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PubMed1999

Distribution of Epi Info software: an evaluation using the Internet.

INTRODUCTION: Epi Info and Epi Map are computer programs for word processing, database management, epidemiologic statistics, and mapping designed for public health professionals. The programs are in the public domain, and distribution outside the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been through a variety of informal channels. METHOD: Individuals and organizations known to have distributed Epi Info or Epi Map since 1987 provided information. Distributors included CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO), commercial vendors, translators, instructors in university and public health settings, and other public health professionals. Reports documented a minimum number of 145,320 copies distributed. CONCLUSIONS: Since 1994, the Internet has become a major means of propagation, accounting for 66% of the copies for which the method of distribution was known. The Internet also was a major information source for this study.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed1997

Ergonomic evaluation of working posture of VDT operation using personal computer with flat panel display.

The aim of this study was to evaluate working conditions using a personal computer with a flat panel display (FPD) in terms of visual and musculoskeletal comfort. Measurements of viewing distance, viewing angle, head angle, neck angle and electromyogram (EMG) activities of the neck, shoulder and back muscles of visual display terminal (VDT) operators were compared at workstations using an FPD and a desktop personal computer (DPC). A notebook personal computer (NPC) with a 10.4 inches FPD, was used in this experiment. Each of 10 healthy subjects performed word processing tasks using both NPC and DPC workstations. Significant differences in the work posture while using the NPC and DPC were seen with viewing distance, viewing angle and head angle. The characteristic features of the work posture using the NPC were a remarkably short viewing distance and a forward inclination of the head. The value of integrated EMG (IEMG) of the neck muscle was greater while using the NPC than when using the DPC. These phenomena were caused by the structure of NPCs; most NPCs have a display and keyboard which cannot be separated and are not adjustable without tilt and swivel mechanisms. VDT devices that cannot be adjusted may potentially make operators assume a poor posture while working, which could cause visual and musculoskeletal disorders. To prevent visual and musculoskeletal problems using NPCs, a more upright head and neck position was recommended. The addition of a mechanism for adjustment of the height of an NPC display would allow a comfortable downward gaze without the loss of correct posture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The effect of a tilting seat on back, lower back and legs during sitting work.

The purpose of this study was to examine the possible effects of a tilting seat on the back, lower back and legs. Ten healthy male subjects aged 22-28 performed word-processing operations while sitting on a chair for one hour under two different seating conditions: the rocking condition and the fixed condition. While the subjects were performing the task, measurements of lower leg swelling were taken using bioelectrical impedance plethysmography, and pain scores were recorded every five min for the neck, shoulders, back, lower back, hips and legs. Electromyograms (EMGs) of the back and lower back (at Th5-6, Th8-9, L1-2 and L3-4) were recorded every sec. In addition, the subjects were videotaped while using the rocking seat, in order to analyze the angle and frequency of seat tilting. At the end of the experiment, the subjects were asked to evaluate the two conditions with respect to localized fatigue and operational efficiency. There was no significant difference in lower leg swelling between the two conditions. EMGs were significantly different at Th5-6, Th8-9 and L1-2 between the two conditions. The rocking condition generated greater EMGs at Th5-6 and L1-2, whereas the fixed condition produced greater EMGs at Th8-9. The pain scores for the neck, shoulders, back and lower back were higher under the fixed condition, while those for the buttocks were higher under the rocking condition. The average tilting frequency was as low as 25.2 times per hour, with 15.6 times per hour for tilting angles ranging from 1 to 2 degrees, and 9.6 times per hour for tilting angles exceeding 2 degrees. As for the subjective evaluations of localized fatigue, seven of the ten subjects preferred the rocking condition, while two preferred the fixed condition and one subject had no preference. Thus, there was a significant difference in the subjective evaluations of the two chairs. These findings suggest that the rocking condition, in contrast to the fixed seating condition, reduced back and lower back pain as a result of its tilting capability. The results of EMGs suggest that the rocking condition reduced back and lower back pain by increasing the overall muscle activity of the back and lower back. The leg impedance measurements showed no effect of the rocking condition on the leg swelling, as compared with the fixed condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Update on cochlear implantation.

