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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Portal vein reconstruction in adult living donor liver transplantation using cryopreserved vein grafts.

No data are available for the management of venous jump or interposition conduits for portal vein (PV) reconstruction in adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The feasibility of using cryopreserved vein grafts as PV conduits was examined. Cryopreserved vein (n = 23) was used as a patch, interposition, or jump graft. The patency results were compared with those of anastomosis without vein patch (n = 217) or those with vein autografts (n = 10). The 5-yr primary and secondary patency rates of the cryopreserved vein grafts were 58% and 79%, respectively. In conclusion, our data indicate that the use of cryopreserved vein grafts should be limited as conduits in PV reconstruction in adult LDLT.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Portal vein angioplasty using a transjugular, intrahepatic approach for treatment of extrahepatic portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation.

Symptomatic portal vein stenosis is an uncommon complication after liver transplantation. Portal vein angioplasty has been successfully established for treatment of portal vein stenosis using mesenteric or percutaneous, transhepatic approaches. We herein report on a patient who suffered from variceal bleeding due to portal hypertension 3 months after liver transplantation. After successful endoscopic sclerotherapy, an extrahepatic portal vein stenosis was diagnosed, and portal vein angioplasty was considered as primary therapeutic option. Instead of mesenteric or percutaneous, transhepatic approaches, we adopted a transjugular, intrahepatic access to introduce a 14-mm balloon catheter into the portal vein. Using this technique, angioplasty was successfully performed. After intervention, no further episodes of variceal bleeding occurred. We favour the transjugular, intrahepatic technique for portal vein angioplasty because it does not require general anesthesia, in contrast to the mesenteric approach, and it reduces the risk of intra-abdominal bleeding, compared to the percutaneous, transhepatic approach.

Angioplasty↗
PubMed2002

Multiple variations in the azygos venous system: a preaortic interazygos vein and the absence of hemiazygos vein.

Multiple variations of the azygos venous system were detected during routine dissection. The hemiazygos vein was underdeveloped. On the left side of the thorax, posterior intercostal veins between the 8th and 11th intercostal spaces and the subcostal vein drained into the azygos vein independently. In addition, the posterior 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th intercostal veins united and formed two superior and inferior trunks. The superior common trunk, at the level of the T4 vertebra, crossed the vertebral column obliquely, lying anterior to the aorta and posterior to the esophagus, opening into the azygos vein at the level of the T4 vertebra. The other structures in this part were normal. There were different courses of the azygos vein system. This variation is important in mediastinal surgery and also in the interpretation of radiographs.

Azygos Vein↗
PubMed2006

Limiting vein puncture to three needle passes in subclavian vein catheterization by the infraclavicular approach.

PURPOSE: With central venous catheterization, each additional vein puncture raises the risk of complications. We assessed the rate of failure and complications using a limiting rule whereby the number of needle passes for subclavian vein catheterization was restricted to three. METHODS: A prospective clinical trial was conducted between September 2001 and December 2003 in a university hospital surgical department. Two hundred and thirty-two adult patients were enrolled to undergo subclavian vein catheterization under non-emergency conditions. The patients were subjected to right subclavian vein catheterization by the infraclavicular approach. Vein puncture failure was defined as such if venipuncture was not accomplished after three attempts. Any arterial puncture was judged to be a failure immediately. RESULTS: Vein puncture failure occurred in nine patients (3.9%), and included two arterial punctures (0.9%). No other complications, such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, plexus lesion, mediastinal hematoma or bleeding, or air embolism, were observed. In multivariate analyses, a close to average body mass index (weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters, odds ratio 0.74; 95% confidence interval 0.56-0.97; P = 0.028) was associated with a low risk of failure. CONCLUSION: Limiting the number of needle passes to three may therefore prevent mechanical complications. A low body mass index was predictive of vein puncture failure.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Venous valvular reflux in veins not involved at the time of acute deep vein thrombosis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether, in lower extremities with documented episodes of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT), incompetence develops in veins that were not the site of thrombosis. METHODS: Patients were monitored with serial duplex ultrasonography at 1 day, 1 week, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, and then annually after detection of acute DVT. The following venous segments were analyzed: common femoral, greater saphenous, proximal superficial femoral, deep femoral, popliteal, and posterior tibial. The incidence of reflux development in both thrombosed and uninvolved segments was determined. Reflux was categorized as either transient or permanent. RESULTS: A total of 227 limbs in 188 patients were serially studied. Mean follow-up was 19.9 months (range 1 to 88 months). Overall, 403 of the 1423 segments (28.3% +/- 2.3%) developed reflux during the study, of which 118 (29.3% +/- 4.4%) had no prior or concurrent history of thrombosis. Considering only the segments that developed incompetence, the percent without prior thrombosis at each level was as follows: common femoral vein (40.0%), greater saphenous vein (53.1%), deep femoral vein (20.6%), proximal superficial femoral vein (23.9%), popliteal vein (8.9%), and posterior tibial vein (31.9%). Valvular insufficiency developing in segments uninvolved with thrombus was more likely to be transient (40.2%) than was the reflux in thrombosed segments (22.6%). This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Permanent venous valvular damage can occur in the absence of thrombosis after DVT. Reflux in uninvolved venous segments has a different anatomic distribution and is more likely to be transient than the incompetence associated with thrombosis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Influence of vein size (diameter) on infrapopliteal reversed vein graft patency.

