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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Traffic of dynamin within individual Drosophila synaptic boutons relative to compartment-specific markers.

Presynaptic terminals contain several specialized compartments, which have been described by electron microscopy. We show in an identified Drosophila neuromuscular synapse that several of these compartments-synaptic vesicle clusters, presynaptic plasma membrane, presynaptic cytosol, and axonal cytoskeleton-labeled by specific reagents may be resolved from one another by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Using a panel of compartment-specific markers and Drosophila shibire(ts1) mutants to trap an intermediate stage in synaptic vesicle recycling, we have examined the localization and redistribution of dynamin within single synaptic varicosities at the larval neuromuscular junction. Our results suggest that dynamin is not a freely diffusible molecule in resting nerve terminals; rather, it appears localized to synaptic sites by association with yet uncharacterized presynaptic components. In shi(ts1) nerve terminals depleted of synaptic vesicles, dynamin is quantitatively redistributed to the plasma membrane. It is not, however, distributed uniformly over presynaptic plasmalemma; instead, fluorescence images show "hot spots" of dynamin on the plasma membrane of vesicle-depleted nerve terminals. We suggest that these dynamin-rich domains may mark the active zones for synaptic vesicle endocytosis first described at the frog neuromuscular junction.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Dosimetry of fractionated administration of 125I-labeled antibody at experimental radioimmunotargeting.

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy of solid tumors is preferably performed in fractionated doses. Conversely, radioimmunotherapy with nuclide-carrying antibodies delivers a continuously decreasing low dose rate during a longer time period after a single injection. In the current study, the same total amount of 125I-labeled anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody (MoAb) was administrated in one, three, or ten injections and the dosimetry was evaluated. METHODS: Three groups of nude mice (10 mice each) with HeLa Hep 2 xenografts were injected with 1 x 100 microg/22.2 megabecquerel (MBq), 3 x 33 microg/7.4 MBq, and 10 x 10 microg/2.22 MBq 125I-labeled TS1 MoAb, respectively. The mice were examined scintigraphically over a 54-day period (total number of radio immunoscintigraphies (RISs) = approximately 700) and doses to tumor and normal tissues were estimated according to the medical internal radiation dose formalism. RESULTS: A single bolus injection caused higher tumor uptake, tumor dose, and tumor to nontumor dose ratio than administration of the same total dose of antibody and radioactivity in three or ten separate injections. The single bolus injection caused a tenfold higher tumor uptake (% injected dose, or ID) compared with the group receiving ten injections. This caused a tumor dose of 17 gray to the group receiving a single bolus injection. CONCLUSIONS: In this antigen target system, a single injection of a large amount of antibody was found to be more efficient than the same antibody dose subdivided into three or ten fractions. It was concluded that not only the radioactivity but also the amount of antibody per fraction should be considered when determining optimal fractionated radioimmunotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

17O NMR spectroscopic characterization and the mechanism of formation of alkyl hydrotrioxides (ROOOH) and hydrogen trioxide (HOOOH) in the low-temperature ozonation of isopropyl alcohol and isopropyl methyl ether: water-assisted decomposition