Cochlear implants are computerized devices that partially replace the transduction and encoding functions of the cochlea. Over the past 20 years studies have demonstrated that cochlear implants are safe and effective, with modern computer-based multichannel devices providing open-set word understanding for the majority of implanted postlingually deafened adults as well as pre- and postlingually deafened children. Advances in word processing strategy have led to ever-improving word recognition skills and recent studies have demonstrated that oral language develops in congenitally deaf children who use cochlear implants.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Hypnotic susceptibility and verbal automaticity: automatic and strategic processing differences in the Stroop color-naming task.

The original hypothesis of Dixon, Brunet, and Laurence (1990) that highly hypnotizable (HH) subjects process words more automatically than do low hypnotizable (LH) subjects was retested in a paradigm that separated strategic from automatic processes in the Stroop color-naming task. The words red and blue preceded a color patch that was red or blue. Subjects were told that the word predicted the opposite color 75% of the time. Automatic and strategic processes were assessed by varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) between the word and the color patch. Both HH and LH subjects showed significant strategic effects (faster incongruent-trial, color-naming reaction times than congruent-trial reaction times at ISIs over 400 ms), but only HH subjects showed significant automaticity (significantly faster congruent-trial reaction times than incongruent-trial reaction times at 16.7 ms, the lowest ISI).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Frequency of uncommon abbreviations in medical journals.

Although the use of abbreviations not understood by the average reader is discouraged by journal editors, I nevertheless found that 43% of 147 articles published during June 1993 in eight general and surgical journals contained uncommon abbreviations. In 26 (18%) of the 147 articles, all the abbreviations and their explanatory decoding words appeared at the front of the article, either in the abstract or in the first paragraph. This up front position makes easier the reader's back-search. In 37 other articles (25%), at least one uncommon abbreviation was decoded somewhere in the body of the article. In 21 articles (14%) the uncommon abbreviations appeared in the concluding or summating paragraph(s) and the explanatory decoding words were buried in the body of the article, thus making difficult the reader's back-search. Corrective action might include (1) editorial and peer review enforcement of the "no nonstandard abbreviation" policy, which is easily done with computerized word processing; (2) tabulation of all abbreviations with their decoding words either just below the abstract at the front of the article or just above the bibliography at the rear; or (3) expansion of each abbreviation in a footnote at the bottom of the appropriate page.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed1999

Making sense out of jargon: a neurolinguistic and computational account of jargon aphasia.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the cognitive and neuroanatomic bases of neologistic jargon aphasia with spared comprehension and production of written words. METHODS: Detailed analysis of performance across experiments of naming, reading, writing, repetition, and word/picture matching by a 68-year-old woman (J.B.N.) served to identify which cognitive mechanisms underlying naming and word comprehension were impaired. J.B.N.'s impairments were then simulated by selectively "lesioning" a computer model of word production that has semantic, word form, and subword phonologic levels of representation (described by Dell in 1986). RESULTS: In comprehension experiments, J.B.N. made far more errors with spoken word input than with written word or picture input (chi-square = 40-59; df = 1; p < 0.0001) despite intact auditory discrimination. In naming experiments (with picture, definition, or tactile input), J.B.N. made far more errors in spoken output relative to written output (chi-square = 14-56; df = 1; p < 0.0001). These selective impairments of spoken word processing were simulated by reducing connection strength between word-level and subword-level phonologic units but maintaining full connection strength between word-level and semantic units in Dell's model. The simulation yielded a distribution of error types that was nearly identical to that of J.B.N., and her CT and MRI scans showed a small subarachnoid hemorrhage in the left sylvian fissure without infarct. Cerebral angiogram showed focal vasospasm in sylvian branches of the left middle cerebral artery. CONCLUSION: Focal left perisylvian dysfunction can result in a highly selective "disconnection" between word-level and subword-level phonologic representations manifest as neologistic jargon aphasia with intact understanding and production of written words.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Selective attention in perceptual adjustments to voice.

The effects of perceptual adjustments to voice information on the perception of isolated spoken words were examined. In two experiments, spoken target words were preceded or followed within a trial by a neutral word spoken in the same voice or in a different voice as the target. Over-all, words were reproduced more accurately on trials on which the voice of the neutral word matched the voice of the spoken target word, suggesting that perceptual adjustments to voice interfere with word processing. This result, however, was mediated by selective attention to voice. The results provide further evidence of a close processing relationship between perceptual adjustments to voice and spoken word recognition.

