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PubMed1999

Characterization of the antiseptic-resistance gene qacE delta 1 isolated from clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae non-O1.

The nucleotide sequence and mechanism of action were examined on the antiseptic-resistance gene qacE delta 1 that had been isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae non-O1. The nucleotide sequences of qacE delta 1 genes isolated from environmental isolates of V. cholerae non-O1 and V. parahaemolyticus differed by one base from that of the gene from P. aeruginosa. Escherichia coli C600 that harbored qacE delta 1 genes from several strains of Vibrio spp. exhibited low-level resistance to intercalating dyes. The resistance of E. coli cells with these genes to intercalating dyes, such as ethidium bromide, was mediated by an efflux system. Moreover, the activity of QacE delta 1 was inhibited in the presence of calcium channel blockers but not of calmodulin inhibitors. These results indicate that the qacE delta 1 gene can be function in E. coli and that the gene mediates resistance in a similar manner to the antiseptic-resistance gene smr.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1980

Biological evaluation of root canal antiseptics using in vitro and in vivo methods.

Five antiseptics commonly used in endodontic treatment were evaluated with regard to cytotoxicity and initial tissue irritating effect. The cytotoxicity was evaluated in a cell culture system using HeLa cells and the initial tissue irritating effect was assessed by application of the antiseptics onto an intact nonepithelialized tissue surface. The cell response was assessed by registering changes in the DNA synthesis of the cells and the tissue response was assessed by registering changes in the oxidoreductase enzyme activity of the tissue. To evaluate the ability of the cells and the tissue to overcome an induced damage, one part of the study included a recovery period before the condition of the cells and the tissue was assessed. The most severe cell and tissue reactions were caused by 5% Chloramine-T whereas no differences in toxicity or tissue irritating effect were found between 0.04% Jodopax, 0.1% Biosept, 0.1% Hibitane, or 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. The HeLa cells showed the best recovery after having been influenced by Jodopax, Chloramine-T or sodium hypochlorite solutions, whereas the best tissue recovery was observed in the experiments with Biosept and Hibitane.

Acetrizoic Acid↗
PubMed1985

Comparative antibacterial effectiveness of seven hand antiseptics.

Seven hand antiseptics (alcohol-, iodophor- and chlorhexidine preparations) were compared for antibacterial effectiveness using finger-print contact sampling on blood agar in duplicate series with 18 students as test persons. Bacterial samples were obtained before and after handwashing (with unmedicated liquid soap) as well as after hand disinfection. Hibiscrub was tested without prewashing. The antiseptics were rubbed into the skin and the hands left uncontaminated for 2 min before sampling. Due to results showing unexpectedly low antibacterial effectiveness of 70% (v/v) ethanol, a series of supplementary experiments with ethanol (70% (v/v) and 80% (v/v] and isopropanol (60% (v/v] were performed with 10 laboratory staff-members. These experiments confirmed the previously demonstrated weak antibacterial effect of 70% (v/v) ethanol on the normal hand flora. Alcoholic chlorhexidine solutions and Hibiscrub were the only preparations that gave significant, mean reductions (97.9-99.9% and 80.3-93.4%, respectively) in the number of colony forming units. According to the present study, these are the only test preparations that can be recommended for presurgical hand disinfection, and when hand disinfection is needed in general dental practice.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1988

Susceptibilities to antibiotics and antiseptics of new species of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

One hundred and sixty-nine strains of new species of the family Enterobacteriaceae, isolated mainly from the environment, were tested to determine their susceptibilities to 13 antibiotics and 4 antiseptics or disinfectants. All the species were susceptible to aminoglycosides, doxycycline, and trimethoprim but were resistant to chloramphenicol. Susceptibility to beta-lactams varied more among the strains. However, all the strains were cefotaxime susceptible, apart from some Buttiauxella agrestis strains for which MICs were greater than 256 micrograms/ml. The antiseptic MBCs were similar to those published elsewhere for species of the Enterobacteriaceae of clinical origin. No resistance to chlorhexidine was observed. On the other hand, the environmental strains presented a greater resistance to active chlorine than did the reference strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

Analysis of three variables in sampling solutions used to assay bacteria of hands: type of solution, use of antiseptic neutralizers, and solution temperature.

