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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

The effects of practice on limb kinematics in a throwing task.

The effect of practice on limb kinematics in a dart-throwing task was examined to test three current hypotheses regarding limb control: trajectory formation; end-point control; and coordinated joint-space control. Practice was given to both the relatively well-practiced dominant ant the relatively unpracticed nondominant limbs of 5 male subjects to permit analysis of the early phase of coordination acquisition. The nondominant limb demonstrated high absolute joint cross-correlations with high variability throughout practice and consistency in the hand trajectory. The dominant limb exhibit a significant decrease in wrist-elbow and wrist-shoulder cross-correlations over practice while also maintaining a consistent hand trajectory and significantly higher scoring performance. The findings demonstrate that practice effects can be seen in both coordination mode and variability of various parameters of limb motion, but the changing relationship between the variables suggests that control cannot be ascribed to any one of the three hypotheses advanced. It is proposed that the observed invariance or variance in limb trajectories, end-point control, and coordinated joint angles are a reflection of more global parameters emerging from the flow field properties of the organism, environment, and task interaction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Optimal trajectory for the basketball free throw.

Using a theoretical approach, we studied the basketball free throw as a function of angle, speed and spin at release. The ball was constrained to the sagittal plane bisecting the hoop and normal to the backboard, and was permitted to bounce and change spin on both backboard and hoop. Combinations of angle, speed and spin resulting in a successful shot were calculated analytically. Standard deviations for a shooter's angle and speed were used to predict the optimal trajectory for a specific position of release. An optimal trajectory was predicted which had an initial angle and speed of approximately 60 degrees and 7.3 m s(-1) respectively over the domain of spins (-2 to +2 m s(-1) surface speed; -16 to +16 rad s[1]). The effect of air resistance and the sagittal plane constraint on the predicted optimal trajectory were discussed and quantified. The optimal trajectory depended on both the anthropometric characteristics and accuracy of the shooter, but generally a high backspin with an angle and speed combination which sent the ball closer to the far rim of the basket than the near rim was advantageous. We provide recommendations for shooters as a function of the height of ball release.

Basketball↗
PubMed1998

Changes in throwing by older adults: a longitudinal investigation.

This investigation examined change in a motor pattern requiring multisegmented coordination in older adults. The overarm throw was observed longitudinally in 8 elderly individuals over 7 years. Data were evaluated using Roberton's (Roberton & Halverson, 1984) movement components. Contrasting the assumed pattern of aging, only small declines in movement form were observed. Individual cases revealed additional, noncategorizable declines within component categories, including slower movement speed and decreased range of motion. Increased trial-to-trial variability also was associated with change. These changes suggested that elderly participants coordinated their movements in a manner similar to younger participants but controlled them differently. The small changes observed in this investigation suggest that performance, at least for some skills, is more stable than traditionally assumed.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Individual pathways in the development of forceful throwing.

Halverson, Roberton, and Langendorfer (1982) reported the development of children ages 6-13 years filmed longitudinally performing the forceful overarm throw. These authors described the children's progress through developmental sequences for trunk, humerus, and forearm actions; however, they did not study developmental relationships ("profiles") across these components. This paper reports how the profiles changed in the same children across trials within filming sessions and over time. The data revealed both common and individual developmental pathways. The frequencies of some pathways were not chance occurrences (p < or = .01), suggesting that within-person constraints eliminated certain movement relationships while encouraging others. The authors hypothesize that the kinematics of trunk rotation may serve as a control parameter for pattern change.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

Throwing while looking through prisms. I. Focal olivocerebellar lesions impair adaptation.

Normal human subjects and patients with lesions of the olivocerebellar system threw balls of clay at a visual target while wearing wedge prism spectacles. Normal subjects initially threw in the direction of prism-bent gaze, but with repeated throws adapted to hit the target. Patients with generalized cerebellar atrophy, inferior olive hypertrophy, or focal infarcts in the distribution of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, in the ipsilateral inferior peduncle, in the contralateral basal pons or in the ipsilateral middle cerebellar peduncle had impaired or absent prism adaptation. Patients with infarcts in the distribution of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery usually had impaired or absent adaptation but little or no ataxia. By contrast, patients with damage in the distribution of the superior cerebellar artery or in cerebellar thalamus usually had ataxia but preserved adaptation. These results implicate climbing fibres from the contralateral inferior olive via the ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle, mossy fibres from the contralateral pontocerebellar nuclei via the ipsilateral middle cerebellar peduncle, and posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory cortex as being critical for this adaptation. The dentatothalamic projection and the superior cerebellar artery territory cortex are not necessary for this adaptation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Applications of electromyography in the throwing shoulder.

