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PubMedDate not supplied

Talking circles: Northern Plains tribes American Indian women's views of cancer as a health issue.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to understand the cultural meanings of cancer among American Indian women from Northern Plains tribes living in western South Dakota and their experiential view of breast and cervical cancer screening. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: Using an exploratory design, a purposive sample of 28 women, 35-75 years of age, were recruited into three Talking Circles. MEASUREMENT: Talking Circle and focus group methodology, combined with Affonso's Focus Groups Analytic Schema, were used to generate contextual data sets including thematic findings. RESULTS: Ten themes emerged indicating interrelationships between cultural traditions and health structures of care. The themes provided a unique perspective for conceptualizing women's experiences with breast and cervical cancer screening. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating women's cultural experiences into screening services is necessary to address clinical and policy challenges for reducing breast and cervical cancer mortality among American Indian women. Findings from this research will be used to guide a future study investigating breast-screening patterns related to mammography adherence and development of interventions specific to American Indian women.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The HLA polymorphism of two distinctive South-American Indian tribes: the Kaingang and the Guarani.

The HLA-A, B, C, DR and DQ antigens of 240 Kaingang and 98 Guarani individuals have been characterized. The most frequent antigens found among the Kaingang are A31, 2, 24; B35, 51, 39, 48; Cw4, 7, 3, 1; DR8, 4, 2; DQ blank, 3. In the Guarani, they are A2, 28, 31; B40, 62, "53G"; Cw3, 4; DR2, 4, 8, 6; DQ3, blank. B " 53G" is an unusual antigen of the B5 cross-reactive group. DQ blank possibly corresponds to DQ4, not tested in this study. The reaction patterns of B35, B40 and DR4 indicate intra-tribal (of B35 and B40), and inter-tribal (DR4, B40 and B35) heterogeneity of these antigens. 408 Kaingang and 141 Guarani haplotypes were defined by segregation analysis. Of the commonest 10 Guarani and 9 Kaingang haplotypes, only one is shared by both tribes. Significant, positive linkage disequilibrium values for HLA-A,B; HLA-A,C; HLA-B,DR and most HLA-B,C antigen pairs were also different for the two populations. Genetic distance estimates between these two and another seven South-American Indian populations, and relative to the major human races (negroids, caucasoids, and mongoloids) reveal a comparatively high degree of divergence between the Kaingang and the Guarani, which is uncommon for Amerindian populations living close one to another.

Alleles↗
PubMed1968

Morphological and biochemical differentiation of Achromobacter and Moraxella (DeBord's tribe Mimeae).

To determine the most useful laboratory tests for the differentiation of Achromobacter anitratus, Achromobacter lwoffii, and Moraxella duplex (DeBord's tribe Mimeae), 157 strains of these bacteria, isolated from clinical specimens, were examined for their morphological and biochemical characteristics. There were several differences between these nonfermentative, gram-negative diplococci: Moraxella was nonglucolytic in either infusion base or synthetic base, oxidase-positive, and sensitive to penicillin, whereas Achromobacter produced variable carbohydrate activity, and was oxidase-negative and resistant to penicillin. A. anitratus was distinguished from A. lwoffii in that the former utilized infusion media containing either glucose or 10% lactose, whereas the latter did not. Both species utilized the same carbohydrates in a chemically defined medium, although the latter acted more sluggishly.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1971

Characteristics of Escherichia coli serotypes in the yanomama, a primitive indian tribe of South America.

From stool samples of isolated subjects from members of the Yanomama tribe of South America, 432 isolates of Escherichia coli were obtained from 72 individuals. Two hundred and four of these strains were typable with a standard panel of 147 O antisera; included in the above were eight enteropathogenic strains. From the untypable strains, antisera were produced, and 13 serologically distinct O serotypes were identified. These data substantiate the ubiquity of known strains of E. coli as microhabitants of man's internal environment. The finding of 13 new O serotypes suggests that, in efforts to understand the ecosystem of primitive man, the internal milieu must also be investigated.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1993

Extent of peptidoglycan O acetylation in the tribe Proteeae.