Tests were performed using the sterile bag technique to determine the effects of type of sampling solution, use of antiseptic neutralizers, and solution temperature on the detection and quantitation of bacteria on hands. Using paired hand cultures, three sampling solutions were compared: quarter-strength Ringer solution, a phosphate buffer containing Triton X-100, and the same buffer containing antiseptic neutralizers. The phosphate buffer containing Triton X-100 was significantly better than quarter-strength Ringer solution in mean bacterial yield; the neutralizer-containing sampling solution was slightly better than Triton X-100-containing solution, although differences were not significant at the P = 0.05 level. Temperature (6 or 23 degrees C) of the sampling solution showed no consistent effect on bacterial yield from hands tested with the fluid containing neutralizers.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Bactericidal activity of antiseptics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Various commonly used antiseptics were tested against three strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at stock strength and in serial 10-fold dilutions. The stock solutions of 4% chlorhexidine gluconate-alcohol (Hibiclens), 1% p-chloro-m-xylenol (Acute-Kare), and 3% hexachlorophene (Phisohex) produced 2-log reductions of MRSA after a 15-s exposure, but even after 240 s, these solutions failed to kill all the MRSA. Povidone-iodine (Betadine) solution was maximally effective at the 1:100 dilution, killing all the MRSA within 15 s; other dilutions were less effective, though each killed the MRSA within 120 s. Similar results were obtained with three different strains of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Thus, of the four most commonly used antiseptics, povidone-iodine, when diluted 1:100, was the most rapidly bactericidal against both MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2005

Acute irritant reaction to an antiseptic bath emollient.

Antiseptic bath emollients are commonly prescribed for treatment of eczema and are generally safe for frequent application. Although acute irritant reactions are uncommon it is nevertheless recognised and could have significant morbidity. This case describes a young male patient who developed an acute irritant reaction localised to the external genitalia, mimicking Fournier's gangrene, after overnight application of Oilatum Plus antiseptic bath emollients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Safety of ozonated solution as an antiseptic of the ocular surface prior to ophthalmic surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety of an ozonated solution as an antiseptic of the ocular surface prior to ophthalmic surgery. METHODS: In experiment 1, a primary culture of rabbit corneal epithelium was established. Then, 0, 4 and 10 ppm ozonated solution and 1.25% povidone-iodine, respectively, were applied to confluent cells on collagen-coated filter inserts (Millicell-CM) for 10 min followed by replacement with fresh medium. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), which is a good indicator of cell barrier function, was sequentially measured for 30 min. In experiment 2, adult pigmented rabbit eyes were washed with 20 ml of 4 ppm ozonated solution, 1.25% povidone-iodine solution or saline. Slitlamp examinations were performed before and after washing. RESULTS: In experiment 1, 4 ppm ozonated solution did not change the TER as compared with the control. 10 ppm ozonated solution and 1.25% povidone-iodine similarly reduced the TER values significantly as compared with those of the control and 4 ppm ozonated solution. In experiment 2, 4 ppm ozonated solution and saline showed mild superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) in 8.3% of eyes. However, 1.25% povidone-iodine resulted in mild SPK in 17% of eyes and moderate SPK in 25% of eyes. The prevalence of SPK between two groups was significantly different (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Ozonated solution may be safe and a useful antiseptic of the ocular surface prior to ophthalmic surgery.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

What is the evidence for tissue regeneration impairment when using a formulation of PVP-I antiseptic on open wounds?

Wound care and the use of antiseptics has long been the subject of much debate within the health professional's literature. This study was undertaken to determine the range of literature available on povidone-iodine (PVP-I) antiseptic use and the evidence supporting the outcomes reported. A range of articles was collected and divided into subgroups based on hierarchy of evidence and the five evidence dimensions [1]. Using the READER scoring tool, articles were evaluated and given a numerical award between 4 and 25 as a determinant of their quality in method, statistical analysis and outcome measures, with those scoring 12.5 or higher (from a possible 25) deemed as offering a satisfactory level of evidence. Statistical analysis on the results prior to applying the READER scoring tool found that overall 49% of articles did not support PVP-I use. However, this situation changed when the quality of evidence was limited to articles scoring >12.5. The higher-scored articles showed a 71% support for the continued use of PVP-I. The outcome of this study shows that there is reason for further debate over the use of PVP-I.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2006

Comparative study of in vitro cytotoxicity of povidone-iodine in solution, in ointment or in a liposomal formulation (Repithel) and selected antiseptics.

