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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Concepts of disease and the abuse of psychiatry in the USSR.

There is a strong prima facie case linking the abuse of psychiatry with difficulties about the concept of mental illness. However, a survey of recent Soviet literature showed that the concept of disease employed in the former USSR (where abuse was for a time widespread) was similar to its counterparts in the UK and USA in being strongly scientific in nature. A number of factors--legal, bureaucratic and professional--are important in abuse becoming widespread. These, however, fail to explain why psychiatry, rather than physical medicine, should be vulnerable to abuse. It is here that the concept of disease could be important. A scientific model of disease suggests that a significant vulnerability factor is the relatively underdeveloped status of psychiatry as a science. This leaves room for poor standards of scientific work in clinical research and practice, factors which are recognised as important in the Soviet case. In addition to the scientific element, there is an evaluative element of meaning in the concept of disease. Hence a second vulnerability factor could be the evaluatively problematic nature of judgements of mental illness. It is concluded that a failure to recognise this factor greatly increases the vulnerability of psychiatry, not only to gross abuses, but also to inadvertent misuses of involuntary treatment in everyday practice. This conclusion, far from undermining the role of science in psychiatry, is a step towards clarifying its proper role.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2005

Width and center-axis location of the radioactive plume that passed over Dolon and nearby villages on the occasion of the first USSR A-bomb test in 1949.

In relation to the efforts to reconstruct the radiation dose in Dolon village, which was affected by the first USSR atomic bomb test in 1949 at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, the width and the center-axis location of the radioactive plume were investigated based on the soil contamination data around Dolon and the nearby villages. Assuming that the radioactive plume passed over along a straight line from the ground zero point to this area, the spatial distributions of soil contamination were plotted as a function of the perpendicular distance from the supposed center-axis of the plume. In total 83 and 52 soil contamination data were available for 137Cs and 239,240Pu, respectively. The plotted distribution formed a peak-like shape both for 137Cs and 239,240Pu. A Gaussian function drawn so as to envelop the points plotted for 239,240Pu indicated that the central part of the radioactive plume passed over the residential area of Dolon with a sigma value of 1.5 km. Additional soil contamination data around Dolon and other villages are necessary for more detailed discussion.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1990

Bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease: prevalence, epizootiology and control measures in the USSR.

Bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease was described for the first time in the USSR in 1967. The disease occurs in 20 to 80% of farms, depending on geographic and climatic zones of the country. Control measures against the disease include quarantine restrictions and prevention by means of specific preparations of active and passive effect. Passive prophylaxis is conducted by aerosol methods for groups and individuals.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Development and organization of services for alcoholics in Leningrad, USSR.

This report provides a brief, general overview of how alcoholism is reported to be dealt with in one of the Soviet Union's largest cities. It attempts to describe both the philosophical and applied approaches practiced, and affords an opportunity to compare these approaches with those in the United States. Specifically, the paper presents a brief historical review and description of services provided to clients at alcohol treatment centers in the city of Leningrad, USSR, and discusses contemporary Soviet attitudes toward alcoholism.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

California serogroup viruses from mosquitoes collected in the USSR.

Four California serogroup viruses isolated from mosquitoes in the USSR were tested for antigenic analogy with prototype viruses of the California serogroup. The topotype isolates are biologically similar to, but antigenically different from each other. One is a subtype of snowshoe hare virus, two are different subtypes of Tahyna, Lumbo, and snowshoe hare viruses, and one is identical to Inkoo virus, previously isolated only in Finland. The results indicate that molecular studies of these viruses are necessary to comprehend their evolution.

Aedes↗
PubMed1985

Feldshers and health promotion in the USSR.

Throughout the past century, health promotion has become an increasingly important concept in the USSR, not only among medical personnel, but among the general population as well. Its importance is due, at least in part, as a result of major historical events--mainly, the devastating aftereffects of World War II, in which 20 million Russians died and thousands were left ill and disabled. Feldshers (PAs) have become an integral part of the Soviet Union's medical system and play a large role in the national health promotion. Feldshers date back to the 17th century--when they were originally used to aid the "barber-surgeons" in Peter the Great's armies--and went on to provide low cost health care to the peasant population. The author, who interviewed feldshers at various medical facilities, including a "rest home" on the Baltic Sea, the Skoraya (a system of emergency stations in Leningrad), and a walkin medical station in the Moscow subway system, examines the role of feldshers--their training, work, salaries, and job satisfaction, and discusses Soviet efforts to promote health maintenance and illness prevention.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed1978

[Analysis of the dynamics of typho-paratyphoid infection morbidity over the years in the USSR].

Statistical materials of recording the number of patients and of the typhoid-paratyphoid infections morbidity level in Russia and the USSR from 1891 to 1976 was studied. A stable tendency to reduction of this morbidity was noted. In analysing the empirical and flattened--by 3 and 5 points--curves of the number of patients and the morbidity level a regularity of declining morbidity rises was revealed. Elevation periodicity persisted, despite the reduction of morbidity level. The mean duration of the whole cycle constituted 12 years. The period of increasing morbidity from minimal to maximal in each cycle constituted 4 years, and of the declination period--8 years. Formalized empirical series of the number of patients and of the morbidity level deviated from 1908 to 1956 not more than by 1 year from the formalized basic curve. Cyclic changes of typhoid-paratyphoid infections morbidity should be taken into consideration in determining the efficacy of prophylatic measures, particularly of mass vaccination.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1976

International and national aspects of epidemiological plague surveillance in the USSR.