Low-temperature ozonation of isopropyl alcohol (1a) and isopropyl methyl ether (1b) in [D6]acetone, methyl acetate, and tert-butyl methyl ether at -78 degrees C produced the corresponding hydrotrioxides, Me2C(OH)(OOOH) (2a) and Me2C(OMe)(OOOH) (2b), along with hydrogen trioxide (HOOOH). All the polyoxides investigated were characterized for the first time by 17O NMR spectroscopy of highly 17O-enriched species. The assignment was confirmed by GIAO/MP2/6-31++G* calculations of 17O NMR chemical shifts, which were in excellent agreement with the experimental values. Ab initio density functional (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/ 6-31G*+ZPE level have clarified the transition structure (TS1, deltaE = 7.4 and 10.6 kcalmol(-1), relative to isolated reactants and the complex 1a-ozone, respectively) for the ozonation of 1a: this, together with the formation of HOOOH and some other products, indicates the involvement of radical intermediates (R*, *OOOH) in the reaction. The activation parameters for the decomposition of the hydrotrioxides 2a and 2b (Ea, = 23.5+/-1.5 kcalmol(-1), logA = 16+/-1.8) were typical for a homolytic process in which cleavage of the ROOOH molecule occurs to yield a radical pair [RO* *OOH] and represents the lowest available energy pathway. Significantly the lower activation parameters for the decomposition of HOOOH (Ea = 16.5+/-2.2 kcalmol(-1), logA = 9.5+/-2.0) relative to those expected for the homolytic scission of the HO-OOH bond [bond dissociation energy (BDE) = 29.8 kcalmol(-1), CCSD(T)/6-311++G**] are in accord with the proposal that water behaves as a bifunctional catalyst and therefore participates in a "polar" (non-radical) decomposition process of this polyoxide. A relatively large acceleration of the decomposition of the hydrotrioxide 2a in [D6]acetone, accompanied by a significant lowering of the activation energies, was observed in the presence of a large excess of water. Thus intramolecular 1,3-proton transfer probably also involves the participation of water and is similar to the mechanism proposed for the decomposition of HOOOH. This hypothesis was further substantiated by the B3LYP/6-31++ G*+ZPE calculations for the participation of water in the decomposition of CH3OOOH, which revealed two stationary points on the potential energy surface corresponding to a CH3OOOH-HOH complex and a six-membered cyclic transition state TS2. The energy barriers were comparable with those calculated for HOOOH, that is, deltaE = 15.0 and 21.5 kcalmol(-1) relative to isolated reactants and the CH3OOOH-HOH complex, respectively.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Dynamin, encoded by shibire, is central to cardiac function.

Employing the Drosophila heart, a model system for genetic and molecular investigation of cardiac physiology, we demonstrate here an essential role for the protein dynamin, encoded by the Drosophila gene shibire(ts) (shi(ts)), in maintaining normal heart function. In flies bearing two temperature-sensitive alleles of shi, shi(ts1) and shi(ts2), heartbeat is both slower and less rhythmic than in wild-type animals. Serotonin and norepinephrine, normally cardioacceleratory in wild type, are without effect in flies bearing the shi mutation. Electrocardiogram (EKG) analysis reveals a bigeminal beat in mutant hearts, unlike the single electrical pulse in wild-type. The gene no action potential (temperature sensitive), with previously-described cardiac aberrations similar to those of shi, interacts with shi: shi/shi;nap/nap mutants have almost wild-type heart function. J. Exp. Zool. 289:81-89, 2001.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A non-radical mechanism for methane hydroxylation at the diiron active site of soluble methane monooxygenase.

We propose a non-radical mechanism for the conversion of methane into methanol by soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO), the active site of which involves a diiron active center. We assume the active site of the MMOH(Q) intermediate, exhibiting direct reactivity with the methane substrate, to be a bis(mu-oxo)diiron(IV) complex in which one of the iron atoms is coordinatively unsaturated (five-coordinate). Is it reasonable for such a diiron complex to be formed in the catalytic reaction of sMMO? The answer to this important question is positive from the viewpoint of energetics in density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our model thus has a vacant coordination site for substrate methane. If MMOH(Q) involves a coordinatively unsaturated iron atom at the active center, methane is effectively converted into methanol in the broken-symmetry singlet state by a non-radical mechanism; in the first step a methane C-H bond is dissociated via a four-centered transition state (TS1) resulting in an important intermediate involving a hydroxo ligand and a methyl ligand, and in the second step the binding of the methyl ligand and the hydroxo ligand through a three-centered transition state (TS2) results in the formation of a methanol complex. This mechanism is essentially identical to that of the methane-methanol conversion by the bare FeO(+) complex and relevant transition metal-oxo complexes in the gas phase. Neither radical species nor ionic species are involved in this mechanism. We look in detail at kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for H atom abstraction from methane on the basis of transition state theory with Wigner tunneling corrections.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2003

Parcellation of cortical afferents to three distinct sectors in the parahippocampal gyrus of the rhesus monkey: an anatomical and neurophysiological study.