In the complex movement that makes up the baseball pitch, shoulder motion is a single link in an orderly chain of events. It can be argued, though, that herein lies the weakest link and by far the most commonly affected cog in the spectrum of overuse injuries in pitchers. Just why the shoulder receives the brunt of the stress has been the subject of numerous studies in the past several years. The tools of choice in many of these articles have been electromyography and high speed photography which have enabled researchers to study dynamically the phases of the pitch and the sequential firing of the muscles involved. With this information and the knowledge gained from studies looking at muscle activity during specific exercises, the clinician should be able to tailor a rehabilitation program that meets the needs of his or her patient. What has been learned from these articles as applied to the biomechanics of the pitch and the rehabilitation of the athlete who throws and the limitations of this form of study need to be clarified.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1999

Discus throwing performances and medical classification of wheelchair athletes.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify those kinematic characteristics that are most closely related to the medical classification and measured distance of a throw. METHODS: Two S-VHS camcorders (60 fields x s(-1) were used to record the performance of 14 males of different classes. Each subject performed 10 trials and the best two trials from each subject were selected for analysis. Three-dimensional kinematics of the discus and upper body segments at the instant of release and the range of motion and average angular speed of different segments during the final forward swing were determined. RESULTS: The speeds of the discus at release, ranging from 9.9 to 17.2 m x s(-1), were smaller than those exhibited by elite male able-bodied throwers. However, the angles of release, ranging from 24.6 to 41.4 degrees, were comparable with those observed in able-bodied throwers. Of the segmental kinematic parameters, (a) the inclination and angular speed of the upper arm at release; (b) the ranges of motion of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, and forearm during the forward swing; and (c) the average angular speed of the shoulder girdle during the forward swing were significantly correlated to both the classification and measured distance. The inclinations of different segments at the instant of release suggested that athletes with high level of spinal cord injury emphasized the elbow flexion to compensate for the deficiency in shoulder girdle movement. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the speed of the discus at release, the shoulder girdle movement during the forward swing is an important determinant of classification and measured distance.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2002

Human balancing of an inverted pendulum: position control by small, ballistic-like, throw and catch movements.

In standing, there are small sways of the body. Our interest is to use an artificial task to illuminate the mechanisms underlying the sways and to account for changes in their size. Using the ankle musculature, subjects balanced a large inverted pendulum. The equilibrium of the pendulum is unstable and quasi-regular sway was observed like that in quiet standing. By giving full attention to minimising sway subjects could systematically reduce pendulum movement. The pendulum position, the torque generated at each ankle and the soleus and tibialis anterior EMGs were recorded. Explanations about how the human inverted pendulum is balanced usually ignore the fact that balance is maintained over a range of angles and not just at one angle. Any resting equilibrium position of the pendulum is unstable and in practice temporary; movement to a different resting equilibrium position can only be accomplished by a biphasic 'throw and catch' pattern of torque and not by an elastic mechanism. Results showed that balance was achieved by the constant repetition of a neurally generated ballistic-like biphasic pattern of torque which can control both position and sway size. A decomposition technique revealed that there was a substantial contribution to changes in torque from intrinsic mechanical ankle stiffness; however, by itself this was insufficient to maintain balance or to control position. Minimisation of sway size was caused by improvement in the accuracy of the anticipatory torque impulses. We hypothesise that examination of centre of mass and centre of pressure data for quiet standing will duplicate these results.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Iris dialysis and retinal dialysis caused by coin throwing.

A 13-year old boy was hit in the right eye by a coin that was thrown at him. He presented to the accident and emergency (A&E) department with an oblique corneal abrasion, microscopic hyphaema, iris-ciliary body dialysis, commotio retinae with retinal haemorrhages and a large retinal dialysis. The limited amount of available data in the medical literature suggests that eye injuries as a result of coin throwing are serious and should always be referred to an ophthalmologist for evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ligamentous restraints to external rotation of the humerus in the late-cocking phase of throwing. A cadaveric biomechanical investigation.

