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PubMed2001

Volumes of brain structures in twins discordant for schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: The study was designed to examine the relative contributions of genetic and nongenetic factors to structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia and subjects at risk to develop the disorder. METHODS: The brains of 15 monozygotic and 14 same-sex dizygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia (patients) and 29 healthy twins pair-wise matched for zygosity, sex, age, and birth order were studied using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans. RESULTS: Intracranial and whole-brain corrected frontal lobe volumes were smaller (4.6% and 2.7%, respectively) in discordant monozygotic twins as compared with healthy monozygotic twins. Irrespective of zygosity, discordant twins had smaller whole-brain (2%), parahippocampal (9%), and hippocampal (8%) volumes than healthy twins. Moreover, patients had smaller whole-brain volumes (2. 2%) than their nonschizophrenic cotwins, who in turn had smaller brains (1%) than healthy twins. Lateral and third-ventricle volumes were increased in discordant dizygotic twins as compared with healthy dizygotic twins (60.6% and 56.6%, respectively). Finally, within discordant twins, lateral ventricles were larger (14.4%) in patients than in their nonschizophrenic cotwins. CONCLUSIONS: Smaller intracranial volumes in the monozygotic patients and their cotwins suggest that increased genetic risk to develop schizophrenia is related to reduced brain growth early in life. The additional reduction in whole-brain volume found in the patients suggests that the manifestation of the disorder is related to (neurodegenerative) processes that are most likely nongenetic in origin.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Head circumference and brain and hippocampal volume after severe traumatic brain injury in childhood.

Vulnerability of the hippocampus to traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults is related to severity of injury and white matter atrophy. The objectives of this study were to determine features of anthropometry and cerebral morphometry late after TBI in childhood and to assess whether hippocampal volume is related to severity of initial ictus and changes in white matter at follow-up. Thirty-three patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging 4.9 y after severe TBI that necessitated intensive care; 23 had mechanical ventilation and intracranial pressure monitoring longer than 3 d. Magnetic resonance imaging analyses included volume of brain, hemisphere, ventricles, and hippocampal and perihippocampal regions; spatial distribution of voxel-based morphometry differences in white matter; and eigenvalues of diffusion tensor imaging diffusivity. Patients with longer intensive care ictus had smaller-than-expected occipitofrontal head circumference. Eight of these, identified by voxel-based morphometry, had periventricular white matter loss and smaller-than-expected brain volume for OFC, suggesting "atrophy"; the remainder had expected volume for a smaller OFC, suggesting "growth disturbance." Ninety-three percent of the variation in right hippocampal volume was accounted for by factors related to severity of injury and white matter atrophy. It is concluded that anthropometry and cerebral morphometric measurements late after severe TBI in childhood provides useful outcome data and indicate that, despite adequate growth in stature, effects of TBI on brain growth and hippocampal volume may extend into adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Correlation between percentage of brain parenchymal volume and neurocognitive performance in HIV-infected patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine whether neuropsychological function in HIV-infected persons is correlated with loss of brain volume (as measured by percentage of brain parenchymal volume [PBV]). We hypothesized that whole-brain parenchymal volume might correlate with neuropsychologic performance, even before overt clinical dysfunction is apparent. METHODS: A computer-assisted segmentation technique with thin section MR imaging was used for 15 patients with HIV infection (seven symptomatic, eight asymptomatic) and for five HIV-negative control participants to quantify whole brain and CSF volumes. To determine the degree of brain atrophy, the PBV relative to that of intracranial content was calculated. Neuropsychological performance was assessed by using a standard battery of eight tests (NPZ-8 test battery). RESULTS: HIV-infected patients had significantly lower NPZ-8 scores (t[18] = 2.26, P <.05) and lower PBV (t[18] = 1.79, P <.01) than those of healthy control participants. With the Spearman rank order correlation coefficients, data analyzed for all 20 study participants (15 HIV-infected patients and five noninfected control participants) showed a significant (r = -0.50, P <.05) negative correlation between PBV and NPZ-8 test battery score. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between subtest score of motor impairment and PBV (r = -0.69, P <.01) and between AIDS dementia complex score (r = -0.64) and PBV (P <.01). CONCLUSION: These correlations suggest that quantitation of PBV may offer an objective, easily acquired surrogate predictor of neuropsychological impairment and clinically apparent cognitive/motor dysfunction among HIV-infected persons.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1997

