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PubMed1989

[The incidence of fatal lung emboli with special reference to the underlying disease and the effect of weather].

The frequency of the fatal pulmonary embolism in the autopsy material of Rostock University undergoes greater variations. After an increase of the incidence in connection with hyperalimentation and increase of age to the twofold to threefold between 1922 and 1974 as possible sequel of a prophylaxis of thrombosis a decrease of maximally 12.4 to 8.2% is to be established. The average age is 67.8 years, females are more affected to the relation of 1:1.6. Clinically the diagnosis of causes of death was exactly made in 25.9%. In the relation of causes dominate basic diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory system with disturbances of the haemodynamics, malignant tumours without significant preference of certain organ carcinomas and infectious-toxic complications. A conspicuous accumulation concerned the chronic respiratory syndrome, often a polypathia existed. In the region of the coast of the Baltic Sea pulmonary embolisms appeared statistically significantly more frequently in fine weather phases and at beginning fine weather, respectively, with indifferent or tendencially rising global radiation on the day of the event and particularly in winter season. An influence of passages of weather fronts could not be established.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of weather on odontogenic abscesses].

An increased frequency of odontogenous abcesses was observed on certain days in the course of routine clinical practice. We therefore investigated the possibility of a statistically significant weather-related odontogenous soft-tissue purulence originating from chronic apical periodontitis. Medical reports of patients treated between 1970 and 1977 were used. Our study indicated that the frequency of odontogenous abcesses was significantly higher with cyclonic weather conditions, i.e., weather with low barometric pressure.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed1977

[The possible connection between the occurrence of embolism and thrombosis in the retinal vessels and the weather (author's transl)].

While in the comparatively short period of three months (middle Febraury to end of May 1976) embolisms and thromboses of the retinal vessels were suddenly observed much more commonly in the University Eye clinic in Münster we tried to discover a possible connection with the weather. All patients had conditions which predisposed to thrombo-embolic occlusive vascular disease. We use the decimal classification of weather, and on the basis of this we could prove a connection between the intensity of the start of the thromboembolic process and cyclonic and anticyclonic weather situations and situations which favour allergic-hyperergic reactions to inflammatory processes. In venous occlusion an increase in the impulse number in the area (0,02 V/m) and hence increased thrombocyte adhesion at the beginning of the thrombotic process seemed to be the deciding factor. We made comparisons with the literature. It seems to be ophthalmologically important that also increase in the light intensity can be associated with thrombo-embolic occlusions in the retinal vessels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The impact of weather on human health.

The impact of weather on human health is a well-known fact, yet, alas, neglected in the past. Bioclimatology, a vast field of medical knowledge, has only been developed in the past few years. It shows that the air we breathe has a profound influence on our well-being. Electrical charges of the air, such as ions, spherics and electrofields can affect our endocrine, vegetative and autonomous nerve system. It may even be responsible for post-operative thromboembolism. The present article describes weather reactions, electric radiations, climate rhythm, medical aspects of weather changes, and their effect on health and disease. Special devotion is also given to the manifestations of evil winds.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mortality from flash floods: a review of national weather service reports, 1969-81.

Of all weather-related disasters that occur in the United States, floods are the main cause of death, and most flood-related deaths are attributed to flash floods. Whenever a weather-related disaster involves 30 or more deaths or more than $100 million in property damage, the National Weather Service (NWS) forms a survey team to investigate the disaster and write a report of findings. All NWS survey reports on flash floods issued during 1969-81 were reviewed to determine the mortality resulting from such floods, the effect of warnings on mortality, and the circumstances contributing to death. A total of 1,185 deaths were associated with 32 flash floods, an average of 37 deaths per flash flood. The highest average number of deaths per event was associated with the four flash floods in which dams broke after heavy rains. Although there were 18 flash floods in 1977-81 and only 14 in 1969-76, the number of deaths was 2 1/2 times greater during the earlier period. More than twice as many deaths were associated with flash floods for which the survey team considered the warnings inadequate than with those with warnings considered adequate. Ninety-three percent of the deaths were due to drowning and 42 percent of these drownings were car related. The other drownings occurred in homes, at campsites, or when persons were crossing bridges and streams. The need for monitoring dams during periods of heavy rainfall is highlighted.

Disasters↗
PubMed1980

Weekly periodicity of headache and the effect of changes in weather on headache.

