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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide and beta-glucan of the fish pathogen Francisella victoria.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and beta-glucan from Francisella victoria, a fish pathogen and close relative of highly virulent mammal pathogen Francisella tularensis, have been analyzed using chemical and spectroscopy methods. The polysaccharide part of the LPS was found to contain a nonrepetitive sequence of 20 monosaccharides as well as alanine, 3-aminobutyric acid, and a novel branched amino acid, thus confirming F. victoria as a unique species. The structure identified composes the largest oligosaccharide elucidated by NMR so far, and was possible to solve using high field NMR with cold probe technology combined with the latest pulse sequences, including the first application of H2BC sequence to oligosaccharides. The non-phosphorylated lipid A region of the LPS was identical to that of other Francisellae, although one of the lipid A components has not been found in Francisella novicida. The heptoseless core-lipid A region of the LPS contained a linear pentasaccharide fragment identical to the corresponding part of F. tularensis and F. novicida LPSs, differing in side-chain substituents. The linkage region of the O-chain also closely resembled that of other Francisella. LPS preparation contained two characteristic glucans, previously observed as components of LPS preparations from other strains of Francisella: amylose and the unusual beta-(1-6)-glucan with (glycerol)2phosphate at the reducing end.

Alanine↗
PubMed1980

An examination of the selenium nutrition of sheep in Victoria.

The selenium nutrition of sheep throughout Victoria was assessed by a survey of the blood glutathione peroxidase activity in 708 flocks. It was shown that the blood glutathione peroxidase activity in sheep had a seasonal variation with lowest levels in the spring. The enzyme activity was correlated with the blood selenium concentration. Areas where blood selenium was less than 0.03 micrograms/ml in spring were defined. Sheep with low selenium nutrition were grazing pastures in the high rainfall areas on acid soils, particularly those derived from granite. Selenium concentrations in pasture samples examined were greater than 0.02 mg/kg, and it was found that superphosphate application had no significant effect on the selenium content of pasture. However, management practices such as high stocking rates and rates of application of superphosphate to pasture were associated with low blood glutathione peroxidase activities in sheep. It was concluded that the selenium nutrition of most of the sheep flocks in Victoria is adequate, and that the deficient areas are localised. There seems little requirement for supplementation of adult sheep. As the delayed type of white muscle disease in spring lambs appears to be the main selenium-responsive disorder, direct supplementation of lambs in the low selenium areas would be the most effective method of ensuring adequate selenium nutrition.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Anthelmintic resistance and sheep management practices in south western Victoria.

Twenty-eight farms in 7 shires in south western Victoria were selected and tested for presence of benzimidazole-resistant nematodes between November 1979 and June 1981. Mean faecal egg counts of sheep were less than 100 strongyloid eggs/g on 11 farms. Faecal egg count reduction tests were conducted on the remaining 17 farms and thiabendazole was less than 90% efficient in reducing egg counts in sheep from 5 (29%) of these farms. Thiabendazole-resistant Teladorsagia circumcincta were identified at necropsy of experimentally infected treated sheep. In further studies a survey of 104 farms was conducted in the Mount Rouse and Dundas shires of western Victoria in 1981 and 1982 respectively to determine the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in these shires. Mean faecal egg counts among weaner sheep in the winter-spring of both years were less than 100 eggs/g which indicated low levels of parasitic nematode populations. A faecal egg count reduction test was conducted on 10 farms and thiabendazole was less than 90% efficient on 3; levamisole was greater than 90% efficient in all 10 tests. Most of the surveyed farms carried Merino or Merino crossbred sheep at 10 to 15 dry sheep equivalents per ha and weaners were treated with anthelmintics 3 to 6 times per year. Management procedures based mainly on anthelmintic therapy were effective in controlling nematode populations in weaner sheep, although many producers alternated between different groups of anthelmintics within the same year contrary to current recommendations for long-term preservation of anthelmintic efficacy. It was concluded that anthelmintic resistance was not of practical importance to the majority of sheep producers in the region.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

Identification of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD1-Like bacteria from environmental and human samples after aerial spraying of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, with Foray 48B.

