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PubMed2003

Biomimetic surface modification of poly(L-lactic acid) with chitosan and its effects on articular chondrocytes in vitro.

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of two treatments for poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) surface modification with chitosan, via entrapment and coupling by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide. The properties of original PLLA films, chitosan-entrapped and coupled PLLA films were investigated by water contact angle measurement and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The contact angle indicated the change in hydrophilicity and the ESCA data suggested that the modified PLLA films became enriched with nitrogen atoms. The cytocompatibility of modified PLLA films might be improved. Therefore, the attachment and proliferation of bovine articular chondrocyte seeded on modified PLLA films and control one were examined. A whole cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Cell ELISA) that detects the BrdU incorporation during DNA synthesis and collagen type II secretion was applied to evaluate the chondrocytes on different PLLA films and tissue culture plates. Cell viability was estimated by the MTT assay and cell function were assessed by measuring sulfated glycosaminoglycan secreted by chondrocytes. These results implied that chitosan used to modify PLLA surface through entrapment and coupling could enhance the chondrocyte adhesion, proliferation and function.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Preparation and evaluation of molecularly-defined collagen-elastin-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Extracellular matrix components are valuable building blocks for the preparation of biomaterials involved in tissue engineering, especially if their biological, chemical and physical characteristics can be controlled. In this study, isolated type I collagen fibrils, elastin fibres and chondroitin sulphate (CS) were used for the preparation of molecularly-defined collagen-elastin-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds. A total of 12 different scaffolds were prepared with four different ratios of collagen and elastin (1:9, 1:1, 9:1 and 1:0), with and without chemical crosslinking, and with and without CS. Collagen was essential to fabricate coherent, porous scaffolds. Electron microscopy showed that collagen and elastin physically interacted with each other and that elastin fibres were enveloped by collagen. By carbodiimide-crosslinking, amine groups were coupled to carboxylic groups and CS could be incorporated. More CS could be bound to collagen scaffolds (10%) than to collagen-elastin scaffolds (2.4-8.5% depending on the ratio). The attachment of CS increased the water-binding capacity to up to 65%. Scaffolds with a higher collagen content had a higher tensile strength whereas addition of elastin increased elasticity. Scaffolds were cytocompatible as was established using human myoblast and fibroblast culture systems. It is concluded that molecularly-defined composite scaffolds can be composed from individual, purified, extracellular matrix components. Data are important in the design and application of tailor-made biomaterials for tissue engineering.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2003

Collagen/chitosan porous scaffolds with improved biostability for skin tissue engineering.

Porous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering were fabricated by freeze-drying the mixture of collagen and chitosan solutions. Glutaraldehyde (GA) was used to treat the scaffolds to improve their biostability. Confocal laser scanning microscopy observation confirmed the even distribution of these two constituent materials in the scaffold. The GA concentrations have a slight effect on the cross-section morphology and the swelling ratios of the cross-linked scaffolds. The collagenase digestion test proved that the presence of chitosan can obviously improve the biostability of the collagen/chitosan scaffold under the GA treatment, where chitosan might function as a cross-linking bridge. A detail investigation found that a steady increase of the biostability of the collagen/chitosan scaffold was achieved when GA concentration was lower than 0.1%, then was less influenced at a still higher GA concentration up to 0.25%. In vitro culture of human dermal fibroblasts proved that the GA-treated scaffold could retain the original good cytocompatibility of collagen to effectively accelerate cell infiltration and proliferation. In vivo animal tests further revealed that the scaffold could sufficiently support and accelerate the fibroblasts infiltration from the surrounding tissue. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the scaffold embedded for 28 days indicated that the biodegradation of the 0.25% GA-treated scaffold is a long-term process. All these results suggest that collagen/chitosan scaffold cross-linked by GA is a potential candidate for dermal equivalent with enhanced biostability and good biocompatibility.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Attachment and proliferation of neonatal rat calvarial osteoblasts on Ti6Al4V: effect of surface chemistries of the alloy.

