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PubMed1997

Sorority women's body size perceptions and their weight-related attitudes and behaviors.

Six hundred twenty-seven sorority women were surveyed to determine if sorority members constituted a subgroup of college women who may be at increased risk for disordered eating. The sorority members were administered Body Mass Index Silhouettes and the Eating Disorder Inventory. The findings indicated that these sorority women may have a greater fear of becoming fat, are more dissatisfied with their bodies, and are more weight preoccupied and concerned with dieting than are college women from previous studies. The findings also suggested that body size perceptions were distorted among both underweight and overweight women and that thin was the ideal body profile for the majority of the women. Although bulimia scores were higher for this population than for those reported in all but one of the previous studies, these differences were not significant. More research and innovative programs designed to address weight-related attitudes and behaviors among this population are called for.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Associations of body mass index and perceived weight with suicide ideation and suicide attempts among US high school students.

BACKGROUND: Previous research with adolescents has shown associations of body weight and perceptions of body size with suicide ideation and suicide attempts, but it is unclear whether these associations are direct or whether a mediating effect exists. OBJECTIVES: To determine if body mass index and perceived weight are associated significantly with suicide ideation and suicide attempts, controlling for weight control practices, and if perceived weight mediates the associations of body mass index with suicide ideation and suicide attempts. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were analyzed from the 2001 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a school-based survey administered to a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9 through 12 (N = 13 601). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Self-reported past-year suicide ideation and suicide attempts, compared by perceived weight and body mass index category, calculated from self-reported height and weight. RESULTS: Body mass index category was associated significantly with suicide ideation (among all students) and suicide attempts (among white and Hispanic students) without perceived weight in the model but not with perceived weight added to the model. In contrast with those who perceive themselves as about the right weight, students who perceived themselves as very underweight (odds ratio [OR], 2.29 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.46-3.59]), slightly underweight (OR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.03-1.79]), slightly overweight (OR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.12-1.58]), and very overweight (OR, 2.50 [95% CI, 1.73-3.60]) had greater adjusted odds of suicide ideation. Among white students, perceiving oneself as very underweight (OR, 3.04 [95% CI, 1.40-6.58]) or very overweight (OR, 2.74 [95% CI, 1.21-6.23]) was associated with greater odds of suicide attempts. Perceiving oneself as very underweight was associated with greater odds for suicide attempts among black (OR, 2.86 [95% CI, 1.10-7.45]) and Hispanic (OR, 3.40 [95% CI, 1.54-7.51]) students. CONCLUSIONS: How adolescents perceive their body weight may be more important than their actual weight in terms of increased likelihood of suicidal behavior. Regardless of body mass index, extreme perceptions of weight appear to be significant risk factors for suicidal behavior; important racial/ethnic differences exist.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Perceived body image among African Americans with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess current, desired and best body image in the opposite sex and examine correlates of body image dissatisfaction. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis at baseline of 185 (141 women, 44 men) African Americans with type 2 diabetes in Project Sugar 1, a randomized controlled trial of primary care-based interventions to improve diabetic control. RESULTS: Women had a significantly lower desired body image compared to their current body image (BMI approximately 27.7 versus approximately 35.3). Men preferred a body image for women that was similar to the body image that women desired for themselves (BMI approximately 28.3 versus approximately 27.7). Significant correlates of body image dissatisfaction included self-perception of being overweight and attempting weight-loss (P < 0.05). PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Among overweight and obese African-American women with diabetes, it is important to first address an individual's perceived body image, perceived risk of disease, desired body image, and weight-loss perceptions. In addition to the aesthetic benefits of weight-loss, there is a need to focus on the health benefits in order to intervene among African Americans with diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Complexities in ETS-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the TCF (ternary complex factor) subfamily. The Colworth Medal Lecture.

The ETS-domain transcription factor family can be divided into a series of subfamilies. Elk-1 represents the founding member of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily. By focusing on the TCF subfamily, we can demonstrate the complexities that exist in the function and regulation of ETS-domain transcription factors. This article focuses on Elk-1 in detail and summarizes the functions of other TCFs. The key themes covered include the domain structure of the TCFs, the mechanisms of complex formation with serum response factor, regulation of TCFs by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and transcriptional regulatory properties of the TCFs. Finally, the emerging role of the TCFs in vivo is discussed. A picture is developing indicating that, while these proteins exhibit significant sequence and functional conservation, key differences in their structure and regulation are being identified which may relate to unique functions of these proteins in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

On the nature and meaning of sinuosity in magnitude-estimation functions.

Magnitude-estimation functions for single observers, derived from multiple judgments of closely spaced stimuli, exhibit a sinuous form in logarithmic coordinates, an observation frequently confirmed since first reported by Luce and Mo (1965). We propose that this can result from reliance on a restricted pool of responses, called "preferred numbers" by Baird and Noma (1975). We describe a model featuring a response band centered on an assumed power function, from which the observer selects from among preferred numbers with equal probability. In simulations, the expected values of these selections oscillate around the underlying power function with an appearance similar to that of Luce-Mo functions. The appearance of these functions depends on values assumed for the scale factor of the power function, the range of intensities considered, and the width of the band from which responses are drawn. We conclude that sinuosity in magnitude-estimation functions does not disconfirm the psychophysical power law.

Arousal↗
PubMed1996

Dynamic touch.

People can perceive a number of spatial and other properties of objects, without the benefit of vision, simply by wielding and hefting the objects. A variety of recent experiments are reported, showing that in this kind of touching, which is closely connected with the states of muscles, the nervous system cleverly exploits the physics of rotations.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed2002

Analogical problem solving: a hierarchical analysis of procedural similarity.

Similarity between source analogues and target problems is a central theme in the research on analogical transfer. Much of the theorizing and research has focused on the effects of superficial and structural similarity on transfer. The present research is an attempt to analyze systematically another critical type of similarity, namely, procedural similarity, and to examine its effects on the executing process. Participants viewed a schematic picture as a source model, interpreted its conceptual meaning, and then attempted to solve a problem to which the conceptual information from the source model could be applied. The results indicate that the ease with which a source solution was implemented was largely determined by the abstraction level at which a solution was shared by a source analogue and the target problem. The degree of procedural similarity was also found to influence the executing process in analogical transfer. A conceptual model concerning the function of procedural similarity as a utilizational constraint in analogical problem solving is proposed.

Association Learning↗
PubMed1995

Effect of velocity on judgments of relative mass.

Research indicates that people can accurately judge the relative mass of colliding objects, i.e., which is heavier, if the collisions viewed involve actual physical objects. This study explored whether such judgements are affected by the image velocity of the colliding objects. Videotaped collisions involving different screen velocities were shown to observers. The accuracy of judgments of collision decreased significantly at slower velocities. A velocity-threshold hypothesis is offered as a possible account for this finding.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1999

Perceiving the lengths of rods wielded in different media.

In two experiments, we investigated the ability of participants to report the lengths of rods wielded in air or water. Homogeneous aluminum rods were employed in Experiment 1. The inertia of the rods was manipulated in Experiment 2 through the use of attached masses. Although the torques required in order to wield rods in water are substantially greater than those required to wield rods in air, the perceived lengths of rods wielded in the two media were very similar. Perceived length was found to be a function primarily of inertia in both media. The experiments also revealed a small influence of resistance due to the denser medium of water. The results demonstrate the ability of perceivers to extract a physical invariant from a complex array of forces. The discussion is focused on the role of invariants in dynamic touch.

Air↗