The degree of peptidoglycan O acetylation in 18 strains of the different genera of the tribe Proteeae (Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella) has been determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-based organic acid analysis of mild-base-released acetic acid and quantitation of peptidoglycan concentrations by simultaneous amino sugar-amino acid analysis using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. The N,O-diacetylmuramyl content of all isolated and purified peptidoglycans was greater than 29% and ranged up to 57% relative to total muramic acid concentration. Each of the O-acetylated peptidoglycans was found to be resistant to solubilization by hen egg white lysozyme.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1990

A prevalence survey of ophthalmic diseases among the Turkana tribe in north-west Kenya.

A prevalence survey of ophthalmic disease was conducted among the Turkana tribe in northwest Kenya. Altogether 900 people were examined in different sites of the semiarid and arid Turkana region. The findings show the prevalence of blindness to be 1.1% and the prevalence of blindness in one eye to be 6.8%. The major causes of blindness up to age 35 were corneal disease from xerophthalmia and trachoma and above age 45 cataract. Trauma was a major cause of monocular blindness. The prevalence of trachoma and its complications was 42.8% and the prevalence of cataract 5.2%. Cataract begins to form at an early age (25-35). The prevalence of xerophthalmia was 44%. These findings are similar to previously reported studies in Africa, especially in semiarid areas. The main remedy lies in improvement of education and the environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Blood pressure and its correlates in an African tribe in urban and rural environments.

As part of a longitudinal study of migrants who move from a subsistence farming rural society to Nairobi, blood pressures and associated factors were measured in cross sectional studies of members of the Luo tribe in their traditional rural environment and in the urban environment of Nairobi. Blood pressures in Nairobi correlated with duration of urban residence. In the rural area men showed a negligible rise in blood pressure with age, and both sexes showed a significantly smaller rise than in the urban area. Although mean weights of the rural group were smaller, this did not account for all the urban/rural differences in blood pressures. Nevertheless, mean urinary sodium concentration and sodium ratios (sodium/potassium and sodium/creatinine) were significantly higher in the urban group whereas mean urinary potassium concentration and potassium/creatinine ratio were significantly lower. Perhaps the ratio of sodium to potassium in the diet contributes to the different blood pressure profiles of these two populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The evolution of male-infant interactions in the tribe Papionini (Primates: Cercopithecidae).

In Old World monkeys, intense affiliative interactions between adult males and infants have mostly been observed in the tribe Papionini. Although these male-infant interactions have been reported in most species of the genera Papio, Theropithecus and Cercocebus, they have only erratically been reported in the genus Macaca. In this article I show that the distribution of male-infant interactions within the genus Macaca can be accounted for by the phylogenetic relations among macaque species and by the evolution of the genus Macaca relative to the other Papionini.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Serum and red cell enzyme variants in an Amerindian tribe: the Sirionos (Eastern Bolivia).

Blood samples from 109 Siriono (Eastern Bolivia) belonging to the Tupi-Guarani group were investigated for enzyme variants in the following systems: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, phospho-glucomutase (locus 1 and 2), acid phosphatases, lactate dehydrogenase, NADH diaphorase, pseudocholinesterase (E1 and E2 locus), and serum alkaline phosphatase. The most relevant observations are: (1) A relative lack of polymorphism, a characteristic feature of the Amerindian populations studied up to now. These data are consistent with the hypothesis of a 'common ancestral background' in Indian populations whatever the degree of sociocultural and linguistic diversity, and the geographical distances. (2) Specific traits due to the frequency of alleles in some systems confer to that tribe a particular position among Amerindians. The effects of genetic drift may be postulated in order to explain the high rate of PGM and 6PGD polymorphism. Furthermore, in that small community, the disappearance of some alleles (pa gene) can plausibly be explained in terms of a balanced influence of mutational and selective pressure.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1977

Gene differentiation in three tribes of American Indians.

