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PubMed1992

Manpower options in a small labour-importing state: the influence of ethnic composition on Kuwait's development.

Trends in the ethnic composition of the Kuwaiti labor force during recent years are discussed, and the effects on the country's development are assessed. The focus is on the likely shift since the Gulf War toward importing cheaper Asian labor. "The purpose of this paper is to assess whether this is a realistic alternative towards reducing the overall cost of the expatriate labour force. Which areas of the economy would be most promising in this regard? What are the economic costs? The implicit assumption throughout the analysis...is that the country will quickly restore its economy to the structure existing at the time of the invasion." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Asia↗
PubMed1993

The politics of immigration policy in Israel.

"This article examines the policies adopted by the former Likud government--and largely continued by the present Labour-led coalition government which took office in the second half of 1992--to absorb the 400,000 new immigrants (most from the former Soviet Union) who arrived in Israel between 1989 and 1992. As part of that examination, we will critically review the major features of current absorption policies, such as the policy of 'direct absorption', the 'basket of absorption services' provided as a right to new immigrants, and immigration-related housing policies. In addition, we will explore the effects of employment policy on the new immigrant population." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Acculturation↗
PubMed1994

The impact of migration on gender roles: findings of field research in Turkey.

"This article suggests an alternative approach to unravel the impact of migration experiences on gender roles of women [in Turkey].... Analysis of the pre-migration settings of women included in this study involves an attempt to delineate background characteristics, including types of marriage and family arrangements, levels of education and work experiences outside the household in order to assess relative impact on their post-migration characteristics.... Differences among the women in terms of their exposure to migration have also been taken into account as part of their migration experiences.... The main focus of the research is changing gender roles of women rather than their emancipation." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Asia↗
PubMed1994

Facing changes and making choices: unintended Turkish immigrant settlement in Australia.

"This article considers Turkish migration and settlement in Australia from both the micro and macro levels of analysis. Migration and settlement of Turkish migrants in Melbourne is explored from the immigrants' viewpoint, including how settlement in that city has influenced their lives, both inside and outside their workplaces, over time. The article also addresses Turkish immigration to Australia within the global context of international migration. The Melbourne Turkish Migration (MTM) study was conducted by the author between 1987 and 1990." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

An optimized model for substitution of expatriate workforce in a Gulf-Council country: the Kuwaiti case.

"This article is based on data from a research project carried out during 1992-1994 to achieve a replacement mechanism and a model for the substitution of expatriate labour by Kuwaiti nationals. Since Kuwait can readily enforce its Kuwaitization policy in the public sector, the presented model aims at reducing the share of non-Kuwaitis in that sector over five years. Published data on distribution of the workforce in the public sector by nationality indicate that the non-Kuwaiti share of the total workforce is 38 per cent. The majority of [migrant] workers are unskilled or semi-skilled and engaged in production, commerce and services. Sex ratios are unbalanced and workers exhibit a high rate of literacy...." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Refugees of Turkish origin: "coerced immigrants" to Turkey since 1945.

"While several studies (in both Turkish and English) have been made on migration to the Ottoman Empire from the Caucasus and the Balkans during the nineteenth century...very little systematic and comprehensive research on migration has been undertaken on the period since the establishment of the Turkish Republic. This article, which aims to partially fill the gap, is divided into three parts: the issue of national refugees (refugees of Turkish origin) in relation to Turkey's overall refugee policy; Turkey's policy towards national refugees; and the volume and causes of refugee migration to Turkey since 1945." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Asia↗
PubMed1995

International migration and remittances to a Lebanese village.

"A number of hypotheses concerning remittances from foreign emigrants are developed and tested using questionnaire survey data from Lala, a Lebanese village. According to the theory, a rural family engages in an implicit insurance-type contract with the potential migrant because both are averse to risk.... Results from testing the hypotheses are somewhat consistent with the proposition that, after a period of adjustment, migrants do begin to remit, thereby providing their families with an insurance against the uncertainties of life in the country of origin. However, the level of remittances does not appear to depend on the potential to inherit from a family's wealth. Moreover, families do not seem to invest in their migrants so as to improve their farm lands and to undertake risky agricultural techniques. The long-term remittance commitment of migrants to their residual families suggests that migrants' altruism may be a more significant motivating factor than self-interest." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Asia↗
PubMed1994

Integration by migration?