Interactive effects of age and hypertension on volumes of brain structures.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Advanced age and hypertension have each been associated with changes in brain morphology and cognitive function. To investigate the interaction of age and hypertension with structural brain changes and neuropsychological performance in otherwise healthy patients with essential hypertension, we compared young-old (ages 56 to 69 years) and old-old (ages 70 to 84 years) hypertensive patients (n = 27) with 20 age-matched normotensive healthy control subjects, using quantitative volumetric MRI and a battery of neuropsychological tests. METHODS: Quantitative regions of interest and segmentation analyses were applied to MRI scans of brain to measure volumes of different brain structures and of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Severity of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) was qualitatively rated in the MRI scans. A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to each subject. RESULTS: The combined hypertensive group (young-old and old-old) had smaller volumes of thalamic nuclei and larger volumes of CSF in the cerebellum and temporal lobes and showed poorer performance in memory and language tests than did the control subjects. Main effects for age were significant in multiple brain regions of interest. The old-old hypertensive patients and age-matched control subjects demonstrated volume reductions in brain structures and increases in ventricular and peripheral CSF volumes compared with the younger subjects. There was a significant group x age-group interaction in temporal and occipital CSF, not related to WMH, with the old-old hypertensive patients having significantly larger CSF volumes in these regions than the young-old hypertensives and both healthy control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension exacerbates the morphological changes accompanying advanced age. Temporal and occipital regions appear most vulnerable to brain atrophy due to the interactive effects of age and hypertension.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Depression with late onset is associated with right frontal lobe atrophy.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine whether older adults with first-ever onset of depression after age 60 years (late onset depression, LOD) have smaller frontal lobes than elderly patients with early-onset depression (EOD) and aged controls. METHOD: Twenty-seven subjects with LOD, 24 with EOD and 37 controls underwent volumetric MRI to determine right and left frontal lobe volumes and total brain volume. RESULTS: The right frontal volume of subjects with LOD was 8.0% and 5.6% smaller than that of patients with EOD (P < 0.01) and controls (NS) respectively. Volume of the left frontal lobe was not significantly different from EOD or controls. All analyses were adjusted for age, gender and total brain volume. Unlike controls and those with EOD, patients with LOD did not display a significant positive correlation between cognitive scores and total brain, left frontal or right frontal volumes. CONCLUSION: LOD is associated with right frontal lobe atrophy and loss of the correlation between cognitive performance and brain volume. This adds support to the fronto-striatal hypothesis of depression and suggests that structural brain changes have a particular role in cases of LOD.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed2004

Cerebral volume loss, cognitive deficit and neuropsychological performance: comparative measures of brain atrophy: I. Dementia.

There are several magnetic resonance (MR) imaging methods to measure brain volume and cerebral atrophy; however, the best measure for examining potential relationships between such measures and neuropsychological performance has not been established. Relationships between seven measures of MR derived brain volume or indices of atrophy and neuropsychological performance in the elderly subjects of the population-based Cache County, Utah Study of Aging and Memory (n = 195) were evaluated. The seven MR measures included uncorrected total brain volume (TBV), TBV corrected by total intracranial volume (TICV), TBV corrected by the ratio of the individuals TICV by group TICV (TBVC), a ventricle-to-brain ratio (VBR), total ventricular volume (TVV), TVV corrected by TICV, and a measure of parenchymal volume loss. The cases from the Cache County Study were comprised of elderly individuals classified into one of four subject groups based on a consensus diagnostic process, independent of quantitative MR imaging findings. The groups included subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 85), no dementia but mild/ambiguous (M/A) deficits (n = 30), a group of subjects with non-AD dementia or neuropsychiatric disorder including vascular dementia (n = 60), and control subjects (n = 20). Neuropsychological performance was based on the Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) and an expanded neuropsychological test battery (consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). The results demonstrated that the various quantitative MR measures were highly interrelated and no single measure was statistically superior. However, TBVC, TBV/TICV and VBR consistently exhibited the more robust relationships with neuropsychological performance. These results suggest that a single corrected brain volume measure or index is sufficient in studies examining global MR indicators of cerebral atrophy in relation to cognitive function and recommends use of either TBVC, TBV/TICV, or VBR.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Chronic active heavy drinking and family history of problem drinking modulate regional brain tissue volumes.