The effect of changes in weather on headache was investigated in two separate studies in Uppsala. In a pilot study 60 healthy persons (all medical staff) reported their headache during a period of 2 months. Later 53 patients with migraine and 20 with tension headache registered their headache during 4 weeks. Several climate factors were recorded during the observation periods. Both studies showed a significant weekly periodicity of headache. In patients with migraine the headache frequency was lowest on Sunday-Monday and highest on Thursday and on Saturday. In patients with tension headache the highest frequency was noted on Thursday-Friday and lowest frequency on Sunday-Tuesday. The pilot study showed that personnel off work had significantly more headache when bad weather occurred. There was a tendency for headache the day before windy weather. In the 53 migraine patients there was also a correlation between some climate factors and headache frequency. In this group the deviation from the expected headache frequency (actual headache frequency minus that of observed weekly periodicity) correlated significantly to the air-pressure and air-temperature measured 1-3 days later.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Migraine and headache due to weather and allied causes and its specific treatment.

Attacks of migraine resulting from climatic cold or heat-stress are a common occurrence in 20-30 per cent of a population exposed to weather changes. The electrical charges (positive ionisation and sferics) engendered by every incoming weather front produce a release of serotonin. In addition there also exists a syndrome of adrenaline deficiency, which may produce headache, while a third reaction, intermittent hyperthyreosis, plays a lesser role in evoking headache. The differential diagnosis of the various types of headache is based upon the profile of neurohormones excreted in the 24-hours urinary output, which permits a comparison between normal and weather-stress days. Such a procedure may provide an appraisal of the underlying metabolic disturbance. Consequently, appropriate treatment can be administered to the patient, and its effect controlled by analysis of any possible neurohormonal change.

Headache↗
PubMed1977

[Weather and disease].

About one third of our population is weather-sensitive. The specific symptoms depend from age, sex, health state and social class. A great number of meteorotropic diseases are either caused or intensified by certain meteorological events. The same is true for both alterations of common fitness and physiological parameters. The most important correlation-statistical results from different meteorological study-groups of the past decennials are summarized. By means of these tabularies the physician is able to recognize weather-dependent diseases. The telephone-service of the Deutschen Wetterdienst (bioprog) keeps him informed of the actual weather-situation. Taking advantage of these possibilities every physician can give prophylactic medicare.

Air Ionization↗
PubMed1993

Edaphological characteristics of unweathered and weathered fly ashes from Gondwana and lignite coal.

Naturally weathered and unweathered samples of fly ashes produced from Gondwana and lignite coals were characterized for their edaphological properties. The particle size distribution in these fly ashes varied widely, and the percentage of [Formula: see text] size particles governed their water holding capacity. All fly ashes were noncoherent in the dry state and had lower particle density than quartz and mulite. The fly ashes were low in available N, but were sufficient in available P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and B. Among the fly ashes, unweathered lignite fly ash was the richest source of K, Ca, Mg, S and Fe, while weathered lignite fly ash had the highest amounts of Mn, Zn and B. The pH of the fly ashes was closely related to the ratio of exchangeable Ca to exchangeable Al. The fly ashes were high in soluble salt, but were poor in cation exchange capacity. As an amendment to correct soil pH, the fly ashes had a poor buffering capacity. Weathering decreased the total Fe, available S and exchangeable Na percentages, but increased the organic C content of the fly ashes. Invariably, an excess of soluble salts and exchangeable Na could limit plant growth on fly ash dumps. Toxic levels of B and Al existed in only some fly ashes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Primates take weather into account when searching for fruits.

Temperature and solar radiation are known to influence maturation of fruits and insect larvae inside them . We investigated whether gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena johnstonii) of Kibale Forest, Uganda, take these weather variables into account when searching for ripe figs or unripe figs containing insect larvae. We predicted that monkeys would be more likely to revisit a tree with fruit after several days of warm and sunny weather compared to a cooler and more cloudy period. We preselected 80 target fig trees and monitored whether they contained ripe, unripe, or no fruit. We followed one habituated monkey group from dawn to dusk for three continuous observation periods totalling 210 days. Whenever the group came within a 100 m circle of a previously visited target tree for a second time, we noted whether or not individuals proceeded to the trunk, i.e., whether they "revisited" or simply "bypassed" the tree. We found that average daily maximum temperature was significantly higher for days preceding revisits than bypasses. The probability of a revisit was additionally influenced by solar radiation experienced on the day of reapproach. These effects were found only for trees that carried fruit at the previous visit but not for trees that had carried none. We concluded that these nonhuman primates were capable of taking into account past weather conditions when searching for food. We discuss the implication of these findings for theories of primate cognitive evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Influences of wetland plants on weathered acidic mine tailings.

