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PubMed1997

Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to open-field test in rats selected for reduced aggressiveness toward humans.

Effects of domestication of Norway rats on their open-field behavior and the response of the pituitary-adrenal system were studied by comparing domesticated and wild gray rats that had been selected for 42 generations for reduction and maintenance of aggressive behavior toward humans. Basal corticosterone level and adrenal weight were also determined at the advanced selection. No significant differences in behavior (with the exception of rearing number) and corticosterone level were found between domesticated and wild rats on the first day of testing. The second encounter with a novel situation revealed differences in both behavioral and hormonal responses between 2 compared rat lines. The results obtained are considered from the viewpoint of their similarity to, or difference from, the data available in the literature on comparison of laboratory and wild rats in the open-field test. The difference between the laboratory rats and those selected by us for reduced aggressiveness seems to be due to the fact that breeding at this stage is done not only for reduced aggressiveness, but also for increased exploratory activity.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1990

[The use of the method of principal components for phenogenetic analysis of the integral domestication trait].

In the course of long-term experiment on domestication of silver fox, it was necessary to determine the most important behavioral features, selection for which would give domestication effect. The mathematical method of principal components was used for the analysis of 20 fox behavior traits. The combination of the initial traits which reflected the structure of the integral trait, i.e. domesticated type of behavior, was determined. The practical use of this combination seems to more adequately estimate the level of domestication of a given animal, which is indispensable for subsequent effective selection.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Methodological approach to genetic-selection analysis of social behavior of animals (Using as an example domestic behavior of the silver fox)].

Social behaviour of animals, i.e. interspecies contacts, were studied in a population of silver foxes in the longitudinal model domestication experiment. Three social behaviour traits were analysed: contactibility, critical distance and domestication index. The latter trait is a linear function of elementary behaviour reactions, postures induced by man which is determined by the principal components method. The most valiable selection phenotype for further modelling of domestication, as shown by the capacity to adequately reflect a pattern of genotype--environment interaction, the structure of correlation ratios for different forms of behaviour and the level of genetic relationships between relatives, is the domestication index.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Consequences of selection on muscle composition. A comparative study on gracilis muscle in wild and domestic pigs.

European domestic pigs are derived from the European wild pig by genetic selection and differ in their muscular-growth ability. Thus, it was the aim of this study to investigate the consequences of genetic selection on muscle composition and fibre size in the gracilis muscle. Fibre typing based on the ATPase reaction revealed that this muscle in wild pigs is composed mainly of type-I and -IIa fibres, whereas, in domestic pigs, type-IIb fibres were predominant. For all fibre types, domestic pigs had about threefold larger fibres than wild pigs. Type-I fibres tended to be the smallest fibres in domestic pigs, but the largest fibres in wild pigs, which may be due to long-term training effects in the free-ranging animals. Giant fibres as an indicator of degeneration were obvious only in the domestic-pig samples. Their occurrence, as well as the larger fibre size and the predominance of type-IIb fibres in domestic pigs, may be ascribed to high concentrations of growth hormone. It is concluded that selection for muscular growth may favour metabolic dysbalances within the muscle and, therefore, degenerative processes.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1985

Measurement by electrical impedance aggregometry of porcine platelets response to selected physiological agonists.

Although the domestic swine is commonly employed for physiological studies of the coronary circulation, there is relatively little data available concerning the responsiveness in whole blood of normal porcine platelets to standard physiological agonists. Such information is essential if the domestic swine is to be used as an animal model for studying potential interactions between platelets and the coronary circulation. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken to characterize the responses (aggregation and ATP release) observed in whole blood of normal porcine platelets to selected physiological agonists. The responses of platelets from 10 normal human volunteers also were studied with this system for comparison. Agents tested included ADP, arachidonic acid, collagen, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thrombin. Studies were conducted with the Chronolog impedance aggregometer. The results demonstrate that platelets of domestic swine are reactive to ADP, arachidonic acid, and collagen. In contrast, neither epinephrine nor norepinephrine alone induced aggregation or release. Norepinephrine, however, caused modest potentiation of aggregation in response to ADP only. At 1 mM concentration each catecholamine inhibited the release response to collagen while at 10 mM each inhibited aggregation and release in response to either ADP or collagen. The data obtained indicate the domestic swine may be employed as a useful model to examine interactions between platelets and the coronary circulation.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1998

