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PubMed1980

Immunosuppression of anti-sheep erythrocyte responses by glycerol teichoic acid immune complexes.

Sprague-Dawley rats which produce "naturally occurring" antibodies to glycerol teichoic acid (GTA) displayed immunosuppression of anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cell and serum antibody responses when a single dose of lipid-free GTA was administered 24 h before immunization. Such suppression was enhanced by administering GTA complexed with anti-GTA immunoglobulin G. Animals fed a GTA-free diet produced no anti-GTA immunoglobulins and failed to show GTA-mediated immunosuppression under similar experimental conditions. However, when those animals were given GTA-anti-GTA complexes, suppression was evident. The results suggested antigenic competition mediated by immune complex-activated suppressor T cells. Lipid-free GTA did not stimulate serum antibody responses under the experimental conditions employed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Immunogenicity of soluble versus cellular glycerol teichoic acid.

Guinea pigs which were injected with either whole bacilli or purified soluble glycerol teichoic acid (GTA) usually exhibited a rise in hemolysin titer to GTA-coated erythrocytes. The only exceptions were those animals having high baseline titers of natural anti-GTA antibodies. Rats yielded better responses than guinea pigs and produced significantly higher responses to the soluble antigen than to the cellular GTA. Rats reared on a GTA-free diet were predominantly free of natural antibodies to GTA and furnished a more clear-cut model for assaying immune responses. Using this model, it was shown that adsorption of GTA to homologous erythrocytes before injection resulted in poor responses, suggesting that such spontaneous adsorption does not account for the good responses to soluble antigen. In GTA-deprived rats, positive skin tests were induced only with bacilli, whereas migration inhibitory factor was induced with both bacilli and soluble antigen. Hemolytic plaques in immunized rats were increased over controls with both kinds of immunogen, but the GTA-deprived rats responded better than conventional ones, and hemolytic plaque responses to bacilli were better than those to soluble antigen. This reversal of the serum hemolysin results may be due to delayed suppression by soluble GTA or to antibody cycling. The guinea pig data, combined with results from GTA-deprived rats, suggest that high antibody levels resulted in depressed antibody synthesis, perhaps because antibody cycling was initiated. No evidence was found to explain the superior responses to soluble antigen, but it did not seem related to formation of immune complexes or adsorption to erythrocyte membranes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The teichoic acid (C-polysaccharide) synthesized by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 5 has a specific structure.

The teichoic acid synthesized by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 5, also known as pneumococcal common antigen (C-polysaccharide), was purified. On the basis of compositional analysis, HPAEC-PAD analysis, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, made on the native polysaccharide and on the dephosphorylated repeating unit, the following structure is proposed: [structure: see text]. This C-polysaccharide (C-PS), differs from those previously described by the replacement of Glc by Gal in its repeating unit structure.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1980

[Demonstration of species-specific teichoic acids in staphylococcal species with reference to protein A activity (author's transl)].

Serologically different teichoic acids could be demonstrated as polysaccharide antigens in staphylococcal species by immunodiffusion (Fig. 1) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (GSE, Fig. 2). Staphylococcus aureus contained polysaccharide A, S. epidermidis polysaccharide B, S. saprophyticus polysaccharide A beta C, and S. hyicus polysaccharide C (Table 2). These polysaccharides were specific for staphylococcal species and could not be found in micrococci. The antigen preparations for the GSE were autoclaved suspensions of the staphylococcal and micrococcal cultures. The specific antisera (Table 1) were obtained after absorption with pronase-treated staphylococcal reference strains. Treatment with pronase removed protein A from the absorbing staphylococci. In this manner the "nonspecific" loss of specific antibodies was prevented. This would have occurred by the attachment of the Fc-component of immunoglobulin G to protein A of S. aureus. The precipitin-lines contained the polysaccharide-antigens and not protein A.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1983

Occurrence of antibodies to teichoic acid in patients with diseases other than staphylococcal infection.

To determine the usefulness of the teichoic acid antibody (TAA) test in conditions where unspecific viral and bacterial antibodies are often encountered, we measured TAA by the gel-diffusion method in 475 patients without known staphylococcal disease; they included 213 patients with arthritis, 108 with liver diseases, 100 with gastro-intestinal disorders and 54 with acute pharyngitis. Positive controls were 104 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and 203 healthy adults were negative controls. Thirteen (6%) of the healthy adults had positive TAA titres (greater than or equal to 4), and the highest titre was 8 in two people (1%). Positive titres were found in 38% of patients with S. aureus bacteraemia and high titres (greater than or equal to 8) were seen in 24%. Among the patients with arthritis, positive TAA titres were found significantly more often than in healthy controls in patients with Yersinia arthritis (p less than 0.01) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; p less than 0.02). In other patient groups, the percentage of positive TAA titres did not differ significantly from that in healthy adults. Eight (2%) of the 475 patients without known staphylococcal infection had TAA titres greater than or equal to 8 but these high titres were not associated with any particular disease group. Only two of these eight patients had slightly raised antibody to staphylococcal alpha-haemolysin. We conclude that the TAA test cannot be used as a reliable indicator of septic staphylococcal disease in patients with Yersinia arthritis or SLE, but that in general, TAA titres greater than or equal to 8 point strongly to S. aureus infection even in patients with autoimmune or liver diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A new structural type of teichoic acid and some chemotaxonomic criteria of two species Nocardiopsis dassonvillei and Nocardiopsis antarcticus.