Establishment of Carex rostrata, Eriophorum angustifolium and Phragmites australis on weathered, acidic mine tailings (pH approximately 3) and their effect on pH in tailings were investigated in a field experiment. The amendments, sewage sludge and an ashes-sewage sludge mixture, were used as plant nutrition and their influence on the metal and As concentrations of plant shoots was analysed. An additional experiment was performed in greenhouse with E. angustifolium and sewage sludge as amendments in both weathered and unweathered tailings. After one year, plants grew better in amendments containing ashes in the field, also in those plants the metal and As shoot concentrations were generally lower than in other treatments. After two years, the only surviving plants were found in sewage sludge mixed with ashes. No effect on pH by plants was found in weathered acidic mine tailings in either field- or greenhouse experiment.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2005

Biodegradation and mineral weathering controls on bulk electrical conductivity in a shallow hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer.

Geochemical and stable carbon isotope data from closely spaced vertical intervals in a hydrocarbon-impacted aquifer were used to assess the relationship between biodegradation, mineral weathering, and enhanced bulk conductivity zones. The results show that depth zones of enhanced bulk conductivity in the contaminated aquifer had higher total dissolved solids (TDS) compared to background groundwater. The higher TDS in contaminated groundwater were due to elevated ion concentrations from enhanced mineral weathering. Depth intervals with higher concentrations of major cations overlapped with zones with higher total petroleum hydrocarbons, which were the same zones where reduction of nitrate, iron, manganese, sulfate, and methanogenesis was occurring. Hence, the zones of higher bulk conductivity may be explained by mineral weathering related to hydrocarbon biodegradation. Our results suggest that biodegradation of hydrocarbons may impart changes to the aquifer geochemistry that can be indirectly observed using geophysical techniques. We therefore argue for inclusion of geophysical investigations as part of natural attenuation assessment programs.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2004

The effects of seasonal weather on the genotoxicity, cytokinetic properties, cytotoxicity and organochemical content of extracts of airborne particulates in Mexico City.

Extracted organic material (EOM) from PM10 airborne particles collected during three distinct seasons in Mexico City was assayed for genotoxicity, cytokinetic effects and cytotoxicity. Using sister chromatid exchange (SCE) for genotoxicity, replication index (RI) and mitotic index (MI) for cytokinetics, and microscopic evaluation (cell death) for cytotoxicity on human lymphocytes exposed to increasing concentrations of EOM, this study showed that the extent of genotoxic, cytokinetic, and cytotoxic change caused by pollutants depended at least in part on the seasonal weather. Bioactivated extracts of samplings in April (warm and dry), August (warm and rainy) and November (cool and dry) produced the highest rate of genotoxicity (SCE) in November and the lowest rate in April. Without bioactivation the rates were still highest in November but equally low in April and August. Thus, almost all of the genotoxic responses in the bioactivation experiments during these latter months were from promutagens. However, in November equally large amounts of mutagens and promutagens were present. Cytokinetics (RI and MI) showed steady decreases as the concentration of EOM was increased, independent of bioactivation and weather. Cytotoxicity (cell death) occurred when higher concentrations of EOM were used. EOM was the least cytotoxic in April and most cytotoxic in November. Bioactivation was not required for cytokinetic change and cytotoxicity, suggesting that the agents involved may be different from the genotoxic agents. Using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) it could be shown that the type of pollutant chemicals in the EOM also depended on the weather. In particular, all 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) studied were present in November EOM whereas four different PAH were absent in the other 2 months. Generally the amounts were less in the EOM collected in April and August. Conversely, nitro-PAH compounds were greater in number in April EOM but higher in amount in November EOM. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

A sensitivity study for the visualisation of bacterial weathering of concrete and stone with computerised X-ray microtomography.

Geologists and engineers recently have adopted computerised X-ray microtomography (microCT), a radiological imaging technique, for geological and petrophysical applications such as the assessment of sediment characteristics, CT-measurement of compressibility and compaction, multiphase flow studies, measurement of bulk density and moisture content, and of porosity and permeability. This study focuses on another application: the monitoring of biological weathering of natural building stones and concrete. Microbial activity as a determining factor in the deterioration process of building materials has a major economic impact. Because of its non-destructive character, microCT could be the ideal monitoring technique. With this technique, three-dimensional (3D) images of the entire inner structure of the material can be obtained, together with quantitative data. In depth changes of porosity of concrete and stone specimens due to bacterial weathering were assessed in this work. Also, porosity was visualised based on 3D data with homemade software. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images provided additional information and supported conclusions drawn from the X-ray microCT data. Resolution improvement will make the study of petrophysical aspects of physical weathering and/or biological deterioration processes of natural building stones and concrete a promising subject for further microCT-application.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2005

High-speed 1H MAS NMR investigations of the weathered surface of a phosphate glass.

