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PubMedDate not supplied

Can the underlying principles of art be applied to nursing?

It is a common assumption that nursing is an art, yet the art of nursing is a term for which there is little definitional agreement and understanding. Problems surrounding the art of nursing are rooted in dilemmas connected to philosophical issues and ideas, as well as the strong value associated with science. The concept of art is embedded within many theories and distinctions, for which there is no consensus of opinion. This article reappraises the literature on the artfulness in nursing, and by examining aesthetic theories, offers a different perspective to that of considering the existence of an art of nursing as a foregone conclusion.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1992

Hospitals don't brush off the many benefits of art.

Art in a healthcare facility is more than decoration. The right kind of art can speed patients' recovery and enhance a facility's identity. However, in light of the myriad problems facing administrators today, art may be a low priority. To bridge the gap between wanting art and getting art, healthcare providers are turning to experts to help choose art and to benefactors to help finance its purchase.

Art↗
PubMed1999

Arts, health and wellbeing: a third way for health?

The principle of a Third Way is to balance the autonomous needs of the individual with the need for community. Elevating Arts into a pivotal role across the spectrum of healthcare may provide a third way. Ill health is not isolated from society. A holistic approach sees health as successful adaptation to environment; Unemployment, social exclusion and bereavement become as much health concerns as diabetes. The health perspective should widen from the narrow scientific to a broader humanistic approach: changing professional medical education; introducing arts in healthcare settings and understanding the community impact of participation in the arts. Harnessing disparate perspectives present a challenge. Professional medical education should change to bridge the gap between science and society. Evidence suggests that the healthcare settings that support and reflect the perspectives offered by Dance, Music, Literature, Museums and Galleries lead to health gain and are in the long term cost-effective. Over the last decade a number of studies and grassroots projects have demonstrated the therapeutic value of arts in treating and preventing illness, yet there is a need to fully exploit this potential; health planners should provide leadership and support. The potential for arts to inform and facilitate individual expression is enourmous and should be further explored. A third way for health requires fundamental reassessment: what is health? What is a health centre: Arts should provide a third way to a dynamic engagement between the NHS and its constituents.

Art↗
PubMed1996

[Illness in the arts of late antiquity: some aspects of a Christian iconographic programme].

Nowadays concepts of Art are quite different from those of Antiquity. For instance, the healing ex votos which were sculpted in wood and dedicated to Sequana in the IIIrd century were undoubtedly seen as crude works: today, they are considered as expressions of popular arts, just like african statues. If art is defined by an esthetic purpose, and not only pragmatic, we can see no trace of sicks in the arts of Late Antiquity. There are only some examples in christian art, where Jesus' healing miracles are illustrated. Their iconographic representation doesn't dissociate illness from healing. This fact is highly representative of a christian iconographic programme, linking illness to carnal condition and healing to salvation. So, the arts of Late Antiquity teach us almost anything about disease, but very much about the perception of it and its pastoral use.

Art↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Communicating via expressive arts: the natural medium of self-expression for hospitalized children.

The study was undertaken at a play therapy unit in a Swedish hospital. The purpose was directed toward investigating what takes place during play therapy when children were given the opportunity to use expressive arts such as clay, paint, and/or textile, and the meaning children input into their art objects. The study describes an approach to working with hospitalized children when they visited the play therapy unit. During a three-year period, hospitalized children (n=22) participated in the study. The assumption was that given the opportunity to express themselves freely by using a variety of expressive arts, children will tell what they express in their art works. It might mirror their thoughts and feelings of being hospitalized. The result of the qualitative analyzes generated the themes fear, longing, and powerlessness. The results also showed that expressive arts were a medium for communication. Expressive arts should be used as a tool to help the child express her/himself when being hospitalized.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2007

Process and meaning: nonlinear dynamics and psychology in visual art.

Creating and viewing visual art are both nonlinear experiences. Creating a work of art is an irreversible process involving increasing levels of complexity and unpredictable events. Viewing art is also creative with collective responses forming autopoietic structures that shape cultural history. Artists work largely from the chaos of the unconscious and visual art contains elements of chaos. Works of art by the author are discussed in reference to nonlinear dynamics. "Travelogues" demonstrates continued emerging interpretations and a deterministic chaos. "Advice to the Imperfect" signifies the resolution of paradox in the nonlinear tension of opposites. "Quanah" shows the nonlinear tension of opposites as an ongoing personal evolution. "The Mother of All Things" depicts seemingly separate phenomena arising from undifferentiated chaos. "Memories" refers to emotional fixations as limit cycles. "Compassionate Heart," "Wind on the Lake," and "Le Mal du Pays" are a series of works in fractal format focusing on the archetype of the mother and child. "Sameness, Depth of Mystery" addresses the illusion of hierarchy and the dynamics of symbols. In "Chasadim" the origin of worlds and the regeneration of individuals emerge through chaos. References to chaos in visual art mirror the nonlinear complexity of life.