This study examined the cell attachment and proliferation of neonatal rat calvarial osteoblasts on Ti6Al4V alloy as affected by the surface modifications. The modifications could alter simultaneously the surface chemistries of the alloy (elemental difference of Ti, Al, V, Cu and Ni about 300-600mum thick examined by EDS) as well as the XPS nano-surface characteristics of oxides on the metal surface (chemistries of oxides, amphoteric OH group adsorbed on oxides, and oxide thickness). Three materials including two from modifications and a control were examined. It is argued that a slight change of the nano-surface characteristics of oxides as a result of the modifications neither alters the in vitro capability of Ca and P ion adsorption nor affects the metal ion dissolution behavior of the alloy. This implies that any influence on the cytocompatibility of the materials should only be correlated to the effect of surface chemistries of the alloy and the associated metal ion dissolution behavior of the alloy. The experimental results suggest that the cell response of neonatal rat calvarial osteoblasts on the Ti6Al4V alloy should neither be affected by the variation of surface chemistries of the alloy in a range studied.

Alloys↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro biomineralization by osteoblast-like cells. I. Retardation of tissue mineralization by metal salts.

The cytocompatibility of stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) corrosion products was investigated with particular focus on the dose- and time-effect of electrochemically dissolved SS and the corresponding separate metal ions on osteogenic bone marrow derived cells. Type AISI 316L stainless steel (Fe 63.9%, Cr 18.0%, Ni 12.5%, Mo 2.8%, Si 1.2%, Mn 1.6% and C 0.025%, weight for weight) was anodically dissolved in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) and diluted to the following concentrations: 500 microg ml(-1) of Fe, 122 microg ml(-1) of Cr and 101 microg ml(-1) of Ni, as estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry. Similarly, salt solutions containing 50 microg ml(-1) of Fe (FeCl3 x 6H2O), 122 microg ml(-1) of Cr (CrCl3 x 6H2O) or 101 microg ml(-1) of Ni (NiNO3) were prepared. All solutions were diluted 1:10(3), 1:10(4) and 1:10(5) and their effects on cell proliferation and function of rabbit bone marrow cells were studied up to 28 days of culture. Bone marrow cells (second subculture) were cultured in alpha-Minimal Essential Medium (alpha-MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum 10(-8) mol l(-1) dexamethasone, 2.52 x 10(-4) mol l(-1) ascorbic acid and 10(-2) mol l(-1) beta-glycerophosphate. The osteoblast response to the presence of metal ions was evaluated by biochemical assays (enzymatic reduction of MTT for evaluation of cell viability/proliferation, and estimation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity) and histochemical assays (identification of ALP positive cells and calcium and phosphates deposits). Results suggest a decrease in the expression of the osteoblast phenotype in the presence of ion and alloy solutions. Stainless steel corrosion products elicited slight effects but the corresponding metal ions produced pronounced effects on the osteoblast phenotype, namely an alteration in the levels and temporal expression of ALP and lower and retarded tissue mineralization ability.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1998

Biological effects and cytotoxicity of the composite composed by tricalcium phosphate and glutaraldehyde cross-linked gelatin.

The purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate the feasibility and cytocompatibility of a composite (GTG) as a large defect bone substitute. The composite is combined with tricalcium phosphate ceramic particles and glutaraldehyde cross-linked gelatin. Gelatin had been reported as an adhesive and biocompatible binder that could accelerate the recovery of damaged soft tissue, but the effects of gelatin when acting on the bone tissue is not clear. Thus, it is necessary to determine if the substances released from the GTG composite can facilitate the growth of bone cells. The substances released from the GTG composites after being soaked in deionized distilled water were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-VIS), and inductive-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The cytotoxicity of the GTG composites was assessed by coculture of rat osteoblasts in vitro. Extracts were obtained by soaking the GTG composites in deionized distilled water for 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28 and 42 d. The extract mixed with complete medium in a ratio of 1:1 was added into the cell culture wells containing 1 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) osteoblasts. After culturing for 2 days, the cells attached to the surface of wells were trypsinized and the number calculated by the Neubauer counting-chamber under the optical microscope. Finally, three samples in each GTG group were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the morphology of the osteoblasts attached to the surfaces of GTG composites. The examinations of osteoblasts cocultured with the developed GTG composites were used to decide the ideal concentration of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The results of extracts cocultured with osteoblasts showed that the extracts obtained from the 2, 4 and 8% glutaraldehyde cross-linked GTG composites would inhibit the growth of osteoblasts in the first 4 soaking days. During the 4-7 days soaking, the cell numbers quickly increased with the soaking time, thereafter, the cell numbers almost reached a constant value. In the analyses of substances released from the GTG composites, it was found that the gelatin and calcium were gradually released from the GTG composites, which were supposed to be nutritious for the growth of the osteoblast. The results of osteoblasts cocultured with the GTG composites showed that the concentration of glutaraldehyde used as a cross-linking agent should be lower than 8%. Compared to the GTF (composite combined with tricalcium phosphate ceramic particles and formaldehyde cross-linked gelatin), GTG composites were much suitable for a large defect bone substitute in the near future.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Cultured differentiated human urothelial cells in the biomaterials field.

To review the use of normal cultured differentiated human urothelial cells in the biomaterials field, we checked the literature for human urothelial cells in culture (HUC) both for their use in biocompatibility assessment and as bioartificial devices. The in vitro culture of differentiated human urothelium is now a simple and reliable procedure. These techniques provide new tools for biocompatibility assessment of urinary biomaterials, because for the rational design of a testing procedure, it is preferable that the particular cell culture models selected should be closely related to the end-use application. The emerging use of HUC culture should lead to the development of bioartificial tissue for urinary tract reconstruction. Tissue engineering techniques require urothelial cells and cell delivery matrices. The cytocompatibility of novel artificial delivery matrices should be assessed in vitro before implantation using cultured HUC to find the best material available.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1999

Cellular proliferation on desamidated collagen matrices.

The attachment and growth of human skin keratinocytes (KR) and fibroblasts (FB) on collagen modified by desamidation were investigated. Unlike type I native collagen, desamidated collagen has a sharp iso-ionic pH (5.1) thereby making available either negative or positively charged biomolecules as and when required for a specific bio-application. The cytocompatibility of desamidated collagen prepared from bovine achilles tendons (DCA) and hide trimmings (DCH) was compared with the bovine type I collagen (NC). KR or FB were seeded onto the wells of tissue culture plates coated with the collagen preparations (DCA, DCH and NC). Cellular proliferation on each of these substrates was monitored by reduction of MITT ([3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-dimethyltetrazolium bromide] and by determining the DNA synthesis with [3H]thymidine. In both cases cells proliferated well indicating that DCA and DCH serve as good substrata and are biocompatible. Cell growth occurred without any morphological changes in cell appearance as observed from the phase-contrast microscopy of the cultures, indicating no toxicity of the material during the period studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cytotoxicity of four root canal sealers in permanent 3T3 cells and primary human periodontal ligament fibroblast cultures.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to determine the cytocompatibility of four endodontic sealers and gutta-percha using various extracts and to compare the cellular injuries resulting from these materials in permanent 3T3 monolayers and primary human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. STUDY DESIGN: Set specimens from four sealers (AH26, Apexit, Sealapex, N2) as well as gutta-percha were eluted with cell culture medium for 24 hours, 5 days, 5 days, and 24 hours, respectively. Cytotoxic effects due to these extracts were evaluated by determining proliferation of permanent 3T3 cells and primary human periodontal ligament fibroblasts by means of the fluorochrome propidiumiodide. RESULTS: No statistically significant cellular alterations were induced by gutta-percha and Apexit, whereas various extracts of AH26 and Sealapex caused significant moderate or severe growth inhibition. Severe cellular damage was documented for all extracts of N2, which was statistically significantly different from the other materials in both cell lines (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that various root canal sealers constantly segregate substances after being exposed to an aqueous environment for extended periods, possibly causing moderate or severe cytotoxic reactions and possibly contributing to failure.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2002

Multiple parameter cytotoxicity index on dental alloys and pure metals.