Solid-state high-speed 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the weathered surface of a potassium aluminum phosphate (KAP) glass exposed to a humid environment (30K2O10Al2O360P2O5, mol%). Through the combination of spin-spin relaxation and double quantum (DQ) filtering it was possible to resolve seven or eight different proton environments within the weathered surface of the KAP glass. Two-dimensional (2D) DQ and 2D NOESY NMR correlation experiments were performed to probe the spatial proximity of these different proton species. These 1H-1H correlation experiments helped confirm the spectral assignments. The analysis of these different 1H environments provides additional information about the chemical processes that occur at the weathered glass surface.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Development of a reference dose for the persistent congeners of weathered toxaphene based on in vivo and in vitro effects related to tumor promotion.

Toxaphene is a mixture of chlorinated camphenes and bornanes that was produced and used in the United States until 1982. 1.3 million tons of toxaphene have been released worldwide. "Technical" toxaphene (TT) consists of a mixture of up to 800 different chemicals, known as congeners. TT weathers in the environment by both biotic and abiotic processes. The human body burden of toxaphene consists of only five persistent congeners that are not metabolized; three of these occur in considerably greater amounts than the other two. Because of the rapid metabolism and excretion of the non-persistent congeners, the persistent congeners that make up the human body burden most likely play a role in eliciting any potential adverse effects. EPA's toxicity assessment for TT is based on the occurrence of liver cancer in rodents, and considerable doubt exists whether this assessment is applicable to weathered toxaphene (WT). Using experimental results from European Union scientists, a reference dose (RfD) was developed for WT based on the three most persistent congeners that comprise the human body burden. The critical effect chosen was tumor promotion and this endpoint is considered protective for other endpoints as well. Although RfDs are typically derived for non-carcinogenic effects, the endpoint of tumor promotion is appropriate for RfD development because the experimental data suggest a dose threshold. The RfD for weathered toxaphene represented by the sum of the three major persistent congeners ( summation 3PC) is 2E-05 mg/kg-day. To apply this reference dose to a particular WT mixture, information is needed regarding the percentage of summation 3PC in the mixture.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Identification and modelling of dry weather processes in gully pots.

This paper presents the results of a monitoring and modelling programme, carried out to study the processes occurring in gully pots during dry weather. The monitoring programme involved estimation of the change in gully pot liquor quality, under field and laboratory conditions. The contents (i.e. liquor and sludge) of pots draining five different types of roads were monitored over dry periods in the winter and summer. A bench scale study was carried out to study the influence of temperature variations and sludge digestion by-products on gully liquor quality. The change in quality was measured in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammonium concentration. The trends for change in COD and DO, were found to be broadly similar for all road types. However, ammonium transformation was found to follow different patterns at different locations. Several dry weather processes, such as COD decay, ammonium transformation, oxygen depletion and uptake by sludge, oxygen transfer from the atmosphere and benthic release of COD, have been identified. Other processes, found to take place during dry weather, include development of a scum layer over the surface of the gully liquor and sludge bulking. A model is proposed which can predict the change in gully liquor quality in terms of COD, DO and ammonium concentrations. Data collected during the study has been used to successfully calibrate and verify the model.

Climate↗
PubMed2002

Matrix effects in applying mono- and polyclonal ELISA systems to the analysis of weathered oils in contaminated soil.

Commercial mono- and polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems were applied to the on-site analysis of weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soils at a former integrated steelworks. Comparisons were made between concentrations of solvent extractable matter (SEM) determined gravimetrically by Soxhlet (dichloromethane) extraction and those estimated immunologically by ELISA determination over a concentration range of 2000-330,000 mg SEM/kg soil dry weight. Both ELISA systems tinder-reported for the more weathered soil samples. Results suggest this is due to matrix effects in the sample rather than any inherent bias in the ELISA systems and it is concluded that, for weathered hydrocarbons typical of steelworks and coke production sites, the use of ELISA requires careful consideration as a field technique. Consideration of the target analyte relative to the composition of the hydrocarbon waste encountered appears critical.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