Aerial applications of Foray 48B, which contains Bacillus thuringiensis strain HD1, were carried out on 9 to 10 May, 19 to 21 May, and 8 to 9 June 1999 to control European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. A major assessment of the health impact of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was conducted by the Office of the Medical Health Officer of the Capital Health Region during this period. Environmental (air and water) and human (nasal swab) samples, collected before and after aerial applications of Foray 48B, both in the spray zone and outside of the spray zone, were analyzed for the presence of strain HD1-like bacteria. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, cry gene-specific PCR, and dot blot DNA hybridization techniques were used to screen over 11,000 isolates of bacteria. We identified bacteria with genetic patterns consistent with those of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD1 in 9,102 of 10,659 (85.4%) isolates obtained from the air samples, 13 of 440 (2.9%) isolates obtained from the water samples, and 131 of 171 (76.6%) isolates from the nasal swab samples. These analyses suggest that B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD1-like bacteria were present both in the environment and in the human population of Victoria prior to aerial applications of Foray 48B. The presence of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD1-like bacteria in human nasal passages increased significantly after the application of Foray 48B, both inside and outside the spray zone.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Trends in environmental tobacco smoke restrictions in the home in Victoria, Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent to which smokers and non-smokers in Victoria, Australia attempt to keep their homes smoke free and to determine whether the proportion of people attempting to do so has changed over time. DESIGN: Face to face surveys conducted in Victoria each year from 1989 to 1997. PARTICIPANTS: Approximately 2500 randomly selected adults each year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of respondents who discourage their visitors from smoking; proportion of smokers who always smoke outside their own homes; behaviour of smokers when they are around children. Changes in each of these measures over time. RESULTS: Reports of visitors being discouraged from smoking rose from 27% in 1989 to 53% in 1997. Smokers who reported always smoking outside the home rose from 20% in 1995 to 28% in 1997. Not smoking in the presence of children rose from 14% in 1989 to 33% in 1996. Indoor restrictions on smoking were associated with the presence of children in the household and even more strongly with the presence of non-smoking adults. People who worked in places where smoking was totally banned were more likely to ask their visitors not to smoke than those who worked where smoking was allowed. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a strong move towards homes and towards protecting children from smoke. Efforts to support and facilitate this social change should be further encouraged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Robert Halliday Gunning and the Victoria Jubilee prizes.

More than a century after the death of Robert Halliday Gunning, a large number of lectureships and prizes bearing his name continue to be awarded by scientific bodies and learned institutions in Scotland. Most of these awards were endowed in HM Queen Victoria s Jubilee year (1887-88) and bear the additional qualification 'Victoria Jubilee'. An account of the life of Robert Gunning and his various endowments is complemented by an analysis of the factors which determined the nature of his benefactions.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed2006

Organochlorine residues in fish and water samples from lake victoria, Uganda.

Nile tilapia and Nile perch samples from Lake Victoria were analyzed for lindane (gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane), aldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene), alpha-endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3- benzo(e) dioxathiepin-3-oxide), dieldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4,5,8-dimethanonaphthalene), DDE (p,p'-1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene), and DDT (p,p'-1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane). No significant difference (alpha = 0.05) in the residue levels between fish types for lindane, alpha-endosulfan, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and dieldrin was observed. The aldrin levels in Nile perch (Lates niloticus) were significantly higher than the levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). No difference was observed in the distribution of residues in the different parts of Nile tilapia, although a difference for p,p'-DDE was observed in the Nile perch. No significant difference was observed in the average fat content of the tissue of Nile perch and Nile tilapia; however, the distribution of fat was significantly different in the different parts of the fish, with the abdominal portion having the highest amount of fat. There was no correlation observed in this study between fat content and organochlorine concentration. Lower p,p'-DDT residues levels compared with the p,p'-DDE levels observed in this study indicate that DDT is no longer in use. The levels of organochlorine pesticide residues found in fish samples in this study were below the FAO, U.S. FDA, Australian, and German extraneous residue limits and maximum residue limits. The concentration of organochlorine residues in surface water within the Napoleon Gulf of Lake Victoria was below detection limit (0.1 microg L(-1)).

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Transmission of epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 in rural western Kenya associated with drinking water from Lake Victoria: an environmental reservoir for cholera?

Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest reported cholera incidence and mortality rates in the world. In 1997, a cholera epidemic occurred in western Kenya. Between June 1997 and March 1998, 14,275 cholera admissions to hospitals in Nyanza Province in western Kenya were reported. There were 547 deaths (case fatality rate = 4%). Of 31 Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates tested, all but one were sensitive to tetracycline. We performed a case-control study among 61 cholera patients and age-, sex-, and clinic-matched controls. Multivariate analysis showed that risk factors for cholera were drinking water from Lake Victoria or from a stream, sharing food with a person with watery diarrhea, and attending funeral feasts. Compared with other diarrheal pathogens, cholera was more common among persons living in a village bordering Lake Victoria. Cholera has become an important public health concern in western Kenya, and may become an endemic pathogen in the region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The Aboriginal population of Victoria.

The basis of epidemiological studies and of health services planning is accurate enumeration of the population at risk. With regard to the Aboriginal population of Victoria there was reason to believe that official census statistics were inaccurate. Interviews were carried out with representatives of Aboriginal organizations, State and federal government departments concerned with Aboriginal affairs and other interested individuals. The best estimate of the Aboriginal population of Victoria arrived at by this method was almost double the census figure. Underestimation was most marked in rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Female doctors in Victoria, 1977.

A survey of medical manpower in Victoria in 1977 revealed that 17% of registered medical practitioners were female and that the proportion of females was much higher among younger graduates. Seventy-eight per cent of female doctors were currently working in Victoria, compared with 82% of male doctors; 3.8% were "not working temporarily" compared with 0.6% of male doctors; and 3.9% were "retired" compared with 1.9% of male doctors. Female doctors accounted for only 8% of specialists in private practive, compared with 15% of general practitioners, more than 20% of salaried staff members of hospitals and other semigovernment and government bodies, and 40% of the staff members of community health centres. Thirty-eight per cent of female doctors were working part time. The need for part-time training programmes and part-time work, and the difficulties of female graduates becoming specialists are discussed. The implications of increasing proportions of female doctors entering the medical work force during the next decade, and the lower average working hours of female doctors compared with those of males, are considered in relation to the increasing supply of medical manpower in Australia.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Provision of perinatal services and survival of extremely low birthweight infants in Victoria.

The transfer of at-risk mothers to one of the three Level III maternity hospitals in Victoria has been promoted since 1975; since 1978, the Newborn Emergency Transport Service has been available throughout the State for the transport of infants to the four Level III neonatal units. By means of data from multiple sources, we ascertained the one-year survival of infants with birthweights of between 500 g and 999 g born in Victoria between 1978 and 1981. Of 711 live-born infants, 227 (31.9%) survived 28 days and 210 (29.5%) lived to at least one year of age; of 490 infants born in the Level III maternity units, 156 (31.8%) lived. There were 54 (24.4%) survivors among the 221 infants born elsewhere; all these survivors were included in the group of 105 babies who had been transferred after birth to Level III neonatal units. Although only 25.5% of all births for the State occurred in the Level III maternity hospitals, 69% of all infants who weighed between 500 g and 999 g at birth were delivered in these hospitals. The transfer of the mother or the new born baby to a Level III unit was possible in an additional 48 cases. Although survival rates from Level III hospitals may possibly improve in the future, the shortage of ventilator beds remains a practical obstacle.

Australia↗
PubMed1985

An assessment of the prevalence of hepatitis B among health care personnel in Victoria.

The prevalence of past infection with hepatitis B virus in health care personnel was investigated by questionnaire and by a serological survey of personnel in a representative selection of Victorian hospitals and institutions. According to the available data, hepatitis B does not appear to have been a major infection problem among health care personnel in Victoria. The only occupational group that clearly is at an increased risk of acquiring the infection is the dental profession. Nursing staff members in institutions for the mentally retarded may also be at a higher risk. The findings of this investigation were used as a basis to frame recommendations for the vaccination of health care workers in Victoria against hepatitis B.

Australia↗
PubMed1984

Hospital smoking policies in Victoria: no improvement since 1980.

A study of 132 hospitals in Victoria, of size 50 beds or more, was carried out during 1983 in order to find out their smoking policies so that assistance could be given to the Health Commission of Victoria in formulating policies about smoking in hospitals. The results were not encouraging; there had been no significant improvement in attitudes towards smoking or in non-smoking policies since a comparable study was carried out in 1980, indicating that there is much work to be done within hospitals in this field.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Triterpenoid saponins from Acacia victoriae (Bentham) decrease tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis.