The posterior parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is comprised of three distinct cortical areas based on cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and neurophysiological response properties. Fluorescent retrograde tracers placed in each PHG area demonstrated unique patterns of cortical afferent input to areas TH, TL, and TF. Area TF receives inputs from the multimodal cortices of the superior temporal sulcus including areas PGa, TPO, and MST, from the visuospatial parietal area PG-Opt, and from visual areas V3A and dorsal V4. Area TL receives afferents from the inferotemporal region including visual areas TE1 and TE2 as well as from areas TEa, IPa, and FST in the lower bank and depth of the superior temporal sulcus. In contrast, the input to area TH is from the rostral part of superior temporal gyrus, including the auditory association areas TS1-3, and from the middle sector of area TPO in the superior temporal sulcus. Frontal and cingulate areas also project to the PHG in largely differential patterns. To further investigate this a correlative electrophysiological study of the three PHG areas resulted in a confirmation of these differential cortical inputs such that visually responsive neurons were found in areas TF and TL, auditory responsive neurons or bimodal auditory/visual-responsive neurons in area TH, and somatosensory-responsive neurons at the TF/TL border. Since each PHG area also receives differential hippocampal input, these data suggest that the processing of unimodal or multimodal information may be related to memory processing functions that are largely segregated within areas TH, TL, and TF.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1988

Association fiber pathways to the frontal cortex from the superior temporal region in the rhesus monkey.

The projections to the frontal cortex that originate from the various areas of the superior temporal region of the rhesus monkey were investigated with the autoradiographic technique. The results demonstrated that the rostral part of the superior temporal gyrus (areas Pro, Ts1, and Ts2) projects to the proisocortical areas of the orbital and medial frontal cortex, as well as to the nearby orbital areas 13, 12, and 11, and to medial areas 9, 10, and 14. These fibers travel to the frontal lobe as part of the uncinate fascicle. The middle part of the superior temporal gyrus (areas Ts3 and paAlt) projects predominantly to the lateral frontal cortex (areas 12, upper 46, and 9) and to the dorsal aspect of the medial frontal lobe (areas 9 and 10). Only a small number of these fibers terminated within the orbitofrontal cortex. The temporofrontal fibers originating from the middle part of the superior temporal gyrus occupy the lower portion of the extreme capsule and lie just dorsal to the fibers of the uncinate fascicle. The posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus projects to the lateral frontal cortex (area 46, dorsal area 8, and the rostralmost part of dorsal area 6). Some of the fibers from the posterior superior temporal gyrus run initially through the extreme capsule and then cross the claustrum as they ascend to enter the external capsule before continuing their course to the frontal lobe. A larger group of fibers curves round the caudalmost Sylvian fissure and travels to the frontal cortex occupying a position just above and medial to the upper branch of the circular sulcus. This latter pathway constitutes a part of the classically described arcuate fasciculus.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1991

Post-rolandic cortical projections of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey.

