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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Subacromial impingement. Evaluating the concept--diagnosis--therapeutic concepts].

Subacromial impingement is a condition that belongs to the group of diseases known collectively as periarthritis humeroscapularis and has a typical clinical presentation. The underlying cause is a late of sufficient space of various origin in the subacromial region that finally leads to rotator cuff damage. Depending on cause, three forms can be distinguished, primarily extrinsic, primarily intrinsic and secondary impingement. The diagnosis is primarily clinical (pain on raising the arms above the head, painful arc syndrome). The value of imaging techniques, and the diagnostic approach are described. Initially treatment is always conservative, but when pain becomes severe or function is lost, arthroscopic or open surgical treatment may be needed.

Acromion↗
PubMed1996

[Peri-conception use of folic acid in the prevention of neural tube defect: current concepts].

The incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) is about 1.3 cases per 1000 live births. The higher incidence of NTDs occurs among certain ethnic groups, and geographic areas. The fetal morbimortality is high and the treatment for those babies who live is expensive with pour quality of live. It is unclear what biochemical mechanism involving folate explain the relationship of this vitamin to the pathogenesis of NTDs. However elevated concentrations of homocysteine or decreased methionine concentrations could be interfere with closure of the neural tube. The pharmacologic periconceptional intake of 0.4-4.0 mg/day of folic acid reduces the risk of occurrent NTDs by approximately 40-75%. A relatively high dietary intake of folate may also reduce the risk.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1997

[Which medical quality concepts should be used in Norway? Some significant quality concepts with definitions, synonyms and analogues English terms].

The terminology for quality in medical practice is over-complex, confusing and often applied indiscriminately. Such terms are meant to contribute to the understanding of medical performance and to be used as tools for its improvement. In order to be able to understand each other and to perform quality assessment a set of comprehensible terms and concise definitions of those terms is needed. This article defines and discusses in alphabetical order some of the most important Norwegian medical quality terms, giving the corresponding expressions in English. The aim of the authors is to create a Norwegian reference for medical quality terminology, modified to conform with international literature. This is a continuous process, as are other areas of quality assessment, and for the present time we recommend that these definitions be used as standard terminology for Norwegian medical quality assessment.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1998

[Problems of the culture concept and the phenomenon of otherness. Considerations of the theoretical-conceptional basis of transcultural nursing as a subject of teaching].

One important strategic feature inherent to the notion of culture is its normative potential of differentiating between "selfness" and "otherness" and of behavioural security when dealing with "others" or "otherness" (or the strange, foreign or alien), in the sense of a different culture to one's own. As a consequence, everything unknown to common sense becomes "foreign" or "strange". The idea of "otherness" and "culture" as social constructions leads to another thesis: in the context of education transcultural nursing as a subject of training cannot be merely introduced into the curriculum as a new subject that includes supposedly new factual knowledge. Moreover, established subjects should be enrichened in a way that culture as the basis of all human action and behaviour is integrated and reflected upon from the beginning. Concrete examples show the possibilities of how transcultural topics can be introduced into the conventional curriculum.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed2006

A longitudinal study of student and experienced nurses' self-concept.

Researchers continue to emphasise the importance of professional identity or nurses' self-concept in the retention debate, although limited research has been undertaken on this specific issue. The purpose of this study was to capitalise upon recent advances in self-concept theory and measurement to identify, compare, and contrast the development of self-concept for graduate and experienced nurses. The Self Description Questionnaire III was used to assess four areas of general self-concept and a newly developed Nurses Self-Concept Questionnaire was used to assess six domains of self-concept specific to nursing. Student nurses completed instrumentation during their final year of a University course (N=506) and 6 months after graduation (N=110). Experienced nurses completed instrumentation at the end of the year (N=528) and eight months later (N=332). The results revealed that graduate self-concept was lower than experienced nurse self-concept in most domains at initial measurement (Time 1). Whilst some graduate self-concept domains demonstrated a rise in mean scores at eight months (Time 2), scores remained significantly lower overall than those of experienced nurses. The domain of Nurse General Self-Concept had fallen significantly from the student to graduate experience. Little change in the self-concept domains occurred over time for the experienced nurse group. The results provide valuable empirical evidence elucidating the development of nurses' self-concept. Key implications include the need to monitor self-concept development in graduate nurses and develop strategies for self-concept enhancement particularly for new graduates' Nurse General Self-Concept.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Interrelated and isolated self-concepts.

We propose a framework for conceptualizing different ways of representing concepts of the self. Interrelated self-concepts are concepts that are defined by connections to concepts of other (real or prototypic) individuals; isolated self-concepts do not depend upon other person concepts for their mental characterization. This distinction between ways of representing self-concepts is similar to the distinction between interrelated and isolated concepts recently proposed by Goldstone (1993b, 1996). In this article, the extant self literature is evaluated in terms of the interrelated-isolated distinction. Methods for manipulating and diagnosing interrelated and isolated self-concepts are also proposed. Results of 3 studies show that interrelated self-concepts contain less abstract features than do isolated self-concepts. The former concepts also contain more diagnostic features than the latter. Discussion focuses on predictions about other differences in isolated5nd interrelated self-concepts. The conditions under which different types of self-concepts might change and the implications of interrelated and isolated self-concepts for information processing, memory, self-esteem, and mental health are considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

A classification manager for compositional concept systems exemplarily shown by the AO/ASIF classification of fractures of long bones.