We reviewed 239 infrapopliteal reversed greater saphenous vein graft bypasses placed for critical ischemia over a 7-year period to determine the influence of vein diameter on graft patency and limb salvage. Grafts were assigned to four groups based on the minimum external diameter measured during operation: less than 3.0 mm, n = 18; 3.0 mm, n = 59; 3.5 mm, n = 67; and greater than or equal to 4.0 mm, n = 145. A pattern of increasing graft patency and limb salvage among the four groups was noted as the minimum external diameter increased from less than 3.0 mm to greater than or equal to 4.0 mm. When compared to the larger grafts greater than or equal to 4.0 mm, primary graft patency was significantly lower both for less than 3.0 mm grafts (0% for less than 3.0 mm vs 65% for greater than or equal to 4.0 mm at 3 years, p less than 0.001) and for long (greater than 45 cm) 3.0 mm grafts (38% for long 3.0 mm vs 75% for greater than or equal to 4.0 mm at 2 years, p less than 0.005). All 3.5 mm and short (less than 45 cm) 3.0 mm grafts had patency rates similar to greater than or equal to 4.0 mm veins. Thus long 3.0 mm and all less than 3.0 mm reversed saphenous vein grafts should be considered at high risk for failure. Veins with fibrotic, thick-walled segments identified during operation (n = 19) had patency rates significantly lower than nonfibrotic veins (n = 270; p less than 0.01), and this may play a role in the failure of some less than 3.0 mm minimum external diameter vein grafts.

Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical↗
PubMed2004

Budd-Chiari and inferior caval vein syndromes due to membranous obstruction of the liver veins: successful treatment with angioplasty and transcaval transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt.

The case is presented of a 25-year-old Caucasian patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome due to membranous obstruction of the liver veins and inferior caval vein syndrome as a result of secondary hyperplasia of the caudate lobe of the liver, obstructing the caval vein. Diagnosis was established by intravascular pressure measurements, ultrasound examinations and caval and liver vein angiograms. Treatment consisting of stent placement in the outlet of a hepatic vein and subsequent transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS) insertion via the caval vein was successful. After 34 months of follow-up the stents remain open and the patient is symptom free. This successful combination of stent placement and TIPS has not been described before. The case report is followed by a review of the literature on the use of angioplasty in short hepatic vein stenosis and TIPS in Budd-Chiari syndrome. It is concluded that angioplasty and TIPS are safe and efficient procedures to reduce liver engorgement and complications of portal hypertension in selected patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A prospective safety study of femoral vein versus nonfemoral vein catheterization in patients with burns.