This report describes the isolation and partial purification of novel triterpenoid saponins [Fraction 35 (F035)] and two pure biologically active derivatives (termed avicins D and G) from Acacia victoriae, an Australian desert tree of the Leguminosae family. F035 and the avicins markedly inhibited the growth of several tumor cell lines with minimum growth inhibition in human foreskin fibroblasts, mouse fibroblasts, and immortalized breast epithelial cells at similar concentrations. F035 and the avicins induced cell cycle (G1) arrest of the human MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cell line and apoptosis of the Jurkat (T-cell leukemia) and the MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cell line. The triterpenoid saponins also partially inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in Jurkat T cells in a time-dependent manner and phosphorylation in the downstream protein Akt, whereas no affect was seen on the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. These observations as well as other work from our laboratory demonstrating mitochondrial perturbation, chemoprevention, and inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB suggest that triterpenoid saponins from A. victoriae have potential as novel anticancer agents. Recent work linking Akt signaling with glucose metabolism, stress resistance, and longevity suggests other potential applications of these compounds.

Acacia↗
PubMed1996

Gender and nursing in colonial Victoria, 1840-1870.

The role of the nurse in health care has been the subject of a debate over time which engages with the ambiguity about the role of the nurse, the boundaries of nursing work, and the question of the status of women and men within the profession. In this paper we report on a historical analysis of the nature of nursing work in colonial Victoria, Australia, which was undertaken in order to understand how the nursing role evolved and was socially constructed in early Australia. A significant absence of accounts of nurses between 1840 and 1870, and a lack of comparative analysis of male and female roles in nursing care in this period, suggested a need to reveal some of the social, political and economic influences on the delineation of nursing work and the relevance of these factors to the relationships between hospital staff. The study adopted three strategies or methods. First, the scattered and diffuse references to the origin and development of the role and function of the nurse in this were collated, particularly identifying nursing duties and the existing division of labour. Following this, hospital administrative structures were analysed. Finally, an interpretive methodology of textual analysis was employed and the portrayal of nursing in a number of texts, including hospital histories, annual reports and contemporary literature were examined. This provided us with a socio-cultural and historical perspective on the nature of nursing work in early Victoria.

Australia↗
PubMed2003

[Antigenic and genetic characterizations of Victoria like strain of influenza B viruses isolated in China in 2001].

BACKGROUND: To understand the antigenic and genetic characteristics of Victoria like strain of influenza B virus isolated recently and to provide a scientific evidence for influenza surveillance and monitoring of influenza epidemic in future. METHODS: Viruses were passed in embryonated hen eggs and virion RNA was extracted from allantoic fluid and reverse transcribed to synthesize cDNA. cDNA was amplified by PCR and the PCR product was purified with a purification kit. Afterwards RNA sequence analysis was performed by dideoxynucleotide chain termination and a cloning method. Finally, phylogenetic analysis of the sequencing data was performed with MegAlign. RESULTS: B/Sichuan/63/2001 and B/Zhejiang/2/2001 viruses were antigenically different from B/Shandong/7/97 strain. The substitution of nucleotide sequences of HA1genes of them compared with those of B/Shandong/7/97strain resulted in the change of amino acid sequences in antigenic determinants on HA1 protein domain. The phylogenetic analysis also indicated that strains isolated recently were genetically different from B/Shandong/7/97/strain. However, there was neither differences on the antigenicity nor genetic partern between these two isotates. CONCLUSIONS: The antigenic drift of Victoria-like strain of influenza B virus isolated recently in China has further occurred.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Mitigation of environmental problems in Lake Victoria, East Africa: causal chain and policy options analyses.

Lake Victoria is an international waterbody that offers the riparian communities a large number of extremely important environmental services. Over the past three decades or so, the lake has come under increasing and considerable pressure from a variety of interlinked human activities such as overfishing, species introductions, industrial pollution, eutrophication, and sedimentation. In this paper we examine the root causes for overfishing and pollution in Lake Victoria and give possible policy options that can help remediate or mitigate the environmental degradation.

Africa↗
PubMed1991

[Victoria blue: staining properties in orthology and pathology].

The staining properties of the cationic dye Victoria Blue are summarized in consideration of the findings in the literature and own findings. Dependent on the staining conditions (with or without preoxidation of tissue sections), different structures and substances are stained by Victoria Blue. Without preoxidation elastic fibres, acid glycosaminoglycanes and DNA predominantly stained, but with preoxidation the dye stained insulin, some peptide hormones and secretion products, HBs-antigen, and lipofuscin. The chemism of the histochemical reaction is not quite understood yet.

Animals↗