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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

A behavioural analysis of rats with damage to the medial prefrontal cortex using the Morris water maze: evidence for behavioural flexibility, but not for impaired spatial navigation.

In this study, the functional properties of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of the rat were examined in a task for spatial navigation. The dorsomedial (dmPFC) and ventromedial (vmPFC) parts of the PFC differ in their connectivity with the hippocampus, vmPFC being the main recipient of hippocampal input. Therefore, it is hypothesized that in a spatial task known to be particularly sensitive to hippocampal, but also to prefrontal cortical damage, especially vmPFC is committed to proper spatial learning and memory. Using the Morris water maze task, with an invisible platform, male rats with either partial (dmPFC or vmPFC) or whole (mPFC) bilateral lesions were subjected to various procedures reflecting spatial learning and memory, including a spatial reversal. Animals with dmPFC, vmPFC and mPFC lesions learned and remembered the spatial task equally well as their controls, regardless of the size or site of the bilateral lesion. However, when presented with a spatial reversal, animals with whole mPFC lesions were initially slower in locating the invisible platform than controls and animals with partial mPFC damage, but this effect was only short-lasting. When subsequently presented with a visible platform, all animals with partial (dmPFC or vmPFC) or whole mPFC damage needed significantly more time to locate the platform than the controls. This effect was transient and lasted longer in the animals with whole mPFC damage than in animals with partial damage. On the basis of these findings we conclude that an intact mPFC is not necessary for proper spatial learning and memory. The impairments in the reversal task and especially in the visually-cued task can best be explained as a diminished behavioural flexibility when a shift in task demands occurs. Since the degree of this impairment was related to the size of these lesions, but not to their sites, these differences are ascribed to a 'mass action' of medial prefrontal cortex lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effects of centrally acting adrenergic agonists on temperature and on explorative and motor behaviour. Relation with effects on quasi-morphine withdrawal behaviour.

Seven structurally unrelated adrenergic agonists were compared in three models to measure sedation viz. hole-board exploration, open-field activity and rotarod performance. It appeared that all compounds exerted the same order of potency in these models except for BHT-920 which was more active in the open-field. The other compounds were clonidine, azepexole, guanfacine, lofexidine, UK-14.304 and ST-587. The sedative effect appeared to be not causally related with the hypothermic activity since much higher doses were necessary for the latter effect. There was a relation between the sedative effects and the suppression of body shakes and enhanced locomotor activity induced by dipropylacetate, a potent model for morphine-withdrawal behaviour. The body shakes appeared to be more sensitive than locomotor activity suggesting that the antiwithdrawal action of alpha 2-agonists might be intrinsically higher than their sedative action. The data support earlier findings indicating that the antiwithdrawal action of clonidine is mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1993

Dimensions of illness behaviour as measured by the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire: a replication study.

A principal component analysis was carried out on the 62-item Illness Behaviour Questionnaire responses of 832 pain clinics and patients and 746 psychiatric in-patients in the same general hospital. Analyses were carried out for the groups separately, and combined (N = 1578). The factors obtained were compared to those of the original study, Pilowsky and Spence J Psychosom Res 1975, 19: 279-287, and studies by Zonderman et al. Hlth Psychol 1985; 4: 425-436, and Main and Waddell Pain 1987; 28: 13-26. Varying degrees of robustness of the original factors was demonstrated and this is discussed in relation to the clinical context in which the IBQ is used. The significance of five new factors which emerged is discussed. They were labelled 'Interpersonal Sensitivity', 'Responsiveness to Medical Reassurance', 'Illness Impact', 'Self Appraisal' and 'Biological Functions'.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Tolerance to the behavioural effect of serotonergic (5-HT1B) agonists in the isolation-induced social behavioural deficit test.

In mice, isolation-induced social behavioural deficits are attenuated by stimulants of 5-HT1B receptors, such as TFMPP or CGS 120 66B. Repeated treatment with RU 24969 (5 mg/kg, daily, for 3 days) reduced the effect of TFMPP and that of other 5-HT1B agonists (CGS 120 66B, m-CPP, RU 24969). Similarly, repeated treatment with CGS 120 66B (8 mg/kg, twice a day for 3 days) abolished the effect of a test-dose of the same drug. Desensitization of the 5-HT1B receptors involved in this effect is suggested to have occurred. Such a desensitization may be therapeutically relevant, since acute administration of benzodiazepines and chronic administration of antidepressants both reversed the effect of TFMPP.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

P2 receptor-mediated effects on the open field behaviour of rats in comparison with behavioural responses induced by the stimulation of dopamine D2-like and by the blockade of ionotrophic glutamate receptors.