General principles and organizational forms of epidemiological surveillance of plague in the USSR both in seaports andin natural foci are discussed. On the basis of the analysis of the authors' experience over many years and taking into consideration literary data, the authors recommend a minimum, but in their opinion effective amount of a successful realization of these recommendations, it is expedient to establish a special team (or teams) consisting of 10-12 members.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1996

[Selected methodological problems of the history of medicine in the countries of former USSR].

The author has presented changes, which has taken place in methodology of medicine historical studies in the countries of former USSR. He has underlined mistakes, which originated in result of faulty methodological assumptions adopted. At the same time he has shown these changes as a natural occurrence, connected with development of sciences, but also as the result of political transformation and departure from dogma of Marxist methodology.

Historiography↗
PubMed1997

[The epidemic of typhus in the Polish Army in the USSR (1941-1942)].

Using the archival documents from the Sikorski Institute in London the author presented the course of the epidemic. The first cases of typhus appeared at the time of the organizing of the army in the region of Tockoje. The epidemic however broke out a bit later when the army moved to the South of the USSR. The climax of this epidemic took place in February of 1942. Altogether 7346 were taken ill with the disease and 1290 people died. After the first wave of the evacuation to Teheran there were also many civilians taken ill by this disease. The names of the doctors who died as the result of their work at the time of the epidemic were mentioned in the same article.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1975

Ecology of tick-borne viruses in colonies of birds in the USSR.

During 1969--1974, 66,000 argasid and ixodid ticks from bird colonies in different parts of the USSR were studied. 247 strains of 8 different viruses were isolated. West Nile, Baku and Caspiy viruses were found from argasid ticks in the Caucasus and Middle Asia whereas ixodid ticks from seabird colonies in the North of the Far East and in the European part of the country yielded Tyuleniy, Zaliv Terpenya, Okhotskiy, Sakhalin and Paramushir viruses. The implications of the findings in the ecology of arboviruses is discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Little-known parasite of wild birds, Ixodes caledonicus Nuttall, 1910, in the fauna of the USSR (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)].

Ixodes caledonicus differs from the most allied species I. berlesei at all active phases of its life cycle. In the USSR I. caledonicus is distributed in the Ukraine-in the Crimea, on Tarkhankut and Kerch Peninsulars, in Azerbaijan-in the south-eastern spurs of the Creat Caucasian ridge and in the midcourse of the river Araks, in Tadzhikistan-on the southern slope of the Gissar ridge. The species is reported from Great Britain, Sweden, FRG and Poland. I. caledonicus belongs to a nest-burrow type of parasites, is recorded from mountain and elevated regions, lives in rocks. Birds nesting in rocks serve as its hosts. Differential (as regards I. berlesei) diagnoses of female, nymph and larva are given.

Animals↗
PubMed1959

Results of further research on influenza in the USSR with special reference to the 1957 pandemic.

This article reviews the main results of the research carried out between 1954 and 1957 by the Influenza Department of the Institute of Virology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow.This research has been concentrated on the influenza virus strains isolated, the pathogenesis and immunology of influenza among adults and pre-school children, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and therapeutic and prophylactic methods, including the preparation and use of live vaccines and sera. Particularly intensive research was conducted during the pandemic of Asian influenza in 1957, and the biological properties of A2 virus strains, the clinical course of the illness in infants and adults, the spread of the pandemic in the USSR and certain results of influenza control measures are among the subjects discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1961

The use of live vaccine for vaccination of human beings against brucellosis in the USSR.

The great majority of human brucellosis cases in the USSR are caused by contact with infected sheep and goats. Extensive action has been taken to prevent human infection and to reduce the incidence among farm animals, the main prophylactic measure in recent years being vaccination with live brucellosis vaccine. The author summarizes the steps leading to the development of a satisfactory vaccine and gives a brief description of the method of preparation. Discussing the results obtained, she states that there has been a nearly 60% reduction in the number of human cases over the period 1952-58.The subcutaneous route of administration is usually resorted to, but preliminary figures suggest that cutaneous vaccination is equally effective immunogenically, although in persons who have suffered from active brucellosis it causes strong reactions and may lead to exacerbation of the disease. Research is going forward into the development of a cutaneous vaccine capable of general use.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary immunodeficiencies in the USSR: update of a nine-year study.

During the period January 1982-January 1991, 372 patients with primary immunodeficiencies from all the regions of the USSR were detected in a specialized unit. Incidence of main clinical manifestations and death rates are reported. Differences with other national registries are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1965

RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF TYPHOID VACCINES IN FOUR CONTROLLED FIELD TRIALS IN THE USSR.

In field trials of typhoid vaccine in the USSR, a comparison was made of the effectiveness of chemical, heat-killed, and alcoholized vaccines. All of them conferred protection if administered in sufficient dosage, and variations in effectiveness could usually be traced to size of dosage. The heat-killed vaccine, however, appeared to be significantly more effective than the others. The immunological history of a vaccinated person apparently had no essential influence on the effectiveness of a vaccine, and the data indicated that two doses of the vaccine conferred no greater protection than one.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1962

Water pollution in the USSR and in other Eastern European countries.

The condition of water bodies and measures taken to prevent their pollution in the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania are the main subjects of this paper. For each of these countries information is given on population and area, physical features, rain-fall and rivers, the distribution of population and industry, water supply and sewerage, the condition of surface and ground waters, the authorities and legislation concerned with the protection of water resources, and research on pollution.The author draws attention to the experience gained in these countries in the setting up of special State bodies to take charge of water resources and in classifying rivers according to the uses to which they are put, a factor which determines the regulations governing the discharge of effluent into them. A plea is also made for the convening of specialized international conferences on problems connected with the protection of European water resources from pollution.

Humans↗