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PubMed1990

Limiting factors of functional adaptation to orthodontic space closure.

The closure of spaces, especially in the incisor region, has been criticized as causing functional alterations in the masticatory system. The study comprised 80 patients, 30 with space closure and 50 as a control. The results showed that closure of incisor spaces caused marked occlusal alterations, but apparently no damage to the temporo-mandibular joint nor to muscle action, provided that treatment was completed before the age of 12 years.

Anodontia↗
PubMed1999

The Ice Man's diet as reflected by the stable nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of his hair.

Establishing the diets of ancient human populations is an integral component of most archaeological studies. Stable isotope analysis of well-preserved bone collagen is the most direct approach for a general assessment of paleodiet. However, this method has been limited by the scarcity of well-preserved skeletal materials for this type of destructive analysis. Hair is preserved in many burials, but is often overlooked as an alternative material for isotopic analysis. Here we report that the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values for the hair of the 5200 year-old Ice Man indicates a primarily vegetarian diet, in agreement with his dental wear pattern. Whereas previous investigations have focused on bone collagen, the stable isotope composition of hair may prove to be a more reliable proxy for paleodiet reconstruction, particularly when skeletal remains are not well preserved and additional archaeological artifacts are unavailable.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2004

Clinical and microbiological effects of different restorative materials on the periodontal tissues adjacent to subgingival class V restorations.

OBJECTIVES: The relationship between subgingival dental restorations and periodontal health has been thoroughly investigated for many years. However, longitudinal data on the subgingival microflora features after the placement of well-finished subgingival restorations are still lacking. Therefore, this study compares the short-term clinical and microbiological features occurring in the gingiva after the completion of different subgingival restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen systemically healthy subjects, 10 males and six females (ages: 31.7-45.8 years; mean age 39.3+/-5.1 years), who were non-smokers and were positive for the presence of three cervical abrasion/erosion defects to be restored in three different adjacent teeth were enrolled in this study. The cervical abrasion/erosion defects were each restored by using one of three different materials: amalgam, glass ionomer cement, or composite resin. Immediately before class V cavity preparations and restorations (baseline), clinical monitoring and subgingival plaque sampling were performed in the mid-buccal aspect of each experimental restored tooth and in one adjacent sound, non-treated, control tooth. These procedures were repeated every 4 months over the following 1 year. RESULTS: Throughout the study, the clinical parameters recorded did not change significantly in any of the experimental groups, and no differences were detected among them at each clinical session. Over this time, no significant changes in the composition of the subgingival microflora were observed in amalgam, glass ionomer cement, and control groups. Conversely, in the composite resin group, there was a significant increase in the total bacterial counts, and a significant (p<0.05) decrease in Gram-positive, aerobic bacteria, which was associated with a significant (p<0.05) increase in the Gram-negative, anaerobic microbiota. CONCLUSIONS: Over a 1-year observation period, amalgam, glass ionomer cement, and composite resin subgingival restorations do not significantly affect the clinical parameters recorded. However, composite resin restorations may have some negative effects on the quantity and quality of subgingival plaque.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A comparative analysis of periapical health based on historic and current data.

AIM: To compare periapical health using samples from prehistoric and historic periods until the present day, and to emphasize the major risk indicators for apical periodontitis (AP). METHODOLOGY: A comparative survey to assess periapical health was performed on five samples (525 individuals) drawn from different periods of history within the time frame 2000 BC to 2000 AD. Twenty-one binary risk indicators for AP were retained for a logistic regression model. The probability of a diseased tooth was defined from a two-level response variable based on the periapical index (PAI). An individual regression model was computed with partial least squares (PLS) regression model, based on the individual mean values of the nine retained risk indicators. RESULTS: Condensing osteitis, tooth wear, caries, root fillings and the presence of inadequate root fillings were associated with the PAI levels. The maxillary molars and recent time periods (contemporaneous and seventeenth century) were also risk indicators for the pathological condition. The PLS regression for individuals demonstrated correlations between risk factors. This multidimensional analysis indicated that the mean PAI was correlated mainly with caries and condensing osteitis. Condensing osteitis was more frequent in the mandibular than in the maxillary bone (P=0.001), and correlated with tooth wear in ancient periods. CONCLUSIONS: This comparative analysis demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of AP in the contemporary period. The most important risk indicators for that period were the presence of inadequate root fillings, carious lesions and condensing osteitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

The resistance of superficially sealed enamel to wear and carious attack in vitro.