The cell-wall teichoic acids of Nocardiopsis dassonvillei IMRU 509T, IMRU 504 and IMRU 1250 and Nocardiopsis antarcticus VKM Ac-836T have the same unique structure that has not heretofore been found in bacteria. The polymer is built of 10 to 13 repeating units: -1snGro3-P-3-beta-D-GalNAc1-2snGro3-P-. The structure has been established by chemical analysis and with NMR spectroscopy. A study of the cell-wall monosaccharide composition, peptidoglycan, and cell phospholipids also provides evidence for the close similarity of these two species.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1987

Antibody response to whole cells and teichoic acid of Staphylococcus aureus strain E 1369 in human sera.

A whole cell Staphylococcus aureus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the protein A-deficient strain E 1369 as antigen was compared to an ELISA with cell-wall teichoic acid, extracted from the same strain, as antigen for the detection of IgG antibodies against S. aureus in human sera. A total of 178 serum samples from 119 patients with S. aureus endocarditis, complicated and uncomplicated septicaemia, non-S. aureus endocarditis and septicaemia were investigated together with sera from 155 healthy controls. The sensitivity in diagnosing S. aureus endocarditis was better for the whole cell-ELISA (83%) as compared to the teichoic acid-ELISA (61%), and the same was true for complicated septicaemia (41% vs 29%). The whole cell ELISA was also more specific for S. aureus infections with only 3.6% false positive test values compared to 7.1% for the teichoic acid-ELISA. The differences were however, not statistically significant. None of the assays were able to distinguish between complicated and uncomplicated S. aureus septicaemia.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1976

Relationship of capsular type to biochemical and immunological properties of teichoic acid preparations from unencapsulated strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

We investigated the biochemical and immunological characteristics of teichoic acid preparations (TAP) obtained from four unencapsulated strains of Staphylococcus aureus which nonetheless, according to the serum-soft agar technique, produced capsular type antigen and were representative of the four types A, B, C, and D. In the agar diffusion test, TAP of each strain produced a single precipitin line only against rabbit antisera corresponding to the homologous capsular type; no lines were observed against antisera to the heterologous capsular type. All TAP were ribitol type except one, glycerol, prepared from a capsular type D strain. Major acetylglucosaminyl residues of TAP from strains having capsular type A and C antigens were attached to the polyribitol phosphate by beta-linkage, whereas TAP from a type B antigen strain had an alpha-linkage; type D antigen was attached to the polyglycerol phosphate by the beta-linkage. Chemical analyses and infrared spectrograms of these TAP further confirmed their heterogeneous nature.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1986

[Structure of teichoic acid of a poly(glycerophosphate) nature from Streptomyces levoris K-3053 and its biological properties].

The wall teichoic acid from S. levoris was studied. It is a poly(glycerophosphate)polymer consisting of 15-20 nonsubstituted glycerophosphate units coupled by the phosphodiether bonds according to the 1, 3 type. It was shown that the acid had antitumor activity and high cardiotoxicity evident from a clear-cut negative ionotropic effect on the cardiac papillar muscle in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Identification of the teichoic acid phosphorylcholine esterase in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen and many interactions of this bacterium with its host appear to be mediated, directly or indirectly, by components of the bacterial cell wall, specifically by the phosphorylcholine residues which serve as anchors for surface-located choline-binding proteins and are also recognized by components of the host response, such as the human C-reactive protein, a class of myeloma proteins and PAF receptors. In the present study, we describe the identification of the pneumococcal pce gene encoding for a teichoic acid phosphorylcholine esterase (Pce), an enzymatic activity capable of removing phosphorylcholine residues from the cell wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid. Pce carries an N-terminal signal sequence, contains a C-terminal choline-binding domain with 10 homologous repeating units similar to those found in other pneumococcal surface proteins, and the catalytic (phosphorylcholine esterase) activity is localized on the N-terminal part of the protein. The mature protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified in a one-step procedure by choline-affinity chromatography and the enzymatic activity was followed using the chromophoric p-nitrophenyl-phosphorylcholine as a model substrate. The product of the enzymatic digestion of 3H-choline-labelled cell walls was shown to be phosphorylcholine. Inactivation of the pce gene in S. pneumoniae strains by insertion-duplication mutagenesis caused a unique change in colony morphology and a striking increase in virulence in the intraperitoneal mouse model. Pce may be a regulatory element involved with the interaction of S. pneumoniae with its human host.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Structure of an antigenic teichoic acid shared by clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.