Attention↗
PubMed1997

[A test of a hypothesis of automatic phonological processing of Kanji words].

This paper aims to examine a hypothesis that phonological processing should occur in Japanese Kanji words as well as in Kana words, but automatic in Kanji words. In Experiment 1, subjects performed concurrent articulation or finger tapping during a semantic processing task of Kana words with 2 to 4 phonemes, for which phonological processing should be indispensable. Concurrent articulation was found to eliminate the phoneme number effect found in the control condition, but finger tapping was not. This result indicates the effectiveness of concurrent articulation in articulatory suppression. In Experiment 2, the materials were changed to Kanji words, for which phonological processing had been supposed to be dispensable, and subjects performed the same task. The results showed no phoneme number effect even in the control condition, and the reaction time in the concurrent articulation condition was delayed significantly. These results suggest the existence of automatic phonological processing of Kanji words. Finally, the pertinence of this hypothesis was confirmed by applying it to the explanations of 3 kinds of Japanese dyslexia.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Semantic and spatial components of selective attention.

Semantic and spatial effects on selective processing were examined. A prime presented 250 ms or 1,000 ms before a pair of masked words was related to 1 of the words on 1/3 of the trials. Although Experiments 1 and 2 required report of both words, processing was selective; typically, just 1 word could be reported. In Experiment 1, reported words were more often top words, showing spatial selectivity, and more often words related to the prime, showing semantic selectivity. Experiment 2 included to-be-ignored peripheral cues 50 ms before the pair. Related words were reported more often at both delays, and cuing produced an additive benefit at 1,000 ms. Experiment 3 required report of just the cued word and included 100-ms cues. Cued words were reported more often, especially at 1,000 ms and with 100-ms cues, but semantic selectivity also occurred. Selectivity via semantic priming and via location reflect separate attentional mechanisms.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Words and sentences: event-related brain potential measures.

Interactions between sentences and the individual words that comprise them are reviewed in studies using the event-related brain potential (ERP). Results suggest that, for ambiguous words preceded by a biasing sentence context, context is used at an early stage to constrain the relevant sense of a word rather than select among multiple active senses. A study comparing associative single-word context and sentence-level context also suggests that sentence context influences the earliest stage of semantic analysis, but that the ability to use sentence context effectively is more demanding of working memory than the ability to use single-word contexts. Another indication that sentence context has a dramatic effect on single-word processing was the observation that high- and low-frequency words elicit different ERPs at the beginnings of sentences but that this effect is suppressed by a meaningful sentence context.

Evoked Potentials↗
PubMed1987

Visual field effects for processing content and function words.

This study investigated the processing of content and function words when input to the left vs right hemispheres. For both lexical decision and naming there was a larger RVF advantage for function as compared to content words: function words were processed more slowly than content in the LVF, but not in the RVF. These results do not replicate the previous report of Bradley and Garrett, Neuropsychologia 21, 155-159, 1983, and provide some support for the view that function words are less accessible to the right hemisphere. In a second experiment, there was no difference in VF asymmetry when acceptability judgments were required for function vs content word phrases. Grammaticality judgments, of any sort, may be predominantly processed in the left hemisphere.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Brain potentials in developmental dyslexia: differential effects of word frequency in human subjects.

The differences of word processing between a group of adult developmental dyslexics and control subjects were examined with the event-related potential (ERP) technique. In particular, the effects of word frequency and word recognition were assessed. The subjects viewed a series of frequently and infrequently used words, most of which were repeated after some intervening items and they discriminated between first and second presentations of the words. It can be shown that in the range from 300 to 550 ms post stimulus the amplitude of the N400 component, an ERP measure of semantic processing, is reduced for high frequency words. This effect is more pronounced in the dyslexic group and the effects of word recognition are also reduced in the dyslexic group for high frequency words. These findings are discussed with respect to current concepts of dyslexia and of semantic processing.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The balance of storage and computation in morphological processing: the role of word formation type, affixal homonymy, and productivity.