A prospective study was undertaken to determine the safety of femoral vein catheterization in patients with burns. Forty-two patients had a total of 275 catheterizations and were divided into two groups: group 1, femoral vein catheterization = 80 catheters and group 2, nonfemoral vein catheterization = 195 catheters (180 subclavian, 8 internal jugular, and 7 supraclavicular). All catheters were changed to new sites every 48 hours, and dressings were changed every 24 hours. Bacteriologic surveillance was accomplished by submitting the tip and subcutaneous segment of the catheter for semiquantitative cultures. Skin exit-site cultures were obtained, and blood was drawn through the catheters for fungal-isolator cultures before removal. Catheter colonization was defined as greater than or equal to 5 colony-forming units on either the subcutaneous segment or the catheter tip. Catheter-related sepsis was diagnosed when the same organism was recovered from the fungal isolator bottle and either part of the catheter and when there was no other identifiable source of sepsis. The rate of occurrence of colonized catheters was 7.5% (6 of 80) in the femoral vein catheterization group and 13.8% (27 of 195) in the nonfemoral vein catheterization group. Catheter-related sepsis occurred in 2.5% (2 of 80) of femoral and 1% (2 of 195) of nonfemoral catheters. None of these differences are statistically significant. There were no noninfectious complications from femoral vein catheterization. Two subclavian catheters had to be repositioned. This study suggests that central venous access in patients with burns can be safely employed with the use of the femoral vein.

Burns↗
PubMed1979

Microscopic studies on the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the internal jugular vein.

The author studied the structure of the tissue components of the tunicae of the terminal segment of the sigmoid sinus, particularly at the level of the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the human internal jugular vein; it was established that the transition between the sigmoid sinus and the first portion of the internal jugular vein occupies the whole extension of the superior bulb of the jugular vein up to the inferior third of the first portion of this vessel. These vascular walls exhibit a structure similar to that of the dura, i.e. the tunica adventitia is formed by fascicles of collagenic fibers which describe discontinuous spirals, more open proximal to the beginning of the first portion of the internal jugular vein. Approximately in the inferior third of the first portion of the internal jugular vein, there appear fascicles of smooth muscle fibers which are arranged similarly to those of the venous walls. The tunica intima of these vascular segments exhibits an endothelium resting on a network of elastic fibers which may play the role of an internal elastic lamina. From the bony border of the jugular foramen there originates a connective system whose fascicles of collagenic and elastic fibers incorporate to the wall of the internal jugular vein after describing a stretch in spiral around the vascular lumen.

Collagen↗
PubMed2002

Early loss of thrombomodulin expression impairs vein graft thromboresistance: implications for vein graft failure.

Thrombosis is the major cause of early vein graft failure. Our aim was to determine whether alterations in the expression of the anticoagulant proteins, thrombomodulin (TM) and the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR), impair endothelial thromboresistance that may contribute to vein graft failure. Immunohistochemical staining of autologous rabbit vein graft sections revealed that the expression of TM, but not EPCR, was reduced significantly early after graft implantation. Western blot analysis revealed that TM expression was reduced by >95% during the first 2 weeks after implantation, with gradual but incomplete recovery by 42 days. This resulted in up to a 95% reduction in the capacity of the grafts to activate protein C and was associated with an increase in bound thrombin activity, which peaked on day 7 at 28.7 +/- 3.8 mU/cm(2) and remained elevated for more than 14 days. Restoration of TM expression using adenovirus vector-mediated gene transfer significantly enhanced the capacity of grafts to activate protein C and reduced bound thrombin activity on day 7 to levels comparable to that of normal veins (5.7 +/- 0.4 versus 5.2 +/- 1.1 mU/cm(2), respectively, P=0.74). Surprisingly, neointima formation was not affected by this inhibition of local thrombin activity. These data suggest that the early loss of TM expression significantly impairs vein graft thromboresistance and results in enhanced local thrombin generation. Although enhanced local thrombin generation may predispose to early vein graft failure due to thrombosis, it does not seem to contribute significantly to late vein graft failure due to neointimal hyperplasia.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The pathobiology of endothelin-1 in vein graft disease: are ETA receptor antagonists the solution to prevent vein graft failure?