The cytotoxicity of povidone-iodine in Repithel, Betaisodona ointment and Betaisodona solution was investigated using CHO-K1 cells. To estimate the vitality of test cells after 30 min contact time using vital dye neutral red, the following IC(50) were determined: 16-18% Repithel, 8-9% Betaisodona ointment and 1.8-2% Betaisodona solution; using MTT for detecting vitality, the IC(50) were: 5-10% Repithel, 1.3-2.5% Betaisodona ointment and 0.6-1.3% Betaisodona solution. Therefore, the first attack of the antiseptic agent iodine to mammalian cells is carried out on enzymes, perhaps by oxidation, followed by membrane attack. Murine fibroblasts were used to compare the cytotoxic impact of povidone-iodine with those of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHex), octenidine dihydrochloride (Oct) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). On the base of molecular concentration, povidone-iodine is more than 20 times better tolerated by L929 cells than CHex, Oct or PHMB. Moreover, after 30 min contact of L929 cells with povidone-iodine, there is a temporarily cytotoxic reaction, which leads after 24 h culture to an unexpected revitalisation of murine fibroblasts. This phenomenon was not detected using CHex, Oct or PHMB. Povidone-iodine seems to be the most tolerated antiseptic in comparison with CHex, Oct or PHMB.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

Antiseptic efficacy of disinfecting solutions in suspension test in vitro against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli in pressure sore wounds after spinal cord injury.

In pressure sore wounds after spinal cord injury, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus can be detected in 2% of the cases. The elimination of the germ is the aim of the treatment. Pressure sore wounds are an often found complication after spinal cord injury. For local treatment five commercially available antiseptics for the skin and mucous membrane were tested in vitro. The method used is a modified qualitative and quantitative suspension test. The antiseptics were tested without and with addition of 5% albumin in order to simulate the conditions of the wound in vivo. The results show a superior efficacy of the povidone-iodine preparations. Betadine, probably due to the higher concentration, is more efficacious than Braunol; chlorhexidine is sufficiently efficacious without the addition of albumin. These results still have to be confirmed by in vivo studies.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1978

Effects of an antiseptic mouthwash on odorigenic microbes in the human gingival crevice.

Odorigenic gram-negative anaerobes in human gingival crevices were significantly decreased for up to 120 minutes after rinsing with an antiseptic mouthwash. This observation parallels clinical measurements of the antiseptic effect on oral malodor and suggests that its odor-decreasing properties are related to its antimicrobial action in the mouth.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Genomic detection of Panton-Valentine Leucocidins encoding genes, virulence factors and distribution of antiseptic resistance determinants among Methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates from patients attending regional referral hospitals in Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a formidable public scourge causing worldwide mild to severe life-threatening infections. The ability of this strain to swiftly spread, evolve, and acquire resistance genes and virulence factors such as pvl genes has further rendered this strain difficult to treat. Of concern, is a recently recognized ability to resist antiseptic/disinfectant agents used as an essential part of treatment and infection control practices. This study aimed at detecting the presence of pvl genes and determining the distribution of antiseptic resistance genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates through whole genome sequencing technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted across six regional referral hospitals-Dodoma, Songea, Kitete-Kigoma, Morogoro, and Tabora on the mainland, and Mnazi Mmoja from Zanzibar islands counterparts using the archived isolates of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The isolates were collected from Inpatients and Outpatients who attended these hospitals from January 2020 to Dec 2021. Bacterial analysis was carried out using classical microbiological techniques and whole genome sequencing (WGS) using the Illumina Nextseq 550 sequencer platform. Several bioinformatic tools were used, KmerFinder 3.2 was used for species identification, MLST 2.0 tool was used for Multilocus Sequence Typing and SCCmecFinder 1.2 was used for SCCmec typing. Virulence genes were detected using virulenceFinder 2.0, while resistance genes were detected by ResFinder 4.1, and phylogenetic relatedness was determined by CSI Phylogeny 1.4 tools. RESULTS: Out of the 80 MRSA isolates analyzed, 11 (14%) were found to harbor LukS-PV and LukF-PV, pvl-encoding genes in their genome; therefore pvl-positive MRSA. The majority (82%) of the MRSA isolates bearing pvl genes were also found to exhibit the antiseptic/disinfectant genes in their genome. Moreover, all (80) sequenced MRSA isolates were found to harbor SCCmec type IV subtype 2B&5. The isolates exhibited 4 different sequence types, ST8, ST88, ST789 and ST121. Notably, the predominant sequence type among the isolates was ST8 72 (90%). CONCLUSION: The notably high rate of antiseptic resistance particularly in the Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains poses a significant challenge to infection control measures. The fact that some of these virulent strains harbor the LukS-PV and LukF-PV, the pvl encoding genes, highlight the importance of developing effective interventions to combat the spreading of these pathogenic bacterial strains. Certainly, strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance and stewardship will ultimately reduce the selection pressure, improve the patient's treatment outcome and public health in Tanzania.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus↗
PubMed2005