Emergency department-based study of risk factors for acute injury from domestic violence against women.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the associations between selected socioeconomic risk factors and acute injury from domestic violence against women. METHODS: We conducted a preliminary matched case-control study to measure the association of selected predictor variables with acute injury from domestic, violence against women. Patients identified as cases were Hispanic or white female emergency department patients, 16 to 65 years of age, with acute injury sustained from physical assault by an intimate male partner. Cases were selected for inclusion in the study if they reported or admitted acute physical assault by their male partners. Controls were selected from non-case female ED patients so as to represent the base population of the cases and enhance comparability. Two controls were matched to each case. The socioeconomic predictor variables examined were the education level, employment status, history of alcohol abuse, and history of drug abuse of the male partner and the education level and cohabitation status of the female partner. RESULTS: Forty-six cases were identified and included in the study. The age range was 16 to 51 years (mean, 33 years). There were 26 (57%) Hispanic and 20 (43%) white cases. The strongest predictor for acute injury from domestic violence in these patients was a history of alcohol abuse by the male partner, as reported by the female partner (odds ratio, 12.9). The remaining predictor variables were weakly associated or not associated with domestic violence. One half of the cases stated that their male partners were intoxicated with alcohol at the time of assault. CONCLUSION: Of the socioeconomic variables examined in this preliminary study, a history of alcohol abuse by the male partner, as reported by the female partner, was the strongest predictor for acute injury from domestic violence. A large-scale, multicenter, ED-based study is needed to clarify the relation between alcohol abuse, other socioeconomic factors, and acute physical assaults against women by their intimate male partners.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Adrenal function in different phases of the estrous cycle in the domesticated silver fox, Vulpes fulvus].

Experiments were made on silver foxes from a population which had been selected for 10 to 15 generations for the domestic behaviour and on animals from a control, unselected population. In females from both populations, studies were made of the level of 11-OHCS in the blood serum, in vitro production of 11-OHCS, the size of fascicular zone in the adrenal cortex, the volume of cellular nuclei and nucleoli, as well as the reaction of the adrenals in vitro to 2 doses of ACTH (1 and 5 units/g of the adrenals) during anestrus, proestrus and estrus. In control females, all the characters investigated significantly increased from anestrus to proestrus. In domesticated females, no changes in the production of 11-OHCS in vitro or changes in morphological features of the fascicular zone were observed in the course of estrous cycle. During proestrus, the adrenals of the domesticated animals were not able to increase the production of 11-OHCS in vitro after application of ACTH. The decrease in the reactivity of the adrenals to the effect of ACTH is presumably the main cause why in unselected females the adrenal are not activated during proestrus. Therefore, in the course of selection for the domestication type of behaviour, species specific dynamics of activation of the adrenals during estrous cycle is lost.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphofunctional status of the adrenal cortex in female silver foxes and the effect of domestication and photoperiodic conditions].

Studies on 7-day-old and 8-month-old female silver foxes indicate that additional photostimulation affects to a various extent morphological and functional condition of the adrenal cortex in animals selected and unselected for the domestication type of behaviour. In relatively wild foxes, additional illumination stimulated the activity of the reticular zone, whereas in domesticated animals the same photoperiod increased the activity in the fascicular zone. It is suggested that selection of silver foxes for the domestication type of behaviour affects the sensitivity of the adrenals to external illumination.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1985

Arterial blood gas, pH, and bicarbonate values in laying hens selected for thick or thin eggshell production.

Bicarbonate, pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2), and oxygen partial pressure (pO2) were measured in blood samples collected anaerobically from the brachial arteries of domestic fowl from lines selected for thick (TK) or thin (TN) eggshell production. The blood values of TK and TN hens were compared 6 hr prior to oviposition and continued at 2-hr intervals until 10 hrs postoviposition. Percent shell values were measured for eggs laid 2 days prior to and during blood sampling. Hens with TK shells had significantly (P less than .001) higher percent shell values than hens with TN shells. The measured blood parameters (bicarbonate, pH, pCO2, and pO2) did not differ significantly (P greater than .05) when TK and TN hens were compared at the time of oviposition. However, between 2 and 6 hr postoviposition, TN hens had significantly lower blood pH, pO2, and bicarbonate than did TK hens. Arterial pCO2 tended to be higher in TN hens than in TK hens, but this difference was significant only at 6 hr preoviposition. These results show that TN hens develop metabolic acidosis relative to TK hens during the first 6 hr postoviposition.

Acidosis↗
PubMed2006

Cognitive-affective predictors of women's readiness to end domestic violence relationships.

A model of women's readiness to terminate an abusive relationship was examined, using cognitive and emotional factors to predict readiness to change as conceptualized in the transtheoretical model. Factors previously identified in the domestic violence literature were selected to represent cognitive predictors (attribution and attachment style) and affective predictors (depression, hopelessness, anxiety, and anger) of readiness to end a domestic violence relationship. Responses by 85 female victims of intimate partner violence indicated that their overall readiness to terminate a relationship was predicted by a preoccupied attachment style and high emotional arousal. However, women's low level of anger predicted their precontemplation of change, the earliest stage of readiness, whereas internalizing emotional difficulties and preoccupation with their batterer predicted maintenance, the final stage of readiness to persist in their decision to leave their abuser. Implications of these findings for working with women considering leaving their partner are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Serotonin, testosterone and alcohol in the etiology of domestic violence.