The resistance to wear and carious attack has been investigated in vitro for enamel that has been subjected to several stages of the sealing procedure: etching, etching and remineralization in whole saliva and etching followed by sealing. After partial mechanical removal of the sealant, the remaining surface enamel proved to be resistant to carious attack as long as the resin tags were present. An estimation is made of the thickness of the affected layer. Pretreatment with monofluorophosphate has proved to influence the extent of the histological changes due to etching. A discussion on these phenomena is given.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1986

The prophylactic reduction of cusps--is it desirable?

In the opinion of some authors cusps are functionally efficient when worn down: others view cusps as efficient structures in themselves which should be retained. Such opinions are reviewed, and some conclusions drawn as to whether cusps should be retained or imitated when restoring an occlusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A rationale for the management of advanced tooth wear (ATW).

An approach to the treatment of patients with significant loss of tooth tissue is presented. Alternative treatment modes are discussed and the possible outcome of treatment considered. Guidelines are offered for the management of such cases including a flow-chart concerning the use of temporary appliances.

Crowns↗
PubMed1988

The effect of contact area morphology on operative dental procedures.

Measurements of the contact and embrasure areas of adjacent extracted teeth set in plaster blocks were made before groups of dentists undertook preparations on them. The prepared and adjacent teeth were examined and the findings related back to these measurements. Damage to the adjacent teeth was a common finding with both mesial-occlusal-distal (MOD) and complete crown preparations. There was some evidence that easier access to the contact area reduced the frequency of damage to teeth adjacent to MOD preparations. The taper of complete crown preparations did not conform to commonly recommended designs. This investigation highlights the need for greater consideration of approximal tooth surfaces when undertaking preparations and questions the practicality of achieving traditional features of complete crown preparation design. In teaching, greater emphasis should be placed on clinical reality rather than on theoretical, but unachievable ideals.

Crowns↗
PubMed1990

Studies on the temporomandibular joints of an eighteenth-century London population (Spitalfields).

The mandibular condyles and glenoid fossae of 93 adult skulls of known age at death were studied in skeletons exhumed from the crypt of Christ Church, Spitalfields, London. Antero-posterior and mesio-lateral dimensions were recorded, as were the shapes together with form and surface changes. In addition, the teeth present and the extent of occlusal attrition were noted. There was sexual dimorphism in the mesio-lateral size of the condyle, and although ante-mortem tooth loss was higher than in previously studied Romano-British skulls, form and surface changes of the condyle were less marked. It is concluded that tooth loss is not the main factor involved in remodelling of the condyle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Idiopathic cervical lesions: in vivo investigation by oral microendoscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A pilot study.

The development and progression of cervical lesions have not been thoroughly documented. Clinically, two morphologically distinct forms, saucer-or wedge-shaped, have been described. In this study, the micromorphology of manifest cervical lesions was documented in six subjects, by SEM replication and microendoscopy. Optoelectronic recordings were made of extreme mandibular lateral excursions. Salivary parameters were evaluated and a detailed case history, including oral hygiene and dietary habits, was taken. Lesions of varying severity could be observed in the same subject. Longitudinal fractures of the enamel were common. The dietary analyses were uneventful and salivary values were normal. No correlation was found between brushing habits and the location and severity of the lesions. The optoelectronic recordings, however, indicated a possible correlation between irregular lateral excursion and the severity and location of the lesions, with a tendency for fewer and less severe lesions on the preferred chewing side. The results have indicated some areas of interest for future studies applying non-invasive observation methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A system for assessing the severity and progression of occlusal tooth wear.