Art↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A health hazard assessment in school arts and crafts.

Unlike the cautious attitude being exercised toward generic chemicals, an off-guard behavior is often observed toward the same chemicals once they are recognized as a "common daily item." Students and instructors of arts and crafts classes alike are often unaware of the potential risks from exposure to some of the arts and crafts materials they use due to either the false security of "common daily item" or the lack of specific knowledge of the hazardous ingredients in those products. This unawareness of potential health hazards could lead to improper handling of these materials and result in unnecessary health risk during their use. A three-year study of college arts and crafts class students indicates a high incidence of allergic reactions among attending students for exposure of less than 70 hours within a period of 7 weeks. A self-evaluation method is developed to identify and minimize these health hazards associated with arts and crafts classes. This checklist of 15 pertinent parameters covers identifiable hazardous areas and situations in arts and crafts classrooms. Record keeping and promotion of student awareness are also addressed, so that instructors and students in an arts and crafts class can more readily recognize actual or potential hazards and act to prevent them.

Art↗
PubMed1994

[Art and rehabilitation].

The therapeutic benefit of art therapy in rehabilitation differs from that of art in general in that the creative activity is viewed as a vehicle of remediation in the one case while, in the other, art is an end in itself. In the arts, being disabled may be brought to bear as a quality of the creative processes involved. In no other field have integration and equality of disabled people been realized more fully than in the artistic-cultural domain, while artistic achievements of disabled people, in turn, hold the potential for lasting impact on public awareness generally. Creation of a centre to provide professional training opportunities for persons with disabilities in the performing arts would be desirable. A national umbrella organization of groups and individuals active in the field of creativity, EUCREA-Deutschland is planning to step up its efforts in drawing attention to the importance of arts and culture for disabled people.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

ART (protein product of agouti-related transcript) as an antagonist of MC-3 and MC-4 receptors.

The mRNA encoding an agouti related protein (ART) of unknown biochemical function was previously reported to be up-regulated in the hypothalamus of two genetically obese mouse strains. We have expressed human ART as a secreted protein in COS-7 cells, and show that recombinant ART is functionally active in inhibiting the binding of a radiolabeled alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) analog to the human melanocortin-3 (MC-3) and melanocortin-4 (MC-4) receptors, while it is not a potent inhibitor of the human melanocortin-5 (MC-5) receptor. ART is an antagonist of the human MC-3 and MC-4 receptors as determined in functional assay. ART appears to be approximately 100-fold more potent than agouti with reference to the MC-3R and MC-4R binding affinity. These data suggest that ART may be a physiological regulator of feeding behavior.

Agouti-Related Protein↗
PubMed2007

Alcohol consumption, ART usage and high-risk sex among women infected with HIV.

We examine the role of alcohol consumption on sexual risk behavior among a cohort of 187 sexually active HIV-infected women (aged 18-61) in care at an urban ambulatory clinic in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Sexual risk behavior among women on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the relationship between alcohol use, ART, and behavior was also explored. One-fourth of respondents were classified as binge drinkers and the average number of drinking occasions per week ranged from none to 10-12. Approximately 60% were prescribed ART and self-reported adherence was 90%. One-third of the women reported no condom use at last vaginal sex, 62% reported inconsistent condom use for vaginal sex, and 7% had multiple male sex partners in the last month. Binge alcohol users and women on ART were significantly more likely to participate in each sexual risk outcome examined. Partner refusal of condom use was also significantly associated with binge drinking patterns. Results lend strength to the equivocal literature on the relationship between both alcohol and prescription of ART and sexual behavior. Enhanced detection of alcohol abuse, coupled with risk reduction counseling especially among women prescribed ART are important clinical practices in treating women with HIV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

ARTS: a flexible laboratory instrument control language.

A generalized computer program, ARTS (Analytical Robot Telecommunications Software), has been developed to give the research scientist more flexible control of laboratory robots and instruments. As a stand-alone program, ARTS is a complete laboratory control language. ARTS can also be an extension of other software in either a master or slave mode. As master, ARTS can call on other software to perform certain tasks. In a slave mode, ARTS can act as a sensory extension of the calling software. ARTS is a flexible laboratory control language capable of adapting to changing laboratory requirements.

Laboratories↗
PubMed2000

ART restorations and sealants placed in Chinese school children--results after three years.