The goals of this study were to measure if chronic active heavy drinking is associated with brain volume loss in non-treatment seeking men and women, and to assess the effect of positive family history of problem drinking on brain structure in heavy drinkers. Automated image processing was used to analyze high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance images from 49 active heavy drinkers and 49 age- and sex-matched light drinkers, yielding gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes within the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes. Regional brain volume measures were compared as a function of group, sex and their interaction. Within heavy drinkers, volumes were correlated with measures of alcohol consumption and compared as a function of family history of problem drinking. Deformation morphometry explored localized patterns of atrophy associated with heavy drinking or severity of drinking. We found significant gray matter volume losses, but no white matter losses, in active heavy drinkers compared with light drinkers. Women had greater gray matter and smaller white matter and CSF volumes as a percentage of intracranial vault than men. Within heavy drinkers, smaller gray matter volumes were associated with higher current levels of drinking and older age, while a positive family history of problem drinking was associated with smaller CSF volumes. Community-dwelling heavy drinkers who are not in alcoholism treatment have dose-related gray matter volume losses, and family history of problem drinking ameliorates some structural consequences of heavy drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Correction for intracranial volume in analysis of whole brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: the proportion vs. residual method.

Two techniques that correct (normalize) regional and whole brain volumes according to head size-the proportion method (tissue-to-intracranial volume ratio) and the residual method (regression-based predicted brain tissue volumes)-are used pervasively in neuroimaging research, but have received little critical evaluation or direct comparison. Using a quantitatively derived MRI data set of patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 18) and age-/sex-matched normal controls (n = 18), we introduced various types of error into estimates of intracranial volume (ICV) and absolute parenchymal volume (APV) to observe how this error affected the final outcome of normalized brain measures and their ability to detect group differences, as computed by a proportion (brain parenchymal fraction [BPF]) and residual method (predicted parenchymal volume [PPV]). The results indicated that systemic error in ICV and APV values considerably affected BPF means based on the proportion method, except with dependent-related systematic APV error, but essentially did not change statistical power associated with group differences in BPF. Random error altered BPF means to a much smaller extent, but was associated with moderate reductions in statistical power. On the other hand, PPV estimates based on the residual method were unaffected by these same ICV and APV errors, except with dependent-related systematic APV error, and were not associated with reductions in statistical power. Our findings suggest that head size correction of brain regions with the residual method generally may provide advantages over the proportion method.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experience on clinical application of positron emission tomography with a new radiopharmaceutical preparation sodium 11C-butyrate in differential diagnosis of pathological volume in brain formation].

The study was aimed to investigate the possibilities of the application of a new radiopharmaceutical--"Sodium butyrate, [1-(11)C]" (11C-Butyrate) for differential diagnosis of pathological volume brain formations. Positron emission tomography (PET) ("Ecat Exact 47", Siemens) of the brain was performed in 24 patients (14 male & 10 female, aged 19-56). The scanning was carried out as static scan 4-5 min after intravenous administration of 250-350 Mbq 11C-Butyrate and proceeded within 15-20 min. In addition PET with 18F-FDG was performed in all patients. The data had been verified histologically and morphologically. In 15 out of 24 patients the brain malignant tumor has been discovered, in 4 patients--benign tumors, in 5--postoperative cysts. Results of the studies showed that the ratio tumor/normal tissue in case of 11C-Butyrate and 18F-FDG application proved to be comparable for all studied hystological types of tumors. Malignant tumors in these cases had been visualized as a hot sports-fokci of increased uptake 11C-Butyrate (ratio > 1). The obtained data testify to the possibility of 11C-Butyrate application for differential diagnosis of the pathological volumic brain formation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Post-mortem study of chronic schizophrenic brains.

Volume measurements were carried out on 29 brains from institutionalised, chronic schizophrenic patients and 30 age and sex-matched controls using a stereological method. The volumes of the total fixated brain, the hemispheres, the cortex, and the central grey matter of the schizophrenic brains were significantly reduced while the volumes of the ventricles were significantly enlarged compared with the control group. The patients had been diagnosed by a psychiatrist on the basis of their case records as having either a Type I or Type II syndrome according to the symptoms they presented in the first years of their disease. The Type II patients were found to have significantly enlarged ventricles compared with the Type I patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[An improved imaging analysis for quantitative measurement of brain slice volume].

