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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Contribution of vestibular nerve irregular afferents to viewing distance-related changes in the vestibulo-ocular reflex.

The contribution of irregular vestibular afferents to viewing distance-related changes in the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (AVOR) and combined angular and linear VOR (CVOR) was studied in squirrel monkeys trained to fixate earth-stationary targets that were near (10 cm) and distant (90-170 cm) from their eyes. Perilymphatic anodal galvanic currents were used to reversibly silence irregular vestibular afferents for periods of 4-5 s during the AVOR and CVOR evoked by 0.5- to 4-Hz sinusoidal rotations (6-20 degrees/s peak velocity) or 250-400 degrees/s2 acceleration steps. The direction and magnitude of linear translation were changed by positioning the monkeys at different distances off the axis of turntable rotation. The effects of irregular afferent galvanic ablation (GA) on viewing distance-related changes in the AVOR were studied in four animals. Viewing distance-related changes in the AVOR could not always be evoked and were frequently small in amplitude. GA reduced viewing distance-related change in the AVOR by an average of 64% when it was present. Thus vestibular irregular afferents appear to play an important and necessary role in viewing distance-related changes in the AVOR - on those occasions when the changes occur. Viewing distance-related changes in the CVOR were large and reliably evoked. GA had very little effect on the gain or phase of viewing distance-related changes in the CVOR, although the viewing distance-related CVOR responses of individual central vestibular neurons were affected. We conclude that irregular afferents probably contribute to central signal processing related to both the AVOR and the CVOR, but the signals carried by these afferents are only essential for viewing distance-related changes in AVOR.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Molecular probes of the vestibular nerve. I. Peripheral termination patterns of calretinin, calbindin and peripherin containing fibers.

Vestibular afferents have different physiological properties that can be at least partially correlated with the morphology that the peripheral ending makes with type I and type II hair cells. If the location of the ending in the sensory epithelium is included, the correlations are further improved. It is also known that vestibular afferents can be immunohistochemically stained for a variety of different substances. We have concentrated on three of these markers, calretinin, calbindin and peripherin, because the sources of afferents to the vestibular nuclear complex that contain these substances are restricted, in two cases to the primary afferents. We demonstrate that calretinin is found only in the calyx-only afferents that are located at the apex of the cristae ampullaris and along the striola of the maculae. The area containing stained calyces is equal to or slightly smaller than the central zone of the cristae as defined by the Goldberg group [J. Neurophysiol. 60 (1988) 167]. Calbindin is also found in calyces at the apex of the cristae and along the striola of the otoliths. Examination of adjacent sections of all endorgans indicates that calbindin staining overlaps with calretinin, but is always several hair cells wider on each side. Peripherin also stains fibers in the neuroepithelium. The greatest density of staining is in the peripheral zone of the cristae, i.e. at the base and toward the planum semilunatum. We suggest that these substances are useful markers for specific sets of vestibular afferents.

Afferent Pathways↗