Despite the exploration of a large number of disparate drugs in animal models and clinical trials, no pharmacological intervention, with the exception of aggressive lipid lowering therapy has reduced late vein graft failure in man. The importance of devising more effective strategies is exemplified by the considerable economic consequences of vein graft failure. Worldwide, there are currently more than 1,000,000 coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) operations a year, the same number of patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass (IIBS) for vascular diseases of the lower limb. The pathophysiology of vein graft failure is complex, involving disparate factors that include adhesion of platelets and leukocytes, rheological forces, metalloproteinase expression, proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells, neointima formation, oxidative stress, hypoxia and neural re-organisation. Although this diverse aetiology may seem to preclude any single drug type as being effective in preventing vein graft failure, one factor that is involved in every facet of vein graft pathobiology is endothelin-1 (ET-1). Thus, in this review, we will consider the diverse aetiology of vein graft disease in relation to ET-1 and will then present an argument (with evidence) that ET-1(A) (ET(A)) receptor antagonists constitute a potentially effective means of preventing vein graft failure.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Left renal vein transposition in treatment of the left renal vein nutcracker syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To improve the operative procedure of the left renal vein nutcracker syndrome. METHODS: Two patients underwent transposition of the left renal vein in the treatment of the left renal vein nutcracker syndrome. RESULT: Renal ischemia, due to clamping of the renal artery, lasted 14 minutes and 13 minutes, respectively. The gross hematuria disappeared 1 day and 4 days respectively after surgery, and microhematuria ceased spontaneously 5 days and 7 days respectively after surgery. Transposition of the left renal vein effectively relieved the symptoms related to the left renal vein nutcracker syndrome. The patients had no recurrence of symptoms following up during 3 months. CONCLUSION: Transposition of the left renal vein is a safe and effective surgical approach in the treatment of the left renal vein nutcracker syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Endoluminal diode laser vein damage: preclinic study for vein insufficiency].

BACKGROUND: The ex-vivo phase of this research aims to define fibre laser activity ranges with the intent of using a safety protocol on the operating table to ensure maximum results in occluding the vein lumen with minimum necessary energy parameters. METHODS: The study was performed on 20 human saphenous veins removed during phlebological surgery. A 1 mm diameter optical fibre was inserted in the vein to the proximal extremity where administration of laser energy began along the vein axis. The veins were subdivided into three groups based on the parameters used: Group 1: treated with 20 Watt power; Group 2, treated with 15 Watt power; Group 3, treated with 10 Watt power. On conclusion of the procedure the veins were immersed in formalin and sent for histological examination. RESULTS: The greatest endothelial damage was observed in the group of veins treated with fluence above 300 J/cm(2), in which carbonisation of the endothelium was observed; in those treated with lower fluence (200-100 J/cm(2)) damage consisted in coagulation necrosis and interstitial oedema; at fluence of 100 J/cm(2) endothelial damage was less uniform. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental evidence would appear to support the hypothesis that the optimal protocol is below 300 J/cm(2) fluence with 15 Watt power and pulse train 100-300 ms.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The topography of the superficial veins of the hind leg in the baboon Papio anubis in comparison with the superficial veins of the lower limb in humans.

Our studies were carried out on 8 male and 2 female baboons Papio anubis cadavers. We examined a total of 20 hind legs. The vessels of the hind leg were filled with coloured latex. Afterwards we prepared the superficial and deep veins and accompanying arteries. We paid attention to the location, diameter and the course of the long and short saphenous veins. We found many differences between the system of superficial veins in the baboon hind leg and that in the human lower limb. First of all, the long saphenous vein in the baboon Papio anubis presented as two similar trunks that ran together with a concomitant artery. The saphenofemoral junction was also duplicated. The distance between these outlets was about 4 mm and their location was different from that in humans. Neither trunk exceeded 2.5 m in diameter. Some human-like features were noticed in the system of the short saphenous vein in Papio anubis. The diameter of the short saphenous vein and its course and the location of the saphenopopliteal junction were very similar to those in humans. On the other hand, the short saphenous vein was the main superficial venous channel of the hind limb of Papio anubis.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Serum HPL level in maternal vein, umbilical cord artery and vein in term and preterm birth.

The serum HPL level in maternal vein and the cord vein and artery in term (n = 34) and preterm (n = 74) birth was tested to classify the hormonal changes and the correlation between the maternal and fetal HPL values. It was found that between the 28th and the 40th weeks of gestation the maternal level tended to increase while in the cord vein and artery it decreased significantly in negative correlation with the weeks of pregnancy. The maternal serum HPL level was significantly higher than that of the cord vein and artery. Between the 28th and 40th week the value in the cord artery divided by the value in the cord vein multiplied by 100 tended to decrease. While the HPL concentration in maternal serum did not correlate with its level in the cord vein and artery the levels in the cord vein and artery were significantly correlated. The characteristic and independent change in the fetal serum HPL concentration raised the possibility of a change in the transport function of the placenta and of an autonomous fetal HPL metabolism.