This article is concerned with the way in which the balance of storage-storing and processing words through full-form representations-and computation-storing and processing words through morpheme-based representations-in lexical processing in the visual modality is affected by the following 3 factors: word formation type (roughly, inflection vs. derivation), productivity, and affixal homonymy. Experimental results for 5 different Dutch suffixes, combined with previous results obtained for 4 comparable Finnish suffixes (R. Bertram, M. Laine, & K. Karvinen, 1999) and 2 Dutch suffixes (R. H. Baayen, T. Dijkstra, & R. Schreuder, 1997), show that none of these factors in isolation is a reliable cross-linguistic predictor of the balance of storage and computation. The authors offer a general framework that outlines how morphological processing is influenced by the interaction of word formation type, productivity, and affixal homonymy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychophysiological components of imagery.

McGuigan's neuromuscular model of information processing (1978a, 1978b, and 1989) was investigated by electrically recording eye movements (electro-oculograms), covert lip and preferred arm responses (electromyograms), and electroencephalograms. This model predicts that codes are generated as the lips are uniquely activated when processing words beginning with bilabial sounds like "p" or "b," as is the right arm to words like "pencil" that refer to its use. Twelve adult female participants selected for their high imagery ratings were asked to form images to three orally presented linguistic stimuli: the letter "p," the words "pencil" and "pasture," and to a control stimulus, the words "go blank." The following findings were significant beyond the 0.05 level: an increased covert lip response only to the letter "p," increased vertical eye activity to "p" and to the word "pencil," right arm response only to the word "pencil," and a decreased percentage of alpha waves from the right 02 lead only to the word "pasture." Since these covert responses uniquely occurred during specific imagery processes, it is inferred that they are components of neuromuscular circuits that function in accord with the model of information processing tested.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Lateral differences in lexical access: word length vs. stimulus length.

A. W. Young and A. W. Ellis (1985, Brain and Language, 24, 326-358) have shown that visual length of stimuli is a major determinant of lateral differences in word processing. They suggest that the right hemisphere must first code the words in graphemic form and, therefore, is affected by the word length. They demonstrated that visual length is best defined as the number of letters. The present experiment was conducted with 36 normal subjects to test this definition of the visual length by contrasting the number of letters and the physical length in the visual field. Spaces were inserted in the short words (4-letter) so that they matched the physical length of the long words (7-letter). Our results replicated those of Young and Ellis and confirmed that visual length can be defined by the number of letters. In addition, the imagery value of the words tended to affect this Hemifield x Length effect, a result not obtained by Young and Ellis.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Language processing in aphasia: changes in lateralization patterns during recovery reflect cerebral plasticity in adults.

During single word processing the negative cortical DC-potential reveals a left frontal preponderance in normal right-handers as well as in patients with a history of transient aphasia. Lateralization of DC-negativity therefore provides a reliable and robust method for the assessment of language dominance. In 11 stroke patients with permanent aphasia this physiological pattern changed to bilateral activation reflecting an additional right-hemispheric involvement in compensatory mechanisms in aphasia. Along with complete clinical recovery the classical aphasic syndromes revealed specific differences in changes of their lateralization patterns. In Broca's aphasia the initial right-hemispheric preponderance changed to a left frontal lateralization while in Wernicke's aphasia a presumably permanent shift towards the right hemisphere occurred. Differences in lateralization patterns might reflect different mechanisms of recovery such as the initial disinhibition of homologous areas contralaterally and subsequent collateral sprouting and synaptic modulation. The assessment of changes in lateralization of the cortical DC-potential during language tasks in a non-invasive, safe method with excellent time resolution that might provide further insights in the neural basis of recovery from aphasia.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1994

Effects of level of processing on implicit and explicit tasks.

The series of experiments presented in this article replicate the interaction that B. H. Challis and D. R. Brodbeck (1992) reported between list design (blocked or mixed) and level of processing for word fragment completion: The advantage for semantically processed words over shallowly processed words was greater when the conditions were blocked than when they were mixed on the study list. A similar interaction was found for perceptual identification (a data-driven implicit task) and priming in general knowledge questions (a conceptually driven implicit task). However, both data-driven and conceptually driven explicit tasks failed to reveal such a pattern.

Humans↗