The effects of the P2 receptor ligands 2-methylthio ATP (2-MeSATP; 10 pmol)--as a non-specific agonist--and pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS; 10 pmol)--as a non-selective antagonist--after bilateral intra-accumbens injection on the locomotor response were investigated in an open field situation. The P2 receptor-mediated effects on the pattern of locomotor activity were compared with the effects caused by the dopamine D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole (10 pmol) and by the combination of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (+/-)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP; 10 pmol) with the alpha-amino-3-hydro-5-methyl-4-isoxazolpropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 30 pmol). The intra-accumbens injection of all tested compounds elicited an increase in the locomotor activity over a test period of 20 min when compared with the controls. No statistically significant differences could be evaluated between the different drug-treated groups. However, a more detailed analysis--using further behavioural parameters such as the number of movement direction changes, the effective running time and the running speed--revealed two basically different patterns of locomotor activity. The locomotor response induced by the injection of 2-MeSATP or quinpirole was characterised by a continuous and consistent locomotion, whereas the enhanced locomotor activity elicited by PPADS or CPP/CNQX was determined by an increased running speed accompanied by more disruptions and more changes of movement direction. The coadministration of 2-MeSATP and quinpirole led to an enhancement of locomotor activity in a limited post-treatment interval. The effects of both compounds could be abolished by the pre-treatment with the D2/D3 receptor antagonist sulpiride (100 pmol). Coadministration of PPADS and CPP/CNQX caused additive effects suggesting that the pathway mediated by P2 and ionotrophic glutamate receptors is different. The stimulation of P2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) modulates the locomotion in the direction to be to be longer lasting, more consistent and more goal directed.

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione↗
PubMed1993

Social behaviour, stress and susceptibility to infection in house mice (Mus musculus): effects of duration of grouping and aggressive behaviour prior to infection on susceptibility to Babesia microti.

Unrelated and initially unfamiliar male CFLP mice, maintained for different periods in groups of 6, differed in both their rate of clearance of Babesia microti and the time taken to reach peak parasitaemia in relation to their aggressive behaviour within groups prior to infection. Males maintained in groups for shorter periods and showing more aggression within their group were slower to clear infection and males showing more marked external evidence of aggressive interaction reached a peak of parasitaemia sooner. Serum IgG and corticosterone analyses were consistent with increased aggression causing stress-induced immunodepression but relationships with aggression and social status were not simple. Males showing more aggression tended to enter their groups with higher levels of corticosterone and, to a lesser extent, reduced levels of IgG compared with other mice. The results thus suggest that increased susceptibility to disease may be a cost to males aggressively maintaining high social status.

Aggression↗
PubMed1994

Nurses' attitudes towards aggressive behaviour, following attendance at 'The Prevention and Management of Aggressive Behaviour Programme'.

The issue of aggression and violence is current in society. Recent reports indicate that this is not just an issue for society at large, but also for its organizations and institutions. The health care industry is not exception in this regard. Nursing, among other disciplines, has focused an increasing amount of attention on this problem for its members. This is evidenced by the increasing amount of literature on the topic. One feature of this writing is the study of programmes designed to train professionals in techniques to prevent and manage aggression and violence. To date, little attention has been paid to the evaluation of such programmes. In these times of economic difficulty, this position cannot be supported. This paper describes the study of one such educational programme. In this case the evaluation focused on the study of attitude change in participants following attendance at 'The Prevention and Management of Aggressive Behaviour Programme'. Although the indications are that the programme had a positive effect on attitudes, the author concludes that further study is required to illuminate the statistical significance of this positivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Incubation and maternal behaviour in domestic hens: influence of the presence of chicks on circulating luteinising hormone, prolactin and oestradiol and on behaviour.