OBJECTIVES: These were to assess whether ART restorations and sealants could be provided to children in a school environment in China, to assess patient acceptability of the ART approach, and to evaluate on a longitudinal basis the treatments performed. METHODS: This study was conducted in Deyang, Sichuan Province, in western China. A total of 294 ART restorations were placed in 197 children and 191 fissure sealants were placed in 140 children by five middle-level dentists in four secondary schools. Standard instruments and procedures for ART were used. The restorative material used was a high-strength glass-ionomer (Ketac-Molar, ESPE). The treatments were evaluated annually after placement by the same examiner who had not been involved in the placement of the restorations nor sealants using explorers and mouth-mirrors. At the 3-year examination an independent external examiner evaluated the restorations using USPHS criteria. RESULTS: Most of the children did not report discomfort during treatment and 92% were willing to receive ART restorations again. The cumulative 1-year and 3-year survival rates of small Class I restorations were 99% and 92% respectively. The corresponding figures for large Class I restorations were 90% and 77%. After 3 years, 72% of the sealants were either partially or completely retained. Only 2% of the sealed teeth developed fissure caries and these involved teeth where the sealants had been lost. Similar success rates were found using USPHS criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The ART approach for preventing and treating tooth decay in Chinese school children was shown to be appropriate, effective and acceptable. The 3-year survival rates of the restorations were high but were related to the size and type of the restoration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Nursing: an integration of art and science within the experience of the practitioner.

In this paper it is proposed that whilst nursing knowledge is underpinned by the philosophies of art and science they are integrated in such a way that nursing is greater than their sum and is thus a unique discipline. It begins with an exploration of the philosophies underpinning art and science, and their relationship to nursing. The discussion then moves on to examine critically the nature and development of theory in nursing with reference to art and science, the nursing knowledge thus generated and how that knowledge is learned and expressed. The paper concludes with an evaluation of how far the discipline of nursing lies within the paradigms of science and of art, and whether indeed art and science may be, to some extent, false distinctions. The authors conclude that nursing may be viewed as an integration of art and science, expressed through the practitioner's unique, yet also shared experience.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2004

Two novel types of O-glycans on the mugwort pollen allergen Art v 1 and their role in antibody binding.

Art v 1, the major allergen of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) pollen contains galactose and arabinose. As the sera of some allergic patients react with natural but not with recombinant Art v 1 produced in bacteria, the glycosylation of Art v 1 may play a role in IgE binding and human allergic reactions. Chemical and enzymatic degradation, mass spectrometry, and 800 MHz (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated the proline-rich domain to be glycosylated in two ways. We found a large hydroxyproline-linked arabinogalactan composed of a short beta1,6-galactan core, which is substituted by a variable number (5-28) of alpha-arabinofuranose residues, which form branched side chains with 5-, 2,5-, 3,5-, and 2,3,5-substituted arabinoses. Thus, the design of the Art v 1 polysaccharide differs from that of the well known type II arabinogalactans, and we suggest it be named type III arabinogalactan. The other type of glycosylation was formed by single (but adjacent) beta-arabinofuranoses linked to hydroxyproline. In contrast to the arabinosylation of Ser-Hyp(4) motifs in other hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, such as extensins or solanaceous lectins, no oligo-arabinosides were found in Art v 1. Art v 1 and parts thereof produced by alkaline degradation, chemical deglycosylation, proteolytic degradation, and/or digestion with alpha-arabinofuranosidase were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot experiments with rabbit serum and with the sera of patients. Although we could not observe antibody binding by the polysaccharide, the single hydroxyproline-linked beta-arabinose residues appeared to react with the antibodies. Mono-beta-arabinosylated hydroxyproline residues thus constitute a new, potentially cross-reactive, carbohydrate determinant in plant proteins.

Allergens↗
PubMed2004

The reverse transcriptase (RT) mutation V118I is associated with virologic failure on abacavir-based antiretroviral treatment (ART) in HIV-1 infection.

Antiviral efficacy and serum lipids were investigated following a switch from long-term successful protease inhibitor based antiretroviral treatment (PI-ART) to abacavir-based ART in 29 patients who have been followed for 28 months thereafter. Virologic failure occurred within 3 months in 21% (6/29) of the patients, and abacavir hypersensitivity in 1 individual. The remaining 22 patients continue to have HIV RNA < 50 copies/ml after 28 months with a CD4 increase from 605 +/- 265 x 10(6)/l to 798 +/- 366 x 10(6)/l (p < 0.001). All virologic failing patients had been on long-term unsuccessful nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) therapy before PI-ART as compared to 32% (7/22) of the virologic non-failing patients (p < 0.01). The viral strains from the virologic failing patients harboured 3-6 reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations, including the V118I mutation in 5/6 cases prior to PI-ART or at viral rebound. Only the V118I RT mutation was statistically more common among virologic failing than non-failing NRTI pretreated patients (p < 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis for viral failure resulted in a model with only the V118I RT mutation entering the model (p < 0.01). The LDL cholesterol and triglyceride values decreased and the HDL cholesterol increased after the switch to abacavir-based ART (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, viral failure was associated with prior mono- or dual-NRTI treatment and the occurrence of the V1181 RT mutation, persisting despite long term viral control. The selection process for patients suitable for treatment simplification to abacavir-based ART should contain a detailed antiretroviral treatment history.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

ART adherence, demographic variables and CD4 outcome among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Chennai, India.