Central venous catheter colonization in critically ill patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled study comparing standard with two antiseptic-impregnated catheters.

In this prospective, randomized, controlled, unblinded study, we compared colonization rates of a standard, unimpregnated central venous catheter (CVC) with rates for silver-coated and chlorhexidine-silversulfadiazine (CH-SS)-impregnated CVC. Patient characteristics, CVC insertion site, indwelling time, and colonization detected by semiquantitative and quantitative microbiologic techniques were documented. Two-hundred-seventy-five critically ill patients were included into the study protocol. One-hundred-sixty standard, 160 silver (S)-coated, and 165 externally impregnated CH-SS CVC were inserted. There was a significant difference in CVC colonization rates among study groups (P = 0.029). There was no difference in the colonization rate and the colonization per 1000 catheter days between standard and S-coated (P = 0.564; P = 0.24) or CH-SS-coated CVC (P= 0.795; P = 0.639). When comparing antiseptic CVC with each other, colonization rates were significantly less with CH-SS-impregnated than with S-coated CVC (16.9% versus 7.3%; P = 0.01; 18.2 versus 7.5 of 1000 catheter days; P = 0.003; relative risk, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-0.85). Whereas standard and S-coated CVC were first colonized 2 and 3 days after insertion, respectively, CH-SS CVC were first colonized only after 7 days. In conclusion, antiseptic-impregnated CVC could not prevent catheter colonization when compared with standard polyurethane catheters in a critical care setting with infrequent catheter colonization rates and CVC left in place for >10 days.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Microbial contamination of antiseptic-soaked cotton balls.

We investigated microbial contamination of in-use antiseptics at a hospital. No microbial contamination was observed in 70 samples of 0.02% benzalkonium chloride solution (500-ml volume), 70 samples of 1% titratable I2 povidone-iodine solution (250-ml volume), or 15 samples of 0.1% ethacridine lactate solution (500-ml volume) during use in reduced amounts. Nor was any microbial contamination observed in 70 samples of cotton balls soaked in 1% titratable I2 povidone-iodine solution in canisters or cotton gauze soaked in 70% (w/v) ethanol solution in canisters. However, among 70 samples of cotton balls soaked in 0.02% benzalkonium chloride solution in canisters, 6 (8.6%) were contaminated with 10(4) to 10(6) viable cells/ml. The microbial species detected were glucose non-fermentative bacilli such as Alcaligenes xylosoxidans and Pseudomonas putida. The contaminants obtained from cotton balls soaked in 0.02% benzalkonium chloride solution did not proliferate in that solution or in distilled water but showed rapid growth in the cotton balls soaked in either of these liquids. These findings suggested that benzalkonium chloride solution tends to become contaminated when cotton balls are immersed. Therefore, cotton balls soaked in benzalkonium chloride solution are not recommended as an antiseptic. When no other choice is available, the cotton balls should be soaked in benzalkonium chloride solution at the time of usage.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed2003

Povidone-iodine as a topical antiseptic for treating and preventing wound infection: a literature review.