The efferent connections of different cytoarchitectonic areas of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) in the rhesus monkey with parieto-temporo-occipital cortex were investigated using autoradiographic methods. Four rostral-to-caudal subdivisions of cortex (area TPO) in the upper bank of the STS have distinct projection patterns. Rostral sectors (areas TPO-1 and -2) project to the rostral superior temporal gyrus (areas Ts1, Ts2, and Ts3), insula of the Sylvian fissure, and parahippocampal gyrus (perirhinal and prorhinal cortexes, areas TF, TH, and TL); caudal sectors (TPO-3 and -4) project to the caudal superior temporal gyrus (areas paAlt and Tpt), supratemporal plane (area paAc), circular sulcus of the Sylvian fissure (area reIt), as well as medial paralimbic (areas 23, 24, and retrosplenial cortex) and extrastriate (areas 18 and 19) cortexes. Area TPO-1 does not project to the parietal lobe; area TPO-2 projects to the inferior parietal lobule; area TPO-3 to the lower bank of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) (area POa); and area TPO-4 to medial parietal cortex (area PGm). Vision-related cortex (area TEa) in the rostral lower bank of the STS sends fibers to the rostral inferotemporal region (areas TE1, -2, and -3) and parahippocampal gyrus (perirhinal cortex, areas TF and TL). Visual zones in the caudal lower bank and depth of the sulcus (area OAa, or MT and FST) project to the caudal inferotemporal region (areas TE3 and TEO), lateral preoccipital region (area V4), and lower bank of the IPS (area POa). A zone in the rostral depth of the STS (area IPa) projects to the rostral inferotemporal region, parahippocampal gyrus, insula of the Sylvian fissure, parietal operculum, and lower rim of the IPS (area PG). STS projections to parieto-temporo-occipital cortex have "feedforward," "feedbackward," and "side-to-side" laminar patterns of termination similar to those of other cortical sensory systems. The differential connectivity supports the cytoarchitectonic parcellation of the STS and suggests functional heterogeneity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Efferent cortical connections of multimodal cortex of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey.

The cortex of the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) in the rhesus monkey contains a region that receives overlapping input from post-Rolandic sensory association areas and is considered multimodal in nature. We have used the fluorescence retrograde tracing technique in order to answer the question of whether multimodal areas of the STS project back to post-Rolandic sensory association areas. Additionally, we have attempted to answer the question of whether the projections from the multimodal areas directed to the parasensory association areas originate from common neurons via axon collaterals or from individual neurons. The results show that multimodal area TPO of the STS projects back to specific unimodal parasensory association areas of the parietal lobe (somatosensory), superior temporal gyrus (auditory), and posterior parahippocampal gyrus (visual). In addition, a substantial number of projections from area TPO are directed to distal parasensory association areas, area PG-Opt in the inferior parietal lobule, areas Ts1 and Ts2 in the rostral superior temporal gyrus, and areas TF and TL in the parahippocampal gyrus. These latter regions are themselves considered to be higher-order association areas. It was also noted that the majority of the projections to these higher-order association areas originate from the middle divisions of area TPO (TPO-2 and TPO-3). These neurons are organized in a significantly overlapping manner. Despite this overlap of the projection neurons, only an occasional double labeled neuron was observed in area TPO. Thus, our observations indicate that the multimodal region of the superior temporal sulcus has reciprocal connections with the unimodal parasensory association cortices subserving somatosensory, auditory and visual modalities, as well as with other post-Rolandic higher-order association areas. These connections from area TPO to post-Rolandic association areas may have a modulating influence on the sensory association input leading to multimodal areas in the superior temporal sulcus.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Ab initio study on the mechanism of the atmospheric reaction OH + O3-->HO2 + O2.

The atmospheric reaction (1) OH + O3-->HO2 + O2 was investigated theoretically by using MP2, QCISD, QCISD(T), and CCSD(T) methods with various basis sets. At the highest level of theory, namely, QCISD, the reaction is direct, with only one transition state between reactants and products. However, at the MP2 level, the reaction proceeds through a two-step mechanism and shows two transition states, TS1 and TS2, separated by an intermediate, Int. The different methodologies employed in this paper consistently predict the barrier height of reaction (1) to be within the range 2.16-5.11 kcal mol-1, somewhat higher than the experimental value of 2.0 kcal mol-1.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

An Ab initio study on the mechanism of the atmospheric reaction NH2 + O3-->H2NO + O2.

The atmospheric reaction NH2 + O3-->H2NO + O2 has been investigated theoretically by using MP2, QCISD, QCISD(T), CCSD(T), CASSCF, and CASPT2 methods with various basis sets. At the MP2 level of theory, the hypersurface of the potential energy (HPES) shows a two step reaction mechanism. Therefore, the mechanism proceeds along two transition states (TS1 and TS2), separated by an intermediate designated as Int. However, when the single-reference higher correlated QCISD and the multiconfigurational CASSCF methodologies have been employed, the minimum structure Int and TS2 are not found on the HPES, which thus confirms a direct reaction mechanism. Single-reference high correlated and multiconfigurational methods consistently predict the barrier height of the reaction to be within the range of 3.9 to 6.6 kcal mol-1, which is somewhat higher than the experimental value. The calculated reaction enthalpy is -67.7 kcal mol-1.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Human growth factor for murine interleukin (IL)-9 responsive T cell lines: co-induction with IL-6 in fibroblasts and identification as LIF/HILDA.