This is an analysis of available chart data recorded by HIV counselors and physicians on patient adherence and CD4 count in 304 patients with HIV who were prescribed antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Chennai, India. HIV counselors had categorized the majority of patients' adherence as 'regular' (74.3%), with a significant minority being categorized as 'irregular' (17.8%), or 'recently missed some doses' (6.9%). Those categorized as 'irregular' had significantly lower CD4 counts than those classified as 'regular'. Adherence was not associated with any demographic variable; however, it was associated with current CD4 and with change in CD4 since initiation of ART. This association was significant over and above the effects of time on ART. The most common reason for non-adherence was cost (32%), followed by the inability to return for a refill (i.e., patients who were unable or refused to obtain medicines elsewhere) (7.5%). These data suggest that although most patients in this Indian cohort reported regular adherence to ART, a subset admitted to less than regular adherence to ART, and those who admitted to less than regular adherence had worse CD4 outcomes. These data do not support concerns about adherence as a reason to withhold ART in developing countries, nor do they support claims that patients in India who struggle with adherence would be unwilling or unable to admit to non-adherence to health care professionals.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Art v 1, the major allergen of mugwort pollen, is a modular glycoprotein with a defensin-like and a hydroxyproline-rich domain.

In late summer, pollen grains originating from Compositae weeds (e.g., mugwort, ragweed) are a major source of allergens worldwide. Here, we report the isolation of a cDNA clone coding for Art v 1, the major allergen of mugwort pollen. Sequence analysis showed that Art v 1 is a secreted allergen with an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain homologous to plant defensins and a C-terminal proline-rich region containing several (Ser/Ala)(Pro)2-4 repeats. Structural analysis showed that some of the proline residues in the C-terminal domain of Art v 1 are posttranslationally modified by hydroxylation and O-glycosylation. The O-glycans are composed of 3 galactoses and 9-16 arabinoses linked to a hydroxyproline and represent a new type of plant O-glycan. A 3-D structural model of Art v 1 was generated showing a characteristic "head and tail" structure. Evaluation of the antibody binding properties of natural and recombinant Art v 1 produced in Escherichia coli revealed the involvement of the defensin fold and posttranslational modifications in the formation of epitopes recognized by IgE antibodies from allergic patients. However, posttranslational modifications did not influence T-cell recognition. Thus, recombinant nonglycosylated Art v 1 is a good starting template for engineering hypoallergenic vaccines for weed-pollen therapy.

Allergens↗
PubMed1990

Differential effects of interleukin 2 receptor-targeted therapy on heart and kidney allografts in rats. Depression of effectiveness of ART-18 monoclonal antibody treatment by uremia.

ART-18, a mouse antirat IL-2R mAb inhibits IL-2 binding and IL-2-dependent T cell growth. Although both (LEW x BN)F1 kidney and heart allografts survive ca. 3 weeks in ART-18-treated LEW rats (acute rejection occurs within 10 days, P less than 0.001), the host responses against the two organs vary. In the heart model, the splenic CD4:CD8 ratio as determined by FMF was similar both in untreated and treated animals, but decreased significantly in kidney recipients conditioned with ART-18. In both mAb-modulated animal groups, splenocytes inhibited test MLR and prolonged test cardiac allograft survival in a donor-specific fashion upon adoptive transfer, suggesting that ART-18 mediates "sparing" of Ts. However, both CD4+ and CD8+ cells from kidney-grafted hosts conferred suppression in vivo; only the CD8+ subset was effective in the heart model. Immunohistologically, IL-2R+ cells were absent in the heart grafts of treated hosts; a significant proportion of the kidney cell infiltrate remained IL-2R+ despite continuous mAb administration. Although ART-18 therapy prolonged renal graft survival significantly, function was poor and the rats remained uremic. However, when one of the native kidneys was retained and the rat continued to enjoy normal renal function, IL-2R+ cells were abolished from the graft infiltrate, as shown by FMF and immunohistology. Thus, ART-18 treatment influences host responses differentially against kidney and heart allografts (modulation and depletion of IL-2R+ cells, respectively) despite increasing their survival comparably. The uremic state in the kidney model prevents elimination of infiltrating IL-2R+ mononuclear cells by a mAb directed specifically against them.

Animals↗