1. The consequences of the adoption of chicks and their subsequent removal on behaviour and plasma hormone concentrations of incubating hens were investigated. Birds were divided into two group: in group A, incubating hens were given chicks for 11 d; in group B chicks were left with the hens for 3 d only. 2. Incubating hens given chicks immediately showed maternal responses. The introduction of chicks induced a gradual nest desertion. Their removal stopped nest desertion temporarily on day 4 in group B hens. 3. Plasma prolactin concentrations fell one day after introduction of chicks and continued to decline for about one week in group A hens, although there was no further significant decrease in group B hens. Circulating prolactin tended to decrease with time in both groups. 4. Plasma luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations increased concurrently with the decrease of prolactin. The increase was more abrupt in group B hens. 5. Plasma oestradiol concentrations decreased slightly on the day chicks were introduced. The decline was arrested by removal of chicks in group B; in group A the tendency was reversed about 10 days after chick introduction. 6. Irrespective of group, before chick removal hens which deserted their nest rapidly had less contact with chicks and lower prolactin concentrations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Sexual knowledge and behaviour in South African students: a case for prevention with focus on behaviour.

UNLABELLED: A study by James et al. revealed discrepancies between students' knowledge of sexuality and their behaviour. CONCLUSION: Preventive programmes should be intensive, comprehensive and preferably school based, involving parents and local communities. To make themselves trustworthy, it may be worthwhile for programmes to acknowledge adolescents' life situation as it is.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Behavioural motor effects of MK-801 and DNQX parenteral administration in adult cats: dose-response analysis. Modulatory role of dopaminergic D1 and D2 antagonists on MK-801 induced motor behaviours.

1. Administration of MK-801 a selective antagonist of the NMDA receptors (50, 100 and 150 micrograms/kg, s.c.) elicited in adult cats ataxia and loss of equilibrium. A dose-response effect was observed. 2. Administration of DNQX, a selective antagonist of the non-NMDA receptors, even with doses 20 times higher than those employed with MK-801, did not produce any behavioural disturbances. 3. Previous injection of SCH 23390, a selective parenteral antagonist of dopamine D1 receptor, reduced significantly the intense ataxic effects of MK-801, while sulpiride only increased the latency of the symptoms. 4. The results are discussed considering the reported interactions between the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Sociodemographic determinants of management behaviour of diabetic patients. Part I. Behaviour of patients in relation to management of their disease.

We studied 300 randomly chosen diabetic patients to assess their behaviours in relation to management of their disease. The majority had very good compliance with regular periodic check-ups (97.0%), urine and blood screening for sugar (94.3% and 96.0% respectively), adherence to the prescribed medicines (78.3%) and foot-care practices (75.0%). However, 35.3% and 39.0% had poor compliance with regard to checking their blood pressure and weight monitoring. Among smokers, 30.2% stopped smoking and 42.2% decreased the amount smoked after being diagnosed with the disease. Dietary compliance was either satisfactory or very good for most patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Sociodemographic determinants of management behaviour of diabetic patients. Part II. Diabetics' knowledge of the disease and their management behaviour.

We aimed to: describe the level of knowledge of diabetic patients about the disease, show the relationship between demographic variables (age, sex and education) and level of knowledge and reveal the relationship between knowledge and management-related behaviour of diabetics. We found that a majority of diabetic patients (90.0%) had poor knowledge about the disease, 83.7% had poor knowledge about the complications associated with diabetes and 96.3% had poor awareness of how to control the disease. The poor level of knowledge that diabetics have about their disease suggests that health care providers need to be trained in the areas of information, education and communication.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in the sun: the barriers to behavioural change in Northern Ireland.

To inform future health promotion programmes, we studied the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of the Northern Ireland population to sun care. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was applied to one adult per household from a random sample of 1242 addresses. Lower levels of knowledge were found among respondents who were male, aged under 25 years or over 65 years, in a manual occupation or living in the west where health promotion activity on this topic was less active than in the east. Younger adults, females and professional groups were more likely to indicate that a suntan was important, healthy or attractive. Use of high factor sunscreen was inversely proportional to perceived importance of a suntan. Sunburn was more common in younger adults but more men reported multiple episodes of burning. Regular skin checks were uncommon and self-assessment of skin type was unrealistic indicating that sun care advice based on self assessment should be avoided in this population. Future campaigns should target appropriate messages at specific population subgroups. The study highlights the importance of collecting baseline information before implementing health promotion programmes and suggests that repeat monitoring is essential to ensure that key messages remain relevant. This study also indicates that Care in the Sun campaigns here impacted on general awareness in the population even with limited resources. There is, therefore, potential for greater impact with high funding levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of the population of the Czech Republic to self-medication. III: behaviour in the area of drugs and self-medication].