A shared antigenic teichoic acid, previously found to be a surface capsule-like polysaccharide, was isolated from clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. It was composed of glucose, glycerol, and phosphate as determined by chemical and GC-MS analysis. The repeating-unit structure was elucidated by a series of 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy to be the following: [formula: see text]

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1981

Factors affecting complement activation by Staphylococcus aureus cell walls, their components, and mutants altered in teichoic acid.

In a previous study, Staphylococcus aureus purified cell walls (PCW), consisting of peptidoglycan (PG) plus covalently linked teichoic acid (TA), were found to be more active in complement consumption than isolated PG. Isolated TA has now been shown to be capable of activating complement. Mild sonication markedly increased the ability of PG to activate complement but had essentially no effect on the activities of PCW and TA. Optimal sonication of PG did not yield activities equal to those of PCW in dose-response and kinetic studies, which may imply that TA plays some role in complement consumption. Sonication did not lead to solubilization of PCW or PG but may have enhanced the activity of PG in complement consumption by better dispersing PG particles, thereby exposing more surface area. Lysostaphin solubilization of PCW and PG markedly decreased their activities in complement consumption. The PCW of an S. aureus TA-deficient mutant, which were mostly PG, caused similar amounts of complement consumption as the parent strain PCW. Of the treatments of PCW commonly used to isolate PG, formamide and periodate extractions in particular led to PG preparations with lower activities in complement consumption than the PCW from which they were prepared, although these activities were stimulated by sonication. When whole organisms were studied by using a TA-deficient mutant, a mutant with an additional cell surface polymer, and the TA-containing parent strains and complement consumption by these strains was compared, no difference was found in either the rate or the degree of complement activation. This led to experiments demonstrating that both material released extracellularly from staphylococci and the cytoplasmic fraction of S. aureus were active in complement consumption. The results of these experiments indicate that both physical and chemical factors must be considered in studies of complement activation by isolated bacterial cell wall components. Under certain conditions, staphylococcal TA may enhance complement activation, but studies with whole organisms clearly show that this cell wall constituent does not play an essential role in this process. In addition, studies of complement consumption with intact organisms have demonstrated that there may be contributions both from cell surface components and from material released by the cells.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1989

[Teichoic acid antibody assay in infections of the bones and joints caused by Staphylococcus aureus].

For detecting antibodies against the teichoic acids of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), a commercially available Ouchterlony double-diffusion procedure kit was chosen. Thirteen of 26 patients with chronic SA osteomyelitis, 2 of 2 with SA spondylitis and 5 of 6 with arthritis had a positive assay (58%) in contrast to 8 of 24 patients of the control groups (33%). High titers correlated well with the extent and duration of antigen presentation in the bloodstream for cells of representing the specific immunity. Localized infections with minor antigenemia elicited a detectable but weak antibody response.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1979

The role of Staphylococcus aureus cell-wall peptidoglycan, teichoic acid and protein A in the processes of complement activation and opsonization.

The role of cell-wall peptidoglycan, teichoic acid and protein A in the processes of Staphylococcus aureus complement activation and opsonization was investigated. CH50 consumption studies reveal that, although all cell-surface fractions were capable of activating the classical C pathway, only peptidoglycan consumed C via the alternative pathway. Using a quantitative immunofluorescence assay, peptidoglycan was shown to bind C3 molecules via the classical as well as via the alternative C pathway and in the absence of IgG and IgA class antibodies. C activation via the classical and the alternative pathway could be distinguished by kinetic analysis. By comparing the rates of staphylococcal C consumption, C3 fixation and opsonization it was found that the CH50 consumption assay is a relatively insensitive method and may yield results that do not necessarily reflect the process of bacterial opsonization.

Complement Activation↗
PubMed1992

Detection of teichoic acid antibodies in Staphylococcus aureus infections.

A commercially available agar gel diffusion (AGD) assay was used to investigate the teichoic acid antibody (TAA) response in 183 patients with proven Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infections. Two control groups were also investigated. One consisted of 100 hospitalized patients with a variety of medical and surgical conditions other than SA infection and the other consisted of 116 healthy hospital staff members. The sensitivity of the AGD assay varied markedly depending on the site of infection in the patients with proven SA infections. All patients with SA endocarditis developed positive TAA titres (greater than or equal to 1:4), although more than one third of these were initially negative. In patients with chronic osteomyelitis or septic arthritis, 41% had positive TAA titres, whereas no positive titres were detected in patients with acute osteomyelitis or septic arthritis. Lower rates of positive TAA titres were found in patients with deep abscesses (27%), pneumonia (14%) and post-operative infections (9%), but no positive titres occurred in patients with acute uncomplicated bacteremia, cellulitis or meningitis. In 100 hospitalized control patients, no positive titres were detected, and only 1 of 116 (0.9%) healthy hospital staff controls was positive. Suggested guidelines for the use of the AGD assay are discussed.

Adolescent↗