OBJECTIVE: To improve computer-assisted imaging analysis for quantitatively measuring brain slice volume of rats and mice in comparison with conventional measuring methods,and to evaluate its usefulness in assessment of focal cerebral ischemia. METHODS: The accurate volumes of rat and mouse brain slices were measured by weight and special gravity measuring. The areas of brain slices were measured by imaging analysis, then the slice volumes of right and left hemispheres were calculated by multiplying the adjusted thickness of the slices. In addition, the brain slice volumes of right and left hemispheres from focal cerebral ischemic mice were compared to assess ischemic injury using the imaging analysis. RESULT: Area measurement by computer-assisted imaging analysis was linear with different accurate areas (r=1.000). Slice volumes measured by imaging analysis correlated well with the accurate volumes measured by special gravity method, r=0.809 (n=45, P<0.001) in rats, and r=0.844 (n=74, P<0.001) in mice. The brain volumes in ischemic hemispheres were larger than in non-ischemic hemispheres in ischemic mice. CONCLUSION: Computer-assisted imaging analysis can measure the brain slice volumes accurately and compare right and left hemisphere volumes quantitatively.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Predicting memory performance in normal ageing using different measures of hippocampal size.

A number of different methods have been employed to correct hippocampal volumes for individual variation in head size. Researchers have previously used qualitative visual inspection to gauge hippocampal atrophy. The purpose of this study was to determine the best measure(s) of hippocampal size for predicting memory functioning in 102 community-dwelling individuals over 80 years of age. Hippocampal size was estimated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetry and qualitative visual assessment. Right and left hippocampal volumes were adjusted by three different estimates of head size: total intracranial volume (TICV), whole-brain volume including ventricles (WB+V) and a more refined measure of whole-brain volume with ventricles extracted (WB). We compared the relative efficacy of these three volumetric adjustment methods and visual ratings of hippocampal size in predicting memory performance using linear regression. All four measures of hippocampal size were significant predictors of memory performance. TICV-adjusted volumes performed most poorly in accounting for variance in memory scores. Hippocampal volumes adjusted by either measure of whole-brain volume performed equally well, although qualitative visual ratings of the hippocampus were at least as effective as the volumetric measures in predicting memory performance in community-dwelling individuals in the ninth or tenth decade of life.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

The brain of the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus).

The brain of a basking shark is described for the first time. Allometrical analysis of brain-body weight relationships indicates that Cetorhinus maximus shows by far the lowest degree of cerebralization of any shark investigated to date, possibly reflecting its plankton-feeding mode of life. Furthermore, some external morphological features of the brain appear to be species-specific. The proportions of brain parts indicate a primitive vertebrate brain organization. The size of the telencephalon, 34% of the total brain, equals that in some other sharks, whereas the cerebellum, 30% of the total brain in the basking shark, is significantly larger than in any other shark investigated. Furthermore, C. maximus shows some peculiarities concerning the nuclear expansion in the telencephalon. A rather large caudal interhemispheric region is especially striking. The relation of brain volume to brain cavity volume is approximately 1:16.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Temporal dynamics and determinants of whole brain tissue volume changes during recovery from alcohol dependence.

Brain shrinkage and its partial reversibility with abstinence is a common neuroimaging finding in alcohol dependent individuals. We used an automated three-dimensional whole brain magnetic resonance imaging method (boundary shift integral) in 23 alcohol dependent individuals to measure the temporal dynamics of cerebral tissue and spinal fluid volume changes over a 12-month interval and to examine the major determinants of brain tissue change rates during abstinence and non-abstinence. We found more rapid brain tissue gain during the first month of sobriety than in the following months. The most rapid volume recovery was observed in abstinent individuals with the greatest baseline brain shrinkage and drinking severity. The rapid reversal of brain volume gains in non-abstinent individuals and tissue volume changes are modulated by duration of abstinence and non-abstinence periods, as well as recency of non-abstinence. Age, family history density of alcoholism, relapse severity, and duration or age of onset of heavy drinking were not major determinants of brain shrinkage and brain volume recovery rates. Treatment providers may use this tangible information to reinforce the biomedical benefits of sobriety. Previous quantitative measurements of brain volumes in alcohol dependent individuals performed after several weeks of abstinence likely underestimated the full extent of chronic alcohol-associated brain shrinkage.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Different brain morphologies from different genotypes in a single teleost species, the medaka (Oryzias latipes)