Palladium (Pd) is a metal frequently used for dental alloys. In order to elucidate controversial options about Pd concerning its biological performances, our study consists in the evaluation of commercial and experimental PFM and C&B precious and semi-precious dental alloys. This investigation was also designated to the establishment of a cytotoxicity index (CI) such as it was described for hemocompatibility testing. The following materials were tested: 36 commercial alloys (Au-, Pd- and Ag-base), 14 experimental alloys (Pd-base established by an experience plan) and pure metals (Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Cr, In, Sn, Pt, Ti, Zn). The cells culture experiments were carried out with epithelial L132 cells and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. In vitro cell viability tests show that Pt, Sn, In, Ti, Au and Pd have no cytotoxic effect; Cr, Cu and Ag are toxic, Ni, Zn, and Co are highly toxic. An identical ranking was found with the inflammatory and proliferation tests. Toxic and highly toxic metals induced slight or strong prosthetic dental restoration morphological alterations after 3-days cultures and mostly cell death after 6-days cultures. These effects are dependent on the leakage of the element into the culture medium as revealed by ICP. The addition of Au gives benefit to Pd-Ag alloys, but does not produce any major effect on Pd-Cu alloys. This qualitative ranking can quantitatively be confirmed by cytocompatibility testing after application of a CI.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Functional polyacetylenes.

Polyacetylene (PA) is a Nobel Prize-winning macromolecule. In this work, PA is molecularly functionalized, which endows it with an array of new functional properties. The molecular functionalization is realized by attachment of functional pendants to the polyene backbone. Our efforts in the catalyst exploration and reaction optimization have led to the syntheses of a large number of PA derivatives carrying functional groups. Polymer reactions are exploited as an alternative route to the functional PAs that are difficult or impossible to access by direct polymerizations of their monomers. The new PAs with appropriate backbone-pendant combinations show various functional properties such as liquid crystallinity, photoconductivity, light emission, ionic susceptibility, photoresistance, chromism, helical chirality, optical nonlinearity, self-assembly, cytocompatibility, and bioactivity. The properties of the PAs are tuned internally and manipulated externally: the former is achieved by changing their molecular structures, especially their functional pendants, while the latter is accomplished by applying thermal, mechanical, electrical, photonic, and chemical stimuli.

Acetylene↗
PubMed2001

In vitro studies on the effect of physical cross-linking on the biological performance of aliphatic poly(urethane urea) for blood contact applications.

The effect of physical cross-linking in candidate cycloaliphatic and hydrophobic poly(urethane urea) (4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate), H(12)MDI/hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene, HTPBD/hexamethylenediamine, HDA) and poly(ether urethane urea)s (H(12)MDI/HTPBD-PTMG/HDA) on the in vitro calcification and blood-material interaction was studied. All the candidate poly(urethane urea)s and poly(ether urethane urea)s elicit acceptable hemolytic activity, cytocompatibility, calcification, and blood compatibility in vitro. The studies on blood-material interaction reveal that the present poly(urethane urea)s are superior to polystyrene microtiter plates which were used for the studies on blood-material interaction. The present investigation reveals the influence of physical cross-link density on biological interaction differently with poly(urethane urea) and poly(ether urethane urea)s. The higher the physical cross-link density in the poly(urethane urea)s, the higher the calcification and consumption of WBC in whole blood. On the other hand, the higher the physical cross-link density in the poly(ether urethane urea)s, the lesser the calcification and consumption of WBC in whole blood. However a reverse of the above trend has been observed with the platelet consumption in the poly(urethane urea)s and poly(ether urethane urea)s.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds: preparation and characterization of PGA/chitin blend nanofibers.

