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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Tick zoonoses in the southern part of Switzerland (Canton Ticino): occurrence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Rickettsia sp.

The diversity and the distribution of tick species and their infection rates by the pathogenic micro-organism Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis, and Rickettsia sp., were studied in Canton Ticino (the southern part of Switzerland). Ticks specimens collected from animals and humans were classified and analysed for the presence of both pathogens. In particular, PCR analysis was performed for the detection of Borrelia spirochetes in Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes hexagonus, and the hemolymph test was done on Rhipicephalus sanguineus for the detection of Rickettsia sp. PCR assays, performed on 424 of the 989 collected ticks, revealed a low rate of infection (around 2%) of both vectors I. ricinus and I. hexagonus by B. burgdorferi sensu lato. These results are in agreement with the modest number of Lyme borreliosis cases yearly recorded in Ticino. Further, through analysis of DNA sequences, the strains carried by the infected ticks were identified as belonging to the genomic group VS116. The widespread finding of the Mediterranean species Rhipicephalus sanguineus in different locations from July 1994 to October 1995 demonstrates its establishment in Ticino. Of the 210 specimens collected, 70 were analysed and one was infected by Rickettsia sp.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Incidence of zoonoses in petting zoos and evaluation of hygiene measures to prevent the transmission to humans].

In summer 2003, a study was performed in thirty Swiss petting zoos with the objective to determine the prevalence of zoonotic agents, and to describe hygiene measures implemented to reduce the risk of human infection. Fecal samples from different animal species were collected from the floor of pens to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., verocytotoxin producing E. coli/ VTEC and Francisella tularensis. A questionnaire on hygiene measures, number of animals per species, housing system, care procedures and feeding was administered to every petting zoo to estimate exposure of visitors to zoonotic microorganisms. In total, 423 fecal samples were examined. Of these samples, 41 were positive for Campylobacter spp., which were mainly isolates from pigs and poultry (35% positive samples from each species). In pigs, 50% of the positive samples (6 samples) were typed as C. jejuni. The others were typed as C. coli (3) and C lan' (3), respectively. Five poultry isolates were typed as C. jejuni, and two as C. coli. Two samples were positive for Salmonella spp. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from a goat, the other isolate could not be identified by serotyping. Neither Francisella tularensis nor verocytotoxin producing E. coli/ VTEC were found. The low prevalence of zoonotic microorganisms in Swiss petting zoos could be attributed to the cleanness of enclosures and animals, low stocking rates and good animal care. However, there is room for improvement concerning visitors' information on hygiene and hand washing. Furthermore, a strict separation between picnic - areas and animals should be enforced.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Zoonoses and fertility control in wildlife--requirements for vaccines.

This paper reflects on public health considerations on the voluntary release of anti-fertility vaccines for wildlife in the environment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established a variety of recommendations on safety and efficacy requirements for the voluntary release of rabies vaccines used for oral immunization of animals. These requirements cover aspects of control of rabies and possible biological consequences in the target population. They also deal with the protection of the health of humans and other non-target species that might come into contact with the different oral rabies vaccines used in various parts of the world. These recommendations are laid down in several WHO publications. They are specific to the disease concerned, the target animal reservoir, the relationship and types of contact between humans and target animals, the vaccines and baits used and the respective conditions of oral immunization of wildlife in densely-populated areas. Many of these recommendations also apply to the development and application of contraceptive vaccines for wildlife carnivores. Additional safety requirements concern the transmissibility of the antigen, the reversibility of the intervention within an individual animal and in animal populations, as well as the species specificity of the antigen used. The management of animal populations that are reservoirs for zoonotic diseases is a possible means by which diseases that are transmissible from animals to humans could be prevented. Oral contraception by means of vaccines is an appealing method, provided that requirements for protecting public and animal health, as well as ensuring environmental safety, are precisely defined and strictly adhered to.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Parasitic zoonoses in Papua New Guinea.

Relatively few species of zoonotic parasites have been recorded in humans in Papua New Guinea. A greater number of potentially zoonotic species, mostly nematodes, occur in animals but are yet to be reported from humans. Protozoa is the best represented group of those infecting man, with Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanesis, Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp., Entamoeba polecki, Balantidium coli and, possibly, Blastocystis hominis. The only zoonotic helminths infecting humans include the trematode Paragonimus westermani, the cestodes Hymenolepis nana, H. diminuta and the sparganum larva of Spirometra erinacea, and the nematodes Trichinella papuae and Angiostrongylus cantonensis and, possibly, Ascaris suum. Other groups represented are Acanthocephala (Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus)), insects (Chrysomya bezziana, Cimex sp., Ctenocephalides spp.), and mites (Leptotrombidium spp. and, possibly Sarcoptes scabiei, and Demodex sp.). One leech (Phytobdella lineata) may also be considered as being zoonotic. The paucity of zoonotic parasite species can be attributed to long historical isolation of the island of New Guinea and its people, and the absence until recent times of large placental mammals other than pig and dog. Some zoonotic helminths have entered the country with recent importation of domestic animals, in spite of quarantine regulations, and a few more (two cestodes, one nematode and one tick) are poised to enter from neighbouring countries, given the opportunity. Improvement in water supplies, human hygiene and sanitation would reduce the prevalence of many of these parasites, and thorough cooking of meat would lessen the risk of infection by some others.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The leishmaniases as model zoonoses.

Of the 374 species of parasite recorded as naturally infecting Homo sapiens, all but some 40 are zoonotic. A classification of human parasites is proposed, based on the role of H. sapiens in the maintenance of suprapopulations. Categories range from 1, for which man is irrelevant to the persistence of the species, to 4, which includes the small number of host-specific forms. The classification is illustrated by various species of Leishmania, and these are used to illustrate various host-parasite systems. The 'Wells effect' is proposed, to describe the protection of host populations by their parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Jaundice of unknown origin: Remember zoonoses!

Zoonotic diseases are randomly remembered in the differential diagnosis of jaundice of unknown origin. We present four characteristic cases of jaundice attributed to brucellosis and Coxiella burnetii infection and discuss the various pathogenetic pathways implicated in each case. We present a brief review of the relevant literature and, in an era of increasing subspecialization, underline the importance of viewing the "whole picture".

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Coinfecting deer-associated zoonoses: Lyme disease, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis.

The heightened worldwide recognition of the health burden of tickborne infection derives largely from the increasing incidence of Lyme disease, human babesiosis, and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, both individually and in concert. Because these infections share the same rodent reservoir and tick vector hosts, they can be cotransmitted to human hosts. Indeed, human coinfections involving various combinations of these pathogens are common, and some tend to be particularly severe. Diagnostic procedures and clinical management of the resulting disease syndrome is rendered complex by the diversity of pathogens involved and by the unusual diversity and duration of symptoms.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfecting tickborne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease.

To determine whether a unique group of clinical and laboratory manifestations characterize certain major deer tick-transmitted human pathogens in North America, we compared the symptoms, short-term complications, and laboratory test results of New England residents who became ill due to > or =1 of these pathogens. Patients completed a uniformly structured questionnaire and submitted blood samples for serologic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing after developing symptoms of Lyme disease, human babesiosis, or human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE). Complete blood count with thin blood smear, PCR, and immunoglobulin M antibody tests helped differentiate the acute manifestations of these diseases. Physicians should consider use of tests designed to diagnose babesiosis and HGE in patients with Lyme disease who experience a prolonged flulike illness that fails to respond to appropriate antiborrelial therapy.

Adult↗