The late-cocking phase of throwing is characterized by extreme external rotation of the abducted arm; repeated stress in this position is a potential source of glenohumeral joint laxity. To determine the ligamentous restraints for external rotation in this position, 20 cadaver shoulders (mean age, 65 +/- 16 years) were dissected, leaving the rotator cuff tendons, coracoacromial ligament, glenohumeral capsule and ligaments, and coracohumeral ligament intact. The combined superior and middle glenohumeral ligaments, anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament, and the entire inferior glenohumeral ligament were marked with sutures during arthroscopy. Specimens were mounted in a testing apparatus to simulate the late-cocking position. Forces of 22 N were applied to each of the rotator cuff tendons. An external rotation torque (0.06 N x m/sec to a peak of 3.4 N x m) was applied to the humerus of each specimen with the capsule intact and again after a single randomly chosen ligament was cut (N = 5 in each group). Cutting the entire inferior glenohumeral ligament resulted in the greatest increase in external rotation (10.2 degrees +/- 4.9 degrees). This was not significantly different from sectioning the coracohumeral ligament (8.6 degrees +/- 7.3 degrees). The anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (2.7 degrees +/- 1.5 degrees) and the superior and middle glenohumeral ligaments (0.7 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees) were significantly less important in limiting external rotation.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Injuries to the shoulder in the throwing athlete. Part one: Biomechanics/pathophysiology/classification of injury.

Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in the study and understanding of shoulder mechanics. Much of this may be attributed to the use of more sophisticated technology to improve our ability to assess the shoulder in real-time athletics. As a consequence of these advances, our understanding of the pathophysiology of injury has also increased. Our manual examination skills have improved and our noninvasive diagnostic techniques have advanced greatly. New insight into forces at play during actions as complex as the throwing motion has allowed us to develop better protocols for the prevention and treatment of the most common injuries. Additionally, paralleling improvements in the understanding of shoulder kinematics and the pathophysiology of injury, advances in surgical techniques, particularly arthroscopy, have aided in the diagnosis of and the development of less invasive surgical treatments for injuries that do not respond to nonoperative measures. Undoubtedly, an up-to-date understanding of the developments in shoulder biomechanics, pathophysiology of injury, diagnostic techniques, and surgical management is necessary for the clinician who wishes to continue to apply proper skills in the sports medicine setting.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Injuries to the shoulder in the throwing athlete. Part two: evaluation/treatment.

In part one of this three-part series (March/April 2000), I concentrated on summarizing the biomechanics of the normal throwing shoulder and the pathophysiology of injury. A classification of injury was presented that was based on the principles contained in that article. Part two of this series will focus on the evaluation and treatment of injuries, expanded from an understanding of the principles learned in part one. The ability to perform a skillful examination, and thus develop an accurate diagnosis, is the foundation for treatment. Fortunately, many difficulties encountered in a thrower's shoulder can be treated with a nonoperative approach. However, in instances where conservative measures fail, an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of injury and the development of improved surgical techniques are leading to more accurate diagnoses and more successful rates of return of the athlete to a premorbid level of activity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Avulsion fracture of the ulnar sublime tubercle in overhead throwing athletes.

BACKGROUND: Injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament are relatively common in throwing athletes and result from either acute traumatic or repeated valgus stress to the elbow. Avulsion fracture of the sublime tubercle of the ulna is a rarely reported site of ulnar collateral ligament injury. PURPOSE: We retrospectively reviewed our cases of ulnar collateral ligament injuries to study avulsion fractures of the sublime tubercle of the ulna. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. METHODS: Data, including radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging scans, were obtained by review of hospital and office records and by follow-up examination. Of 33 consecutive patients treated for ulnar collateral ligament injuries, 8 had avulsion fractures of the sublime tubercle of the ulna. All eight were male baseball players with dominant arm involvement, an average age of 16.9 years, and an average follow-up of 23.6 months. RESULTS: Six of eight patients had failure of nonoperative treatment and required surgical repair. Two of the six underwent ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction and four had direct repair of the sublime tubercle avulsion with bioabsorbable suture anchors. At last follow-up, all eight had returned to their preinjury level of activity. No patient had residual medial elbow pain or laxity. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of sublime tubercle avulsion fracture is made with history, physical examination, and radiographic studies. Magnetic resonance imaging can help identify an avulsion fracture not visible radiographically and can help determine whether direct repair or reconstruction is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effort thrombosis in the elite throwing athlete.