The amount of gene differentiation in the subdivided populations of three American Indian tribes, the Papago, Makiritare and Yanomama were studied and found to vary from 2 to 7%. These results indicate that only small fractions of the total gene differences are attributable to between subpopulations and the remaining 93-98% to within subpopulations.

Gene Frequency↗
PubMed1978

Genetic studies on the Savara and Jatapu Tribes of Andhra Pradesh, India.

A total of nearly 300 persons belonging to the Savara and Jatapu tribes in the Srikakulum District of northern Andhra Pradesh have been tested for electrophoretic variation in 13 red cell enzyme systems, and also haemoglobin. The gene frequencies for the systems showing variation are within the range for other South Indian populations, and there are no significant differences between the two tribal groups investigated in this report except in the case of adenylate kinase. The Jatapu (along with the Kadar of Kerala) have the highest frequency of AK1 so far reported in India. Both the Savara and Jatapu showed a low frequency for Hb AS, and LDH-Calcutta 1 was not detected in either population.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1980

Some biochemical polymorphisms in members of the Gaddi tribe of Himachal Pradesh.

This study was carried out among members of the Gaddi tribe of Himachal Pradesh in north India. The genetic traits reported here include ABO blood groups, haptoglobin, transferrin, albumin, Gc, Australia antigen and antigen Dd. The frequencies of genes p, q and r for the ABO system were 0.212, 0.290 and 0.428. The Hp1 allele frequency (0.331) was markedly higher and that of Gc1 (0.700) somewhat lower than in most north Indian populations. The incidence of Australia antigen was 1.25%. There were no antigen Dd reactors.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1982

Genetic studies on the Koya Dora and Konda Kammara tribes of Andhra Pradesh, India.

A total of 209 persons belonging to the Koya Dora and Konda Kammara tribes in the East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh, have been tested for electrophoretic variation in 9 red cell enzyme systems. The gene frequencies for the systems showing variation are, in general, within the range for other Andhra Pradesh tribal populations. There is 1 example of PHI 2-1 in the Konda Kammara, while 1 case each of PHI 3-1 and 2-1 are reported in the Koya Dora. In PGM1, there is one example of the 6-2 phenotype and one of 4-1 in the Koya Dora. The Koya Dora show a relatively lower frequency of the EsD2 allele compared to the Konda Kammara. The gene frequencies for the GLO system are reported here for the first time among Indian tribals and these are within the Indian range. LDH Calcutta 1 was not detected in either population.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1988

Study of possible genetic predisposition to endemic goitre among the Fur and Baggara tribes of the Sudan.

The overall prevalence rate of endemic goitre among the Fur and Baggara tribes of Western Sudan was found to be 74%. Family studies in 60 nuclear families showed a significantly higher incidence of endemic goitre among the offspring of affected parents than among the offspring of normal parents. This suggests a possible genetic predisposition to endemic goitre. The proportion of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) non-tasters was found to be 13% among the goitrous subjects compared to 17.5% among the non-goitrous subjects. However, the association with PTC as well as with 6 blood-genetic markers, was not statistically significant.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1977

Dental condition of two tribes of Taiwan aborigines--Ami and Atayal.