Conventional classification and coding systems represent concept systems by strict hierarchical enumeration and are supported by meaningful codes. Compositional classification is a means for representing concept systems by semantic descriptions. Classification is based on the structure of concept descriptions and explicit hierarchical relationships between their constituents. A classification manager will be presented which is based on the BERNWARD model [1]. BERNWARD is a conceptual graphs formalism and allows the constrained composition of concept descriptions by primitive concepts and roles. It stresses the distinction between generic and partitive relations. Concept descriptions can be classified on the basis of structural criteria for subsumption and part-whole relation. The capabilities of the model, compared to the principles of conventional classification and coding systems, will be exemplified by the AO/ASIF classification of fractures of long bones [2]. This classification is based on 2 axes: topography (long bone and segment) and morphology (type, group, subgroup and quality). It consists of the enumeration of all relevant fractures of long bones which are represented by a compositional meaningful code and by a line drawing. In the demonstrated system, the composition of fracture descriptions is supported by lists of terms and by graphics. The interactive selection of concepts from the space of concepts defined by the implemented classifications is supported by combining the following strategies: entering terms, selecting graphics, adding relevant characteristics to a concept selected before, and navigating through various hierarchies e.g.,generic or partitive hierarchies. These strategies are controlled by different types of compositional restrictions which are: role restrictions, hierarchical restrictions, and coordination restrictions. Role restrictions constrain the addition of specializing characteristics to elements of concept descriptions e.g., the possible complexities of fractures are simple, wedge, and multifragmented. Hierarchical restrictions constrain the generic or partitive refinement of concept elements. For example, every long bone can have the segment "proximal metaphyseal," but only tibia/fibula can have the region "malleolar." Coordination restrictions constrain the coordination of concepts e.g., a frontal fracture of the capitellum can affect the trochlea. Therefore, it is allowed to define a frontal fracture of capitellum and trochlea. Medical observations can be documented by association of selected concepts e.g., a fracture of radius and ulna can be associated to the patient Mr. X. The tools implemented for interactive selection of concepts can be used to rescan documented cases. In contrast to common classification systems, a case can be selected by combining different criteria in BERNWARD. It is possible to look for all female patients with a complex fracture of a long bone of the left upper extremity or to look for all bifocal fractures of the forearm with a wedge fracture of the radius. There is no problem to add new knowledge to the classification manager in the form of another classification. A new classification can be built by using elements of old ones e.g., the classification of the human skeleton is also useful for the AO/ASIF classification. Therefore, parts of classifications can be stored on and loaded from the disk by the demonstrated system. he user environment does not have to be changed to document a different area of medicine because of the conceptual representation of medical knowledge in BERNWARD. The user front-end can be used for all classifications e.g., a relational DBMS for Apple Macintosh systems. Some recursive functions are implemented in a linked Prolog system for effective computation of formal relations between concepts.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed2001

An exploration and advancement of the concept of trust.

BACKGROUND: Trust is a concept used both in everyday language and in the scientific realm. An exploration of the conceptualizations of trust within the disciplines of nursing, medicine, psychology and sociology, revealed that trust is an ambiguous scientific concept. AIMS: In order to increase the pragmatic utility of the concept of trust for scientific application, further clarification and development of the concept was undertaken. METHODS: First, a concept analysis was conducted with the aim of clarifying the state of the science of discipline-specific conceptualizations of trust. The criterion-based method of concept analysis as described by Morse and colleagues was used (Morse et al. 1996a, 1996b, Morse 2000). This analytic process enabled the assessment of the scientific maturity of the concept of trust. The interdisciplinary concept of trust was found to be immature. Based on this level of maturity it was determined that in order to advance the concept of trust toward greater maturity, techniques of concept development using the literature as data were applied. In this process, questions were "asked of the data" (in this case, the selected disciplinary literatures) to identify the conceptual components of trust. RESULTS: The inquiry into the concept of trust led to the development of an expanded interdisciplinary conceptual definition by merging the most coherent commonalties from each discipline. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed interdisciplinary conceptualization advances the concept toward maturity, that is, a more refined, pragmatic and higher-order concept. The refined concept of trust transcends the contextual boundaries of each discipline in a truly interdisciplinary scientific fashion.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1994

Subsumption principles underlying medical concept systems and their formal reconstruction.

Conventional medical concept systems represent generic concept relations by hierarchical coding principles. Often, these coding principles constrain the concept system and reduce the potential for automatical derivation of subsumption. Formal reconstruction of medical concept systems is an approach that bases on the conceptual representation of meanings and that allows for the application of formal criteria for subsumption. Those criteria must reflect intuitive principles of subordination which are underlying conventional medical concept systems. Particularly these are: The subordinate concept results (1) from adding a specializing criterion to the superordinate concept, (2) from refining the primary category, or a criterion of the superordinate concept, by a concept that is less general, (3) from adding a partitive criterion to a criterion of the superordinate, (4) from refining a criterion by a concept that is less comprehensive, and finally (5) from coordinating the superordinate concept, or one of its criteria. This paper introduces a formalism called BERNWARD that aims at the formal reconstruction of medical concept systems according to these intuitive principles. The automatical derivation of hierarchical relations is primarily supported by explicit generic and explicit partititive hierarchies of concepts, secondly, by two formal criteria that base on the structure of concept descriptions and explicit hierarchical relations between their elements, namely: formal subsumption and part-sensitive subsumption. Formal subsumption takes only generic relations into account, part-sensitive subsumption additionally regards partive relations between criteria. This approach seems to be flexible enough to cope with unforeseeable effects of partitive criteria on subsumption.

Subject Headings↗