In a teleost fish, the medaka (Oryzias latipes), many inbred strains have been established from various origins including wild populations. Brains from five genetically different strains, which had been bred and raised under the same conditions, were examined to determine whether there is intraspecific genetic variation. A total of 25 brains from the wild-type strains (HNI-II, HB11A and HB32C) and from the body-colour mutant strains (Hi3 and HO5) were fixed, and the external features of the brains were examined under a stereomicroscope. The differences between the HNI-II brains and the Hi3 brains were the most remarkable in the external features. In order to carry out a volumetric analysis, the brains of all strains were cut into complete serial cryostat sections. Total brain volumes and relative volumes (in % of total brain volume) of the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, optic tectum, and cerebellum were calculated in each brain using a semi-automatic image analyzer. Statistical analysis showed that significant differences in the total brain volumes and the relative volumes of these subdivisions exist not only between wild-type and mutant strains but also among wild-type strains. Thus, our results demonstrate that the strains with different genotypes possess large variation in brain morphology. This is the first report to demonstrate that there exists intraspecific genetic variation in the gross brain morphology of a wild-type vertebrate.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of frequent marijuana use on brain tissue volume and composition.

To investigate CNS effects of frequent marijuana use, brain tissue volume and composition were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 18 current, frequent, young adult marijuana users and 13 comparable, non-using controls. Automated image analysis techniques were used to measure global and regional brain volumes, including, for most regions, separate measures of gray and white matter. The marijuana users showed no evidence of cerebral atrophy or global or regional changes in tissue volumes. Volumes of ventricular CSF were not higher in marijuana users than controls, but were, in fact, lower. There were no clinically significant abnormalities in any subject's MRI. Sex differences were detected in several global volume measures.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Structural correlates of mild cognitive impairment.

The structural correlates of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were examined in 105 elderly subjects whose cognitive function ranged from intact to demented, including 38 subjects with MCI. Hippocampal volumes (left and right HcV), brain volume (BV), and grey matter volume (GMV) and white matter volume (WMV) were segmented from high resolution magnetic resonance data sets and normalised to intracranial volume (ICV). Hippocampal volume reductions, but not global brain, white or grey matter atrophy, were associated with MCI. White matter lesion severity did not differ over cognitive states. In multiple logistic regression models, normalised HcV and ICV (indicating premorbid brain volume) were significant predictors of MCI versus normality. Normalised BV and ICV significantly predicted dementia versus MCI. Absolute volumetric measures of HcV and BV yielded comparable classification accuracies. Hippocampal atrophy may be the crucial step for the transition from normality to MCI. Widespread brain atrophy may be the step to determine the transition from MCI to dementia. Brain volume reserve effects appear to be involved in both of these steps.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Selective cortical and hippocampal volume correlates of Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in Alzheimer disease.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether each of the 5 Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) scores related to magnetic resonance imaging-derived volumes of specific cortical or limbic brain regions in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). DESIGN: Relations between DRS measures and regional brain volume measures were tested with bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. SETTING: The Aging Clinical Research Center of the Stanford (Calif) University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and the Geriatric Psychiatry Rehabilitation Unit of the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Fifty patients with possible or probable AD. Magnetic resonance imaging data from 136 healthy control participants, age 20 to 84 years, were used to correct brain volumes for normal variation arising from intracranial volume and age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DRS scores and volumes of regional cortical gray matter and of the hippocampus. RESULTS: Memory scores of the patients with AD were selectively related to hippocampal volumes. Attention and construction scores were related to several anterior brain volume measures, with attention showing a significantly greater association to right than left hemisphere measures. Initiation/perseveration scores were not significantly correlated with any measure of regional gray matter volume, but performance was related to prefrontal sulcal widening, with a greater association with the left than right sulcal volume. CONCLUSIONS: Certain DRS subtests are predictably correlated with selective regional brain volumes in AD. The specific relation between memory and hippocampal volumes and the nonsignificant relations between memory and regional cortical volumes suggest a dissociation between cortical and hippocampal contributions to explicit memory performance.

Adult↗