With the proliferation of antibiotic and antiseptic resistant strains of bacteria around the world, attention is increasingly being focused on more 'traditional' methods of combating and preventing wound infections. This article examines the research literature pertaining to the use of povidone-iodine, a form of iodine commonly used for skin cleansing, as a prophylaxis or treatment for wound infection. The literature is discussed as it relates to the ideal characteristics of an antiseptic for use on wounds proposed by König et al (1997) and Liptak (1997). On the basis of available research, it appears that povidone-iodine should be promoted by nurses and other healthcare professionals involved in wound care as a means of preventing and treating infection in a range of acute and chronic wounds.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1999

Decreasing catheter colonization through the use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter: a continuous quality improvement project.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of an antiseptic-impregnated (chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine) catheter for the prevention of catheter colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI). Then, based on these findings, to implement changes in hospital policy and to assess their effect on a hospital service. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled (phase I); prospective, concurrent data collection (phase II). SETTING: Tertiary referral hospital with level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS: Patients > 12 years of age with central venous catheters placed while they were in the emergency room, neurotrauma ICU, or medical/surgical ICU from May through December, 1995 (phase I). All patients > 12 years of age on the trauma service admitted from November 16, 1996, through November 15, 1997 (phase II). INTERVENTIONS: Randomization table determined whether the patient would receive an antiseptic-impregnated catheter (AIC) or nonimpregnated catheter (NIC) (phase I). All removed or exchanged catheters were sent for semiquantitative culture. In phase II, only AICs were used; "length of time" and "fever" were discouraged as reasons for catheter exchange or removal; and only the tip was sent for culture. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: In phase I, there were 139 catheters placed in 60 patients in the NIC group and 98 catheters placed in 55 patients in the AIC group. Two catheters (2.0/100 catheters) in the AIC group were found to be colonized, compared with 25 (18.0/100 catheters) in the NIC group (p = 0.001). The catheter colonization rates were 2.27/1,000 catheter days (AIC) and 24.68/1,000 catheter days (NIC) (p < 0.001), while the CR-BSI rates were 1.14/1,000 catheter days (AIC) and 3.9.5/1,000 catheter days (NIC) (p = 0.31). The reason for each catheter removal/exchange was noted, and only "positive blood culture" was statistically significant overall. The tip segment was found to be positive more often than the intracutaneous segment. In phase II, there were 213 AICs placed in 101 patients. The colonization rate was 3.8/100 catheters (4.52/1,000 catheter days), and CR-BSI rate was 1.0/100 catheters (0.6/1,000 catheter days). The colonization rate for catheters left in place remained low for catheters left in place < 14 days (1.6/100 catheters). Only 11% of catheters were exchanged/removed for reason of "fever," as compared with 23% in phase I. CONCLUSIONS: AICs significantly reduce the rate of central venous catheter colonization. In addition, the apparent protective effects of the catheter over time permit less frequent exchanges or removals of the catheters, decreasing both patient risk and hospital cost.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Increased susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus colonization of the skin of the NOA mouse: a potentially useful animal model for evaluating antiseptic effects.

Isolation of bacteria from wet skin lesions was attempted using Naruto Research Institute Otsuka Atrichia (NOA) mice, which develop such lesions spontaneously at a high rate. As a result, Staphylococcus aureus was demonstrated to have colonized the wet skin lesions at high density. In addition, the isolated S. aureus was found to be similar to the strain of S. aureus thought to colonize the eczematous lesions seen in humans with atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, a survey of the S. aureus colonization status of NOA mice with no wet skin lesions confirmed colonization at higher density than in HR-1 mice as control, indicating that the skin of the NOA mouse has the novel characteristic of increased susceptibility to S. aureus colonization. Thus, by using changes in S. aureus counts as an index, the NOA mouse can be expected to serve as a useful animal model for evaluating the effects of topical antiseptics. The antiseptic effects of an ointment and a lotion containing chlorhexidine gluconate were confirmed using this animal model.

Administration, Topical↗