 2 years. All eyes in Group 1 (n = 37) had primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PCCC) with anterior vitrectomy. In Group 2 (n = 66), management of the posterior capsule was assigned randomly to no PCCC (Group 2A, n = 37) or PCCC (Group 2B, n = 29). The PCCC group was further randomized into 2 subgroups: no vitrectomy (Group 2BN, n = 14) or vitrectomy (Group 2BV, n = 15). The primary outcome measures were visual axis opacification and the resulting need for a secondary procedure. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows (version 11.0.1). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 5.2 years +/- 5.0 (SD) (range 0.2 to 16.0 years) and the mean follow-up, 2.3 +/- 0.9 years (range 1.0 to 4.0 years). Overall, 41 eyes (39.8%) developed visual axis opacification and 14 (13.6%) required secondary intervention. In Group 1, 4 eyes (10.8%) developed visual axis opacification and 3 (8.1%) had a secondary pars plana vitrectomy. In Group 2A, 31 eyes (83.8%) developed posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and 10 eyes (27.7%) had secondary intervention. Children 8 years or younger at the time of surgery developed significantly greater PCO than older children (P =.01). Five eyes (37.5%) in Group 2BN had opacification of the anterior vitreous face, 1 of which required a secondary procedure. One eye (6.7%) in Group 2BV had visual axis opacification that did not require a secondary procedure. CONCLUSIONS: AcrySof IOL implantation with appropriate management of the posterior capsule maintained a clear visual axis in 60.2% of eyes. Of the 39.8% of eyes with visual axis opacification, 13.6% had visually significant opacification and required a secondary procedure.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Disruptive behaviors and HPA-axis activity in young adolescent boys and girls from the general population.

It is important to investigate associations between biological factors and disruptive behaviors in children and adolescents. Antisocial, aggressive, and criminal behaviors in adults often begin early in life. Disruptive behaviors are often thought to be associated with low activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Cortisol, the end-product of this axis, can be measured to investigate HPA-axis activity. Previous studies on this topic concerned clinical or high risk samples. The aim of the present study was to investigate to which extent HPA-axis functioning plays a role in disruptive behaviors in pre-adolescents from the general population. One thousand seven hundred and sixty eight 10- to 12-year-olds from the Dutch general population were investigated. Disruptive behaviors were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist, the Youth Self-Report, and the Antisocial Behavior Questionnaire. Baseline morning and evening salivary cortisol levels were assessed. Unexpectedly, small associations were found between disruptive behaviors, including attention problems, and higher cortisol levels. However, all effect sizes of significant effects were very small. Our study indicated that HPA-axis functioning may be more relevant in clinical or high risk samples than at the general population level. The association between HPA-axis functioning and attention problems, that has gotten less attention than that with aggressive or delinquent behaviors, requires further research. Furthermore, because effect sizes were relatively small, it can be concluded that, in pre-adolescence, the measures of baseline HPA-axis functioning that were used for the present study can not be used as biological markers for disruptive behaviors.

Adolescent↗