Electrospinning of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA)/chitin blend solutions in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol was investigated to fabricate biodegradable and biomimetic nanostructured scaffolds for tissue engineering. The morphology of the electrospun PGA/chitin blend nanofibers was investigated with a field emission scanning electron microscope. The PGA/chitin blend fibers have average diameters of around 140 nm, and their diameters have a distribution in the range 50-350 nm. The miscibility of PGA/chitin blend fibers was examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The PGA and chitin were immiscible in the as-spun nanofibrous structure. An in vitro degradation study of PGA/chitin blend nanofibers was conducted in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.2. It was found that the hydrolytic cleavage of PGA in the blend nanofibers was accelerated by the coexistence of hydrophilic chitin. To assay the cytocompatability and cell behavior on the PGA/chitin blend nanofibrous scaffolds, cell attachment and spreading of normal human epidermal fibroblasts seeded on the scaffolds were studied. Our results indicate that the PGA/chitin blend nanofibrous matrix, particularly the one that contained 25% PGA and 75% chitin with bovine serum albumin coating, could be a good candidate for tissue engineering scaffolds, because it has an excellent cell attachment and spreading for normal human fibroblasts.

Biomimetics↗
PubMed2006

Radio-opaque and surface-functionalized polymer microparticles: potentially safer biomaterials for different injection therapies.

Injectable polymer particles with a diameter in the range of 30-300 microm find applications as a biomaterial in different clinical fields, such as cosmetic surgery, reconstructive surgery, and urology. However, clinical effects tend to disappear after several months, either due to migration of the particles away from the injection site (caused by weak adherence with the surrounding soft tissues) or due to fibrosis (caused by excessive encapsulation of the particles by fibrous tissue). Little is known about the fate of injected microparticles, due to the fact that they are extremely difficult to trace in a noninvasive manner. Design, synthesis, and characterization of new polymeric microspheres with two additional features that can enhance safety and can help to overcome drawbacks of existing products are reported. First, the new microparticles feature clear radio-opacity (X-ray visibility) as they are prepared on the basis of a reactive methacrylic monomer that contains covalently bound iodine. Model experiments reveal that the level of X-ray contrast is sufficient for clinical monitoring; they can be visualized both during the injection and afterward. The particles feature excellent cytocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. Second, a method is explored to functionalize the surface of the particles, for example, through immobilization of collagen. Other extracellular matrix proteins can also be immobilized, and this provides a mechanism to control anchoring of the particles in soft tissue. The results are briefly discussed in the context of improved biomaterials, contemporary X-ray imaging, and control over biomaterial-soft tissue interactions in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Functionalization of silicone rubber for the covalent immobilization of fibronectin.

Surface modification techniques were employed in order to provide functionalized silicone rubber with enhanced cytocompatibility. Acrylic acid (AAc), methacrylic acid (MAAc) and glycidylmethacrylate (GMA) were graft-co-polymerized onto the surface of silicone induced by an argon plasma and thermal initiation. The polymerizations were carried out in solution, in the case of acrylic acid a vapor phase graft-co-polymerization subsequent to argon plasma activation was carried out as well. Human fibronectin (hFn), which acts as a cell adhesion mediator for fibroblasts, was immobilized by making use of the generated carboxylic or epoxy groups, respectively. Surface analysis was accomplished by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode (IR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic contact angle measurements using the Wilhelmy-plate method. The amount of immobilized active hFn was semiquantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a structure-specific antibody against the cell-binding domain of hFn. In vitro testing showed a remarkable difference between surfaces exposing adsorbed-only and surfaces with covalently immobilized hFn.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

A new quantitative test method for cell proliferation based on detection of the Ki-67 protein.