In a previous study we administered the panicogenic agent sodium lactate to a select group of perpetrators of domestic violence and comparison groups. Results of that study showed that perpetrators exhibited exaggerated lactate-induced fear, panic and rage. In this current study, we compared the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and testosterone obtained from perpetrators of domestic violence and a group of healthy comparison subjects. All subjects were assessed for DSM-III-R diagnoses. Perpetrators with alcohol dependence (DV-ALC) (n=13), perpetrators without alcohol dependence (DV-NALC) (n=10) and healthy comparison subjects (HCS) (n=20) were clinically assessed using the Spielberger Trait Anxiety, Brown-Goodwin Aggression Scale, Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory and Straus Conflict Tactics. Following an overnight fast and bed rest, subjects received a lumbar puncture to obtain CSF concentrations of 5-HIAA and testosterone. Perpetrators scored significantly higher on measures of aggression than HCS. DV-NALC had significantly lower concentrations of CSF 5-HIAA and higher Straus Conflict Tactics (CT) physical violence scores than DV-ALC and HCS. DV-ALC had significantly higher concentrations of CSF testosterone than DV-NALC. DV-ALC also had significantly higher Straus CT physical violence scores than HCS. DV-NALC and DV-ALC differed on 5-HIAA concentrations, testosterone concentrations, Straus CT physical violence scores and alcohol dependence. These results suggest that DV-NALC and DV-ALC groups could have different biological mechanisms mediating domestic violence.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Animal genetic resources in Brazil: result of five centuries of natural selection.

Brazil has various species of domestic animals, which developed from breeds brought by the Portuguese settlers soon after their discovery. For five centuries, these breeds have been subjected to natural selection in specific environments. Today, they present characteristics adapted to the specific Brazilian environmental conditions. These breeds developed in Brazil are known as "Crioulo," "local," or naturalized. From the beginning of the 20th century, some exotic breeds, selected in temperate regions, have begun to be imported. Although more productive, these breeds do not have adaptive traits, such as resistance to disease and parasites found in breeds considered to be "native." Even so, little by little, they replaced the native breeds, to such an extent that the latter are in danger of extinction. In 1983, to avoid the loss of this important genetic material, the National Research Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Cenargen) of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) decided to include conservation of animal genetic resources in its research program Conservation and Utilization of Genetic Resources. Until this time, they were only concerned with conservation of native plants. Conservation has been carried out by various research centers of Embrapa, universities, state research corporations, and private farmers, with a single coordinator at the national level, Cenargen. Specifically, conservation is being carried out by conservation nuclei, which are specific herds in which the animals are being conserved, situated in the habitats where the animals have been subjected to natural selection. This involves storage of semen and embryos from cattle, horses, buffaloes, donkeys, goats, sheep, and pigs. The Brazilian Animal Germplasm Bank is kept at Cenargen, which is responsible for the storage of semen and embryos of various breeds of domestic animals threatened with extinction, where almost 45,000 doses of semen and more than 200 embryos exist presently. An important challenge for this program is to make the different segments of society realize the importance of the conservation of animal genetic resources.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

In vitro effects and in vivo efficacy of a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in cats with lipopolysaccharide-induced pyrexia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selectivity, pharmacokinetic properties, and in vivo efficacy of firocoxib (ML-1,785,713) in cats. ANIMALS: 5 healthy male and 14 healthy female domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURE: Selectivity of firocoxib for inhibiting COX-2 was determined by comparing the potency for inhibiting COX-1 with that of COX-2 in feline blood. Pharmacokinetic properties were determined after i.v. (2 mg/kg) and oral (3 mg/kg) administration in male cats. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in female cats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pyrexia with administration of firocoxib 1 or 14 hours before LPS challenge. RESULTS: Blood concentrations resulting in 50% inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity in vitro were 75 +/- 2 microM and 0.13 +/- 0.03 microM, respectively, and selectivity for inhibiting COX-2 relative to COX-1 was 58. Firocoxib had moderate to high oral bioavailability (54% to 70%), low plasma clearance (4.7 to 5.8 mL/min/kg), and an elimination half-life of 8.7 to 12.2 hours. Firocoxib at doses from 0.75 to 3 mg/kg was efficacious in attenuating fever when administered to cats 1 or 14 hours before LPS challenge. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Firocoxib is a potent COX-2 inhibitor and is the only selective COX-2 inhibitor described for use in cats to date. It is effective in attenuating febrile responses in cats when administered 14 hours before LPS challenge, suggesting it would be suitable for once-a-day dosing. Because selective COX-2 inhibitors have an improved therapeutic index relative to nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in humans, firocoxib has the potential to be a safe, effective anti-inflammatory agent for cats.

4-Butyrolactone↗