Arteries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Wallstent misplacement into the paraumbilical vein during TIPS from the left hepatic vein: correction by placing a second stent through the mesh of the first stent.

During a TIPS procedure using the left hepatic vein approach, a Wallstent was misplaced into a dilated paraumbilical vein instead of the left portal vein. The correct shunt direction from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein was restored by coaxially inserting a second Wallstent through the stretched mesh of the misplaced stent. To prevent such stent misplacement, it seems useful to emphasize the importance of maintaining the exchange guidewire within the distal portion of the splenic or mesenteric vein throughout dilatation and stenting of the liver parenchyma.

Angioplasty, Balloon↗
PubMed2001

Anatomic relations between the cephalic vein and the sensory branches of the radial nerve: How can nerve lesions during vein puncture be prevented?

UNLABELLED: The cephalic vein of the forearm is often used for IV catheters because of its ease of access for peripheral venous cannulation. But its close relation to the sensory branch of the radial nerve sometimes causes it to be damaged when the vein is cannulated. Our anatomic study conducted on 33 specimens confirmed the risk of nerve lesion. However, it is impossible to define a safe zone, because of the randomly located nerve and vein crossing zones, where the iatrogenic risk of damaging the radial nerve is maximum. We suggest that to avoid incidents, the cephalic vein should be punctured above the emergence of the sensory branch of the radial nerve, e.g., at least 12 cm above the level of the styloid process of the radius. IMPLICATIONS: We attempted to determine the relationship between the cephalic vein and the sensory branch of the radial nerve at the wrist to help prevent lesions of the radial nerve when the cephalic vein is cannulated. We examined the anatomy of 33 postmortem specimens and suggest that puncture of the cephalic vein 12 cm or more proximal to the styloid process can prevent radial nerve lesions.

Catheterization↗
PubMed2005

Changes in superficial and perforating vein reflux after varicose vein surgery.

OBJECTIVES: This prospective duplex study was conducted to study the effect of current surgical treatment for primary varicose veins on the development of venous insufficiency < or = 2 years after varicose vein surgery. METHODS: The patients were part of a randomized controlled study where surgery for primary varicose veins was planned from a clinical examination alone or with the addition of preoperative duplex scanning. Postoperative duplex scanning was done at 2 months and 2 years. RESULTS: Operations were done on 293 patients (343 legs), 74% of whom were women. The mean age was 47 years. In 126 legs, duplex scanning was done preoperatively, at 2 months and 2 years, and at 2 months and 2 years in 251 legs. Preoperative perforating vein incompetence (PVI) was present in 64 of 126 legs. Perforator ligation was not done on 42 of these; at 2 months, 23 of these legs (55%) had no PVI, and at 2 years, 25 legs (60%) had no PVI. Sixty-one legs had no PVI preoperatively, 5 (8%) had PVI at 2 months, and 11 (18%) had PVI at 2 years. In the group of 251 legs, reversal of PVI between 2 months and 2 years was found in 28 (41%) of 68 and was more common than new PVI, which occurred in 41 (22%) of 183 (P = .003). After 2 years, the number of legs without venous incompetence in which perforator surgery was not performed was 11 (26%) of 42 legs with preoperative PVI and 18 (30%) of 61 legs without preoperative PVI, (P = .713). After 2 years, new vessel formation was more common in the surgically obliterated saphenopopliteal junction (SPJ), 4 (40%) of 10, than in the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ), 17 (11%) of 151(P = .027), and new incompetence in a previously normal junction was more common in the SFJ, 11 (18%) of 63, than in the SPJ, 3 (1%) of 226 (P < .001). Reflux in the great saphenous vein (GSV) below the knee was abolished after stripping above the knee in 17 (34%) of 50 legs at 2 months and in 22 legs (44%) after 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Varicose vein surgery induces changes in the remaining venous segments of the legs that continue for several months. In most patients, perforators and the GSV below the knee can be ignored at the primary surgery. A substantial number of recurrences in the SFJ and SPJ are unavoidable with present surgical knowledge because they stem from new vessel formation and progression of disease.

Female↗