A quantitative method to assess cell proliferation is one essential prerequisite for testing biomaterial cytocompatibility in vitro. Currently used methods, e.g. bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, show serious disadvantages concerning either sensitivity, specificity or handling. A new enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system for the quantification of cell proliferation based on detection of the Ki-67 protein is described. This protein has turned out to be strictly correlated with the active parts of the cell cycle but to be absent in G0. The measurement of Ki-67 expression by different human cell types, e.g. endothelial cells and HeLa cells, was evaluated in order to answer the question of whether the data obtained using the Ki-67 ELISA method correlate with the proliferation measured with flow cytometrical DNA analysis and microscopical evaluation. Methods currently used for the evaluation of cell proliferation were compared to the new Ki-67 ELISA method. In addition, the functionality of adherent endothelial cells, and the viability and morphology of the cells were investigated. Cells were treated with standard culture medium with or without the transcription inhibitor, actinomycin D, or growth factors, e.g. endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF), and were exposed to metal ion standard solutions. These solutions were in a cytotoxic-non-cytotoxic range. Ki-67 ELISA was found to be a reliable quantitative method to assess proliferation of cultured human cells in vitro. It has advantages over methods that are currently being used. It is easy to perform and corresponds to the requirements for a test to be selected for biomaterial testing according to ISO standard 10 993.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Biocompatibility of poly(vinyl alcohol)-hyaluronic acid and poly(vinyl alcohol)-gellan membranes crosslinked by glutaraldehyde vapors.

Glutaraldehyde (GTA) solutions are commonly used to crosslink biomolecules and artificial polymers in order to reduce the degradation rate and to avoid the rapid dissolution in biological fluids. The toxicity of these materials is often due to the presence of GTA residuals unremoved by washing procedures. In this study membranes of PVA-hyaluronic acid and PVA-gellan with different composition have been obtained by solution casting technique and crosslinked by exposure to vapors of GTA in acid environment. The harmful effects of GTA residuals released from the membranes have been evaluated by the cytotoxicity and cytocompatibility in vitro tests, based on the cell culture method. The results showed that these materials have no toxic effects: they do not affect cell viability and proliferation, nor exert damages on mithocondrial and lysosomal functions. The poor adhesion of cells seeded directly onto membranes is due to the surface properties of these materials which are completely refractory at cell adhesion and proliferation. The use of GTA in vapor phase as crosslinking agent of natural and artificial polymer blends is demonstrated to be an efficacious procedure that avoids the presence of toxic residuals into materials.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Biological responses of neonatal rat calvarial osteoblasts on plasma-sprayed HA/ZrO2 composite coating.

Plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) coating, applied to metal substrates, can induce a direct chemical bond with bone and hence achieve a biological fixation of the implant. However, the poor bonding strength between the HA coating and the substrate has been a concern for the orthopedists. In a previous study, the zirconia-reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings (HA/ZrO(2)) could significantly improve the mechanical strength before and after soaking in simulated body fluid. This study aims to investigate the biological responses of osteoblasts on plasma-sprayed HA/ZrO(2) coating. The osteoblasts derived from neonatal rat calvarial were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) with fetal bovine serum (FBS) on the surface of plasma-sprayed HA coating, HA/ZrO(2) coating, and ZrO(2) coating, respectively. The biological responses were investigated by the cell growth (1, 3, 5, and 10 days) and the cell morphology under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h). Examination by SEM revealed that osteoblasts on HA coatings exhibit less spreading during the medium phase (6 and 12 h), while, better morphologies were observed at the latter phases (24 and 48 h). This should be derived by the dissolution of HA coating in the culture medium. On HA/ZrO(2) coating, the cells showed the poor morphologies at the latter phases (24 and 48 h). This could be explained by the no apatite formed at the surface HA/ZrO(2) coating after soaking in simulated body fluid. The lower contents of ZrO(2) coating in HA coating and the addition of other solid solution (ZrO(2)-MgO, CaO-ZrO(2), ZrO(2)-CeO(2)) in HA coating are the two possible methods to improve the cytocompatibility of HA/ZrO(2) coating.

Journal Article↗