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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Regional specialization in pyramidal cell structure in the visual cortex of the galago: an intracellular injection study of striate and extrastriate areas with comparative notes on new world and old world monkeys.

Recent studies have revealed marked differences in the basal dendritic structure of layer III pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex of adult simian primates. In particular, there is a consistent trend for pyramidal cells of increasing complexity with anterior progression through occipitotemporal cortical visual areas. These differences in pyramidal cell structure, and their systematic nature, are believed to be important for specialized aspects of visual processing within, and between, cortical areas. However, it remains unknown whether this regional specialization in the pyramidal cell phenotype is unique to simians, is unique to primates in general or is widespread amongst mammalian species. In the present study we investigated pyramidal cell structure in the prosimian galago (Otolemur garnetti). We found, as in simians, that the basal dendritic arbors of pyramidal cells differed between cortical areas. More specifically, pyramidal cells became progressively more spinous through the primary (V1), second (V2), dorsolateral (DL) and inferotemporal (IT) visual areas. Moreover, pyramidal neurons in V1 of the galago are remarkably similar to those in other primate species, in spite of large differences in the sizes of this area. In contrast, pyramidal cells in inferotemporal cortex are quite variable among primate species. These data suggest that regional specialization in pyramidal cell phenotype was a likely feature of cortex in a common ancestor of simian and prosimian primates, but the degree of specialization varies between species.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

From object-relations theory to the theory of alterity: shame as an intermediary between the interpersonal world and the inner world of psychic structure.

Proceeding from a critical discussion of positions adopted in object-relations theory and of recent approaches to the understanding of shame (exemplified with reference to Wurmser's concept of shame), the paper demonstrates that intrapsychic structures should not be regarded as preconditions for shame but as themselves evolving in the first place from contact with experiential forms of the shame affect. The paper takes its theoretical bearings from object-relations theory and the theory of psychic structure, expanding the purview of these approaches by incorporating the reciprocity aspect and thus outlining a comprehensive "alterity theory." "Shame" is presented as an "interface affect," manifesting itself initially in the external interactional dimension and constituting the relational structure of "self-consciousness" via the internalization of the reciprocal relation between subject and object. From the angle of developmental psychology, three characteristic forms of such stages of internalization (identified by mythological figures) are described. (1) Narcissus, characterized by the absence of any reciprocal relation and accordingly termed "unreflected," (2) Tiresias, with a capacity for taking up the position of the vis-à-vis temporarily and looking critically at one's own self from that perspective, yet lacking the faculty of self-objectification without the help of the vis-à-vis. Self-objectification is therefore taking place in the interactional dimension. This stage is thus designated as "externally reflected." (3) Oedipus, who has reached the stage to be termed "self-reflected" or "self-referential." The gaze is directed initially toward the outside in search of external sources of guilt but then falls back upon the subject itself. The gaze "turns inward" (to use an experientially suggestive image) and in the mythology this is represented by Oedipus' self-blinding. The subject is capable of "critical," dissociating functions, in the sense of self-objectification, thus attaining to a capacity for self-recognition, self-criticism and self-judgement. These three stages are seen to be progressive, not mutually exclusive. Self-referentiality in the broadest sense is regarded as being hierarchically stratified.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Living in two different worlds or living in the world differently: a qualitative study with American Indian nurses.

Nurses of American Indian heritage address unique challenges in their professional and personal lives. A qualitative study is described that investigates how such nurses bring unique qualities to nursing based on their spiritual beliefs, which stem from tradition and ritual, belief in the family, and harmony and oneness with the earth and with all creatures. The imperative to do cross-cultural research as well as the difficulties encountered in doing such research are discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2006

Fast and non-invasive PCR sexing of primates: apes, Old World monkeys, New World monkeys and Strepsirrhines.

BACKGROUND: One of the key tools for determining the social structure of wild and endangered primates is the ability to sex DNA from small amounts of non-invasive samples that are likely to include highly degraded DNA. Traditional markers for molecular sex determination of primates are developed on the basis of the human sequence and are often non-functional in distantly related primate species. Hence, it is highly desirable to develop markers that simultaneously detect Y- and X-chromosome specific sequences and also work across many species. RESULTS: A novel method for sex identification in primates is described using a triple primer PCR reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis of the sex-chromosomal isoforms of the ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat protein gene (UTX/UTY). By comparing genomic data from several mammals we identified the UTX/UTY locus as the best candidate for a universal primate sexing marker. Using data from several species we identified a XY-conserved region, a Y conserved region and an X conserved region. This enabled the design of a triple primer PCR setup that amplifies X and Y products of different length in a single PCR reaction. CONCLUSION: This simple PCR amplification of X and Y fragments is useful for sexing DNA samples from all species of primates. Furthermore, since the amplified fragments are very short the method can be applied to fragmented DNA extracted from non-invasive samples.

Animals↗