"In terms of trade and capital flows, the Middle East is one of the least economically integrated regions of the world. The major exception is labor mobility, where intraregional migration flows are extensive. The explanation for this pattern lies in the extreme differences in factor endowments across the region and development policies adopted by both labor-importing and exporting countries. Because the obstacles to trade in goods have been greater than the obstacles to migration, labor mobility and its associated capital flows have been the most important mechanism through which the benefits of the oil windfall have been spread to the poorer states of the region. There is evidence that incomes across the Middle East have become more equal."

Africa↗
PubMed2026

Detection and phylogenetic characterization of Jingmen tick virus in Amblyomma mixtum ticks from Costa Rica.

UNLABELLED: Jingmenviruses are a group of segmented flaviviruses detected in arthropods and vertebrates that have attracted growing public health interest due to the recognition of some members as emerging human arboviral pathogens. As part of a study aimed at deciphering the virome of ticks of medical and veterinary importance in Costa Rica, we detected Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) in host-feeding Amblyomma mixtum ticks collected from horses. We assembled three complete genome segments and one partial segment from tick pools. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that JMTV from Costa Rica (JMTV Costa Rica) shares a common viral ancestor with JMTV viruses identified in ticks from the Caribbean and Latin America. Two distinct clades of Jingmenviruses were identified in the American continent, suggesting two distinct introductions: one from Europe/Asia and the other from Africa/Asia. Of note, JMTV Costa Rica falls in the same clade as viruses from Europe and Western Asia, including sequences found in humans. Our study constitutes the first detection of JMTV in Amblyomma mixtum. This tick species feeds on a wide range of hosts, including wildlife, domestic animals, and frequently parasitizes humans in Central America. Further research involving the detection of active and past infections by JMTV in humans and horses after tick bites is needed to evaluate the risk of spillover in Central America, including Costa Rica. IMPORTANCE: Jingmenviruses are flaviviruses detected in arthropods and vertebrates, reported in several countries worldwide. Some members cause disease and infections in humans; therefore, they are considered emergent human arboviruses. In Costa Rica and Central America, there is no information on tick-associated viruses or the role of ticks as putative vectors of viruses. Here, we report the first regional detection of Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) in Amblyomma mixtum ticks collected from horses. We assembled three complete and one partial viral segment from tick pools. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the JMTV detected in Costa Rica is closely related to other detections from Latin America and the Caribbean and is located in the same clade as viruses reported in humans. Additionally, we detected two separate introductions of JMTV to Latin America. To determine whether this JMTV is an emergent arbovirus locally, research on past or active infections in humans is required.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional aspects of Neandertal pedal remains.

The fossil foot remains of the Neandertals (immediate predecessors of anatomically modern humans in Europe and western Asia between about 100,000 and 35,000 to 40,000 years ago) indicate an overall pedal configuration for these prehistoric humans that was largely indistinguishable from that of modern humans. They had fully adducted halluces, longitudinal and transverse pedal arches, compact posterior tarsal regions, slight valgus deviation of the hallux, and abbreviation of the lateral toes. Their pedal remains differed from those of modern humans only in their tendency to be more robust and their relatively short proximal hallucial phalanges and associated elongated distal hallucial phalanges. The former is related to their habitual levels of physical activity, which were greater than those of modern humans, and the latter is a pleiotropic effect of a biomechanical adaptation in the pollex for strength during manipulation.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2003

Terrestrial water cycle and the impact of climate change.

The terrestrial water cycle and the impact of climate change are critical for agricultural and natural ecosystems. In this paper, we assess both by running a macro-scale water balance model under a baseline condition and 2 General Circulation Model (GCM)-based climate change scenarios. The results show that in 2021-2030, water demand will increase worldwide due to climate change. Water shortage is expected to worsen in western Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, northern and southern Africa, northeastern Australia, southwestern North America, and central South America. A significant increase in surface runoff is expected in southern Asia and a significant decrease is expected in northern South America. These changes will have implications for regional environment and socioeconomics.

Agriculture↗