A large survey carried out from June to September 2002 in the territory of the Czech Republic found and analyzed the knowledge of the population of the Czech Republic in relation to self-medication and o-t-c drugs and revealed the main problematic areas from the viewpoint of the public. The survey was particularly focused on the behaviour of people in relation to packaging of OTC drugs and drug information sheets, expiration period of medicaments-advertisements for OTC drugs in the media, most frequently selected indications for self-medication, self-medication in small children, financial participation in self-medication and the resultant compliance or non-compliance, and the price of the OTC drug and dosage. The results show that 68% of respondents are able to take a medicine after its expiration period. An o-t-c drug would be bought just on the basis of television advertising by 7% of respondents, and more than a half of the respondents (57%) stated they would first consult their physician or pharmacist. In the case of a sudden ailment of a one-year-old child, 80% of respondents stated that they would contact the physician, 8% opted for self-medication. Under the assumption that an OTC drug is covered by health insurance, 27% of respondents would go to the physician, though they could buy it themselves.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Tribological behaviour of orthodontic archwires under dry and wet sliding conditions in-vitro. I--Frictional behaviour.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frictional behaviour of orthodontic archwires in dry and wet conditions in-vitro. METHODS: Two types of archwire materials were investigated: stainless steel and NiTi. A fretting wear tribometer fitted with an alumina ball was operated at 23 degrees C in three different environments: ambient air with 50 per cent relative humidity, 0.9 wt. per cent sodium chloride solution, and deionised water. RESULTS: NiTi archwires sliding against alumina exhibited high coefficients of friction (about 0.6) in the three environments. Stainless steel archwires sliding against alumina had relatively low coefficients of friction (0.3) in the solutions, but high coefficients (0.8) in air. CONCLUSION: The low frictional forces of the stainless steel wires sliding against alumina in the solutions were due to a lubricating effect of the solutions and corrosion-wear debris. The high frictional forces between the NiTi wires and alumina are attributed to an abrasive interfacial transfer film between the wires and alumina.

Air↗
PubMed1979

Do colours affect 'normal' behaviour of laboratory and farm animals? Instantaneous change of behaviour by presentation of red in the Peach-F.

In spite of genetic and environmental standardisation in farm and laboratory animal science, a considerable amount of variation in the results of comparable experiments remains. This presumably depends upon the individual variability within a species, and upon differences of various species in their specific demands to the environment in captivity. Due to a discovery in the Southwest-African lovebird species Agapornis roseicollis, used as a conventional laboratory animal in bioacoustic research, the phenomenon of instantaneous fear expressed in a number of different displays in connection with the presence or presentation of red objects is described and compared to earlier observations of instantaneous phobias, aggressions, and preferences towards colours, in other bird species. Consequently it is suggested that investigation of the chromatophobe and chromatophile behaviour of typical laboratory and farm animals be undertaken to ensure the adequate design of lodging and experimental environments.

Aggression↗
PubMed1978

Behavioural and pituitary-adrenal characteristics of pigs differing by their susceptibility to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome induced by halothane anesthesia. 1. Behavioural measures.

Behavioural responses were compared in Pietrain pigs and in Large White pigs differing by their susceptibility to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome induced by halothane. Non reactive Pietran pigs (P--) displayed a higher level of locomotor activity in a new environment than either reactive Pietrain pigs (P+) or Large White pigs. Pietran pigs performed better in a latent learning proceudre (latency of approach or feeding response, after exploration of the new environment) and in a continuound P-- did not reach significance, but P+ pigs tended to be superior to P-- animals. The three groups did not differ on a measure of passive avoidance. These results suggest that Large White pigs are characterized by a lower ability to initiate active responding when confronted with aversive events. The same would be true when Pietrain positive pigs are compared with Pietrain negative pigs, although to a lesser extent.

Animals↗