Two mouse helper T cell clones that proliferate in response to murine interleukin (IL)-9 could also be grown in conditioned medium of stimulated human connective tissue cells. The activity was not due to known T cell growth factors including human IL-9, which is not effective on mouse cells. This growth-stimulatory activity for TS1 cells (GATS) was co-induced with IL-6 on normal fibroblasts and certain sarcoma cell lines stimulated with IL-1, double-stranded RNA, virus or phorbol ester. However, the conditions for optimal induction and the kinetics of production were found to be different for IL-6 and GATS. GATS from phorbol ester-stimulated human hepatosarcoma cells co-purified with IL-6, but could be separated from it by subsequent cation-exchange fast-protein liquid chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Homogeneous tumor cell-derived GATS was a 25-kDa protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas IL-6 produced by these cells appeared in its 23-kDa form. Pure GATS was found to be inactive in the B cell hybridoma growth assay for IL-6. Finally, GATS was identified by NH2-terminal sequence analysis of the mature protein as leukemia inhibitory factor or human interleukin for DA cells (LIF/HILDA). The effect of LIF/HILDA on T cells was not mediated by IL-2, IL-4 or IL-9 production. Since this cytokine has not previously been reported to act on T cells, further investigation of its role in T cell activation should be taken into consideration.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Association of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase to protein kinase C zeta during interleukin-2 stimulation.

Interleukin-2 induces a serine-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase activity in the mouse T cell line TS1 alpha beta. Moreover, protein kinase C (PKC) zeta directly or indirectly associates with the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and the association appears to be necessary for the serine-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase activity, since release of zeta PKC by competition of binding with peptides spanning the p110 sequence from amino acids 907 to 925 abolishes the serine-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase activity. This kinase activity is also blocked when zeta PKC expression is inhibited by antisense oligonucleotide. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase activity by wortmannin does not abolish zeta PKC association.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Ras activation leads to cell proliferation or apoptotic cell death upon interleukin-2 stimulation or lymphokine deprivation, respectively.

Lymphokine-dependent cells undergo apoptosis upon lymphokine withdrawal. We describe that lymphokine deprivation of the interleukin (IL)-2- or IL-4-dependent mouse T cell line TS1 alpha beta induces Ras activation which plays a role in programmed cell death, since blocking Ras activity reduces the induction of apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis by lymphokine deprivation can be prevented by expression of the Bcl-2 protein. Rescue from cell death by IL-2 also promotes Ras activation, but, in contrast to lymphokine withdrawal, stimulates Bcl-2 expression. IL-4-induced cell survival is Ras- and Bcl-2 independent. These results are compatible with a model in which cell proliferation requires the simultaneous induction of at least two pathways which act in combination to prevent cell death.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Rho prevents apoptosis through Bcl-2 expression: implications for interleukin-2 receptor signal transduction.

Here we describe a Rho-mediated apoptosis suppression pathway driven by Bcl-2 expression in the interleukin (IL)-4- or IL-2-dependent murine T cell line TS1 alpha beta. IL-2, but not IL-4, induces Bcl-2 expression through RhoA activation which is inhibited by the specific Rho family inhibitor, Clostridium difficile Toxin B, as well as by a dominant negative RhoA mutant. Using transient transfections of RhoA mutants tagged with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, we show that a constitutively active RhoA mutant induces Bcl-2 expression and prevents apoptosis upon IL-4 withdrawal. Finally, we have identified the signaling pathway involved together with RhoA in Bcl-2 induction and show compelling evidence for the implication of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and protein kinase C.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Identification of regulatory residues of the yeast adenylyl cyclase.