This is a study of dental and oral conditions of Taiwan aborigines from the epidemiological and anthropological points of view. A total of 166 Ami and 128 Atayal adolescents were included from their original living area, the Hwa-Lien Hsin and Wa-Lai District, Taiwan, Republic of China. Oral examination was done carefully and caries incidence, periodontal index, and Angle's Classification combined with OFI were included. After that, hydrocolloid impressions were taken, and dental casts were immediately made. The mesiodistal and buccloingual crown diameters and also the arch depth and width were measured using a sliding caliper. Dental morphological traits, such as shovel-shaped incisors, Carabelli's cusp, protostylid, and upper and lower molar groove patterns were observed and classified, and the results are given with statistical analysis. The aborigines have a quite low incidence of dental caries and periodontal disease which may be related to their dietary habits, good oral hygiene, and good dental occlusion. With regard to the differences between the Ami and Atayal, most of the date show no statistical significance except in the dental occlusion. The Atayal's occlusion is better than that of the differences of genetics or other factors. There are no sex differences in all the date in the dental survey, but there are sex differences in both the misiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters of both the Ami and Atayal tribes (the tooth crown of the male subjects is invariably broader and larger than that of females). In the dental arch dimensions, most of the data show no sex diffreence, except in the breadth of the upper and lower dental arch of the Atayal. Anthropologically, there are no statistical differences, in mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters and most of the data of dental arch dimesions, but there is a difference in arch depth in Ami and Atayal adolescents. The Atayal have a deeper dental arch than do the Ami. As for dental morphologi, the Taiwan aborigines have a high frequency of shovel-shaped incisors and Carabelli's trait but a relatively low frequency of protostylid. There are no definite differences between races in the occlusal pattern of maxillary first molars, but there are differences in the maxillary second molars. The usual pattern is 4-- for the upper first and second molars of the Taiwan aborigines as well as for thedibular occlusal pattern, the first molar tends to follow the primitive "dryopithecus" pattern of 5 cusps and Y configuration, but in the second molar there are varying degrees of departure from Y5 to the more advanced +4 pattern with +5 and Y4 as intermediates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Measles vaccine coverage and immune response in children of Caiabi and Metuktire Indian tribes living in malarial endemic area: Parque indígena do Xingu, Central Brazil.

Measles vaccination efficiency was evaluated in children from two Indian tribes - Caiabi and Metuktire - living in the Amazon region, in the Parque Indigena do Xingu (PIX). The population sample, selected at random, made up 37 Caiabi and 28 Metuktire children, aged from 20-75 months (40%). For operational and epidemiological reasons, measles vaccine is given from 6 months of age. The average age of children when they received the vaccine was 11.5 months for the first dose and 20 months for the second. The search for IgG antibodies against measles virus and Plasmodium falciparum was made through immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Measles vaccine coverage has reached 60% at 12 months of age and 92% at 18 months, whereas post-vaccine serum conversion was 95% in Caiabi children (geometric mean of titres (GMT) 126) and 89% in Metuktire (GMT 109). The difference in GMT is not statistically significant. Seventy-three per cent of Caiabi children (GMT 101) and 100% of Metuktire children (GMT135) were plasmodium antibody positive, showing they had been exposed to malarial infection. Despite the differences detected, the immune response to measles vaccine was satisfactory in both groups, with a positive percentage consistent with that achieved in non-malarial areas in Americas. The results show the efficiency of a vaccination programme in an indigenous area despite the difficulties in reaching the villages and maintaining the cold chain, and also despite the malaria endemicity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A community diabetes education and gardening project to improve diabetes care in a Northwest American Indian tribe.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to design a culturally appropriate education program for a Northwest American Indian tribe. METHODS: Needs assessment revealed that a community approach rather than clinic-based education would address multiple barriers to diabetes care. Both process and outcome information are described for community and individual level evaluations. RESULTS: This intervention design consisted of community diabetes workshops called "How Healthy Am I?--Treating the Whole Person." The workshops represented a traditional view of health and included 4 specific themes: (1) taking care of the body, with an emphasis on diabetes care and physical activity; (2) mental health needs; (3) foods for healthy living; and (4) spirituality and healing the whole person. Workshops were designed to be social and informational, and involve all community members. A community garden was established to improve access to fresh produce and encourage exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Prior to implementation of the community workshops and evaluations, the tribal government chose to discontinue receiving the federal funding for this project. Elements of a mutually respectful collaboration are outlined and discussed based on the experiences of this project.

Adult↗