BACKGROUND: Upper extremity vascular injuries are uncommon in the elite throwing athlete. However, the extreme stresses that are placed on the upper extremity of elite baseball players, especially pitchers, puts them at risk for such injuries. One such injury is upper extremity venous thrombosis or "effort thrombosis." PURPOSE: We wanted to review the common initial clinical symptoms and physical examination findings of effort thrombosis in elite baseball players and to review the associated clinical conditions such as hypercoagulable states and pulmonary embolism. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of a series of cases. METHODS: A retrospective review of the medical records of a Major League Baseball organization and a Division I college was performed for the period 1987 to 1997. RESULTS: We located four cases of effort thrombosis involving elite baseball players. Contrast venography was used to confirm the diagnosis in all cases. All patients were successfully treated with transluminal catheter-directed urokinase thrombolysis followed by first rib resection and systemic anticoagulant therapy for up to 3 months. All four players returned to play at or above their previous level of competition with no long-term chronic sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt clinical recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of effort thrombosis in the elite baseball player provides the player with an excellent prognosis for return to the previous level of play.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Imaging of the elbow in the overhead throwing athlete.

Elbow injuries in athletes who perform overhead throwing motions often present diagnostic challenges because of the undue stresses and often chronic, repetitive patterns of injury. Accurate and efficient assessment of the injured elbow is essential to maximize functional recovery and expedite return to play. Radiographic evaluation should be tailored to the specific injury suspected and requires a thorough understanding of normal anatomic relationships as well as familiarity with common injuries affecting these athletes.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic rotator cuff impingement in the throwing athlete.

Compromise of the space between the humeral head and the coracoacromial arch may be a source of chronic shoulder pain associated with rotator cuff impingement in the athlete participating in throwing sports. In certain carefully selected individuals, surgical decompression may alleviate these symptoms. The surgical procedure can be done under local anesthesia and may enable the athlete to return to his previous level of performance without disability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Reliability assessment of ballistic jump squats and bench throws.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the test-retest reliability and coefficient of variation of 2 novel physical performance tests. Ten healthy men (22.0 +/- 3.0 years, 87.0 +/- 8.0 kg, 20.0 +/- 5.0% body fat) performed 30 continuous and dynamic jump squats (JS) and bench throws (BT) on 4 separate occasions. The movements were performed under loaded conditions utilizing 30% of subject's predetermined 1 repetition maximum in the back squat and bench press. Mean power (MP; W), peak power (PP; W), mean velocity (MV; m.s(-1)), peak velocity (PV; m.s(-1)), and total work (TW; J) were assessed using a ballistic measurement system (Innervations Inc., Muncie, IN). Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with Duncan's post hoc test when mean differences were p < or = 0.05. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and within-subject coefficient of variation (CV%) were also calculated. All values are presented as mean +/- SE. BT variables were statistically similar across the 4 sessions: MP (350.0 +/- 13.9 W), PP (431.4 +/- 18.5 W) MV (1.6 +/- 0.03 m.s(-1)), PV (2.0 +/- 0.03 m.s(-1)), and TW (199.1 +/- 7.2 J). For JS, session 3 PP (1,669.8 +/- 111.2 W) was significantly greater vs. sessions 1, 2, and 4 (1,601.2 +/- 58.4 W). Session 4 MP (1,403.2 +/- 88.6 W) and MV (1.9 +/- 0.1 m.s(-1)) for JS were significantly lower during sessions 1, 2, and 3 (MP: 1,479.4.5 +/- 44.8 W, MV: 2.0 +/- 0.05 m.s(-1)). TW (834.7 +/- 24.3 J) and PV (2.2 +/- 0.04 m.s(-1)) were statistically similar during all sessions for JS. The CVs ranged from 3.0 to 7.6% for the BT and 3.2 to 5.7% for the JS. ICCs for MP, PP, MV, PV, and TW were 0.92, 0.95, 0.94, 0.91, and 0.95, respectively, during BT. ICCs during JS for MP, PP, MV, PV, and TW were 0.96, 0.98, 0.94, 0.94, and 0.89, respectively. The results of the current study support the use of a 30 continuous and dynamic BT protocol as a reliable upper-body physical performance test, which can be administered with minimal practice. Slightly greater variability for JS was observed, although the test had high reliability.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Throwing patterns of older adults: a follow-up investigation.

Previous investigations of the movement patterns of older adults have focused on functional movements. Performance declines have been reported with increasing age. Many investigations, however, do not require older adults to perform maximal, force producing actions. Smaller declines might be observed if older adults made a maximal effort. This investigation examined changes in a maximal skill--the overarm throw for force. Active, older adults were videotaped as they threw tennis balls. Thirteen people were filmed for two consecutive years. Gender and age differences were examined for movement patterns, ball velocity, and selected kinematic measures. Participants threw using patterns and velocities generally observed in children in middle elementary-school years. This result suggested there was a decline in this force production skill. Some older adults regressed in the movement patterns they used over the two years of testing. Older males threw faster, using more advanced movement patterns than older females.

Aged↗