We have attempted to identify amino acid residues of the yeast adenylyl cyclase that are involved in the regulation of its activity, by isolating adenylyl cyclase-linked spontaneous mutations capable of suppressing the temperature-sensitive phenotype of ras1- ras2-ts1 strains. We previously identified a mutated adenylyl cyclase in which a single point mutation, called CR14, led to the replacement of threonine 1651 with isoleucine. We have now investigated the biological effects of CR14, and of other mutations that cause the replacement of threonine 1651 by distinct amino acids. We have observed that the response of adenylyl cyclase to Ras can be either enhanced or attenuated, without significant effects on the steady-state level of the former enzyme in vivo, depending on the amino acid side chain at position 1651. Therefore, this residue identifies a regulatory region on the adenylyl cyclase molecule. We have also taken advantage of the attenuation of adenylyl cyclase function caused by the replacement of threonine 1651 with aspartic acid to isolate intragenic suppressor mutations. We have identified several point mutations, leading to single amino acid substitutions, individually capable of reactivating the attenuated adenylyl cyclase. The corresponding amino acid changes are located within a relatively small region, including residues 1331, 1345, 1348 and 1374. This region could be physiologically involved in the negative control of the carboxy-terminal catalytic domain.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed2003

Ab initio study of the mechanism of the atmospheric reaction: NO2 + O3 --> NO3 + O2.

The atmospheric reaction NO2 + O3 --> NO3 + O2 (1) has been investigated theoretically by using the MP2, G2, G2Q, QCISD, QCISD(T), CCSD(T), CASSCF, and CASPT2 methods with various basis sets. The results show that the reaction pathway can be divided in two different parts at the MP2 level of theory. At this level, the mechanism proceeds along two transition states (TS1 and TS2) separated by an intermediate, designated as A. However, when the single-reference higher correlated QCISD methodology has been employed, the minimum A and the transition state TS2 are not found on the hypersurface of potential energy, which confirms a direct reaction mechanism. Single-reference high correlated and multiconfigurational methods consistently predict the barrier height of reaction (1) to be within the range 2.5-6.1 kcal mol(-1), in reasonable agreement with experimental data. The calculated reaction enthalpy is -24.6 kcal mol(-1) and the reaction rate calculated at the highest CASPT2 level, of k = 6.9 x 10(-18) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Both results can be regarded also as accurate predictions of the methodology employed in this article.

Atmosphere↗
PubMed1998

Ligation of CR1 attenuates Fc receptor-mediated myeloperoxidase release and HOCl production by neutrophils.

Surface adherent immunoglobulins are potent stimuli for inducing neutrophil release of myeloperoxidase and production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), an oxidant that promotes activity of neutrophil proteases. Opsonization of surface adherent IgG (SAIgG) by complement results in attenuation of these responses, despite augmenting neutrophil production of superoxide and release of specific granule enzymes. The role of complement receptor ligation in modulating Fc receptor-triggered myeloperoxidase release and HOCl production by neutrophils was determined by incubating neutrophils with SAIgG in the presence of complement receptor ligating antibody reagents. Ligation of CR1 by F(ab')2 derived from CR1 specific monoclonal antibody (mAb 543) resulted in significant attenuation of surface-associated IgG (SAIgG)-induced release of myeloperoxidase and HOCl production but did not result in attenuation of SAIgG-induced superoxide or hydrogen peroxide production; ligation of CR1 by mAb 543 F(ab')2 also attenuated surface adherent IgA-induced myeloperoxidase release and HOCl production. HOCl production was not significantly attenuated when neutrophils were activated with SAIgG in the presence of surface adherent C1q or when CR3 was ligated by F(ab')2 derived from mAb having specificity for the CD11b (mAb M1/70) or CD18 (mAb TS1) subunits of CR3. These results indicate that ligation of CR1 on neutrophils by C3b fixed to IgG may alter signal transduction events linking ligation of neutrophil Fc receptors to cellular events required for release of myeloperoxidase and generation of HOCl.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