This study represents an attempt to introduce a system for the longitudinal evaluation of the severity and the rate of progression of tooth wear. The material comprised a selected group of 10 males and 10 females, examined twice within an 18-month period. The subjects were predisposed to advanced occlusal wear and had a mean age of 32 years within the range of 16-56 years. Evaluation of occlusal wear was performed on a tooth-by-tooth basis, on study casts, using two ordinal scales, one for assessing the severity, and the other the progression of occlusal wear. The reliability of the scales was assessed by percentage inter-observer concordances. The sample exhibited higher occlusal wear scores in the incisor and canine regions compared to the posterior region. It was found that the overall progression in an 18-month follow-up period was slow. The inter-observer concordance in the evaluation of the severity of wear was 88%, and 91% in the progression of wear. Within the limitations of the described system, the scales may be utilized for determining the severity of occlusal wear and the rate of its deterioration in an individual's dentition. From a clinical standpoint, the need for future treatment may be based on such a evaluation of the progression of wear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of the prevalence, severity and possible causes of occlusal tooth wear in two young adult populations.

Most reports of the prevalence and severity of tooth wear in contemporary Western populations claim that advanced wear in uncommon by comparison with certain non-Western populations. Differing methods of wear evaluation in the various studies, however, preclude accurate comparisons from being made. This study records mean total and segmental wear indices obtained from the casts of a selected Swedish patient population sample, and age- and sex-matched Saudi high-wear and random samples. The wear experience of the Saudi random sample compared favourably with that of the Swedish selected one, while the wear of the Saudi high-wear sample was significantly higher than that of the Swedish sample (P < 0.01). The findings from a questionnaire revealed certain significant correlations between aetiological factors and wear, most notably, the relatively greater presence of bruxism (P < 0.01), absence of biting habits and minimal cola consumption (P < 0.01) in the Swedish sample. Harsh environmental and climatic conditions probably account for the Saudi experience of high wear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Epidemiological evaluation of the multifactorial aetiology of abfractions.

The purpose of this study was to determine risk indicators for the aetiology of abfractions (cervical wedge-shaped defects) on teeth using dental and medical variables obtained in a population-based sample of the cross-sectional epidemiological 'Study of Health in Pomerania' (SHIP). Medical history, dental, and sociodemographic parameters of 2707 representatively selected subjects 20-59 years of age with more than four natural teeth were checked for associations with the occurrence of abfractions using a two-level logistic regression model on a tooth and a subject level. The estimated prevalence of developing abfractions generally increased with age. The following independent variables were associated with the occurrence of abfractions: buccal recession of the gingiva, odds ratio (OR) = 6.7; occlusal wear facets of scores 1, 2 and 3, OR = 1.5, 1.9, 1.9; tilted teeth, OR = 1.4; inlays, OR = 1.6; toothbrushing behaviour, OR = 1.9 to 2.0 (two and three times a day versus once a day). First premolars had the highest estimated risk for developing abfractions, followed by the second premolars. Maxillary and mandibular teeth behaved similarly in terms of abfractions, with the exception of mandibular canines, which had a much lower estimated risk of incurring abfractions than did maxillary canines. The results of this analysis indicated that abfractions are associated with occlusal factors, like occlusal wear, inlay restorations, altered tooth position and tooth brushing behaviour. This study delivers further evidence for a multifactorial aetiology of abfractions.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Analyzing the etiology of an extremely worn dentition.

Patients requiring extensive restorative care frequently exhibit significant loss of tooth structure. Specific clinical findings in an extremely worn dentition may vary widely and are often confusing. Severe wear can result from a mechanical cause, a chemical cause, or a combination of causes. The location of the wear, the accompanying symptoms and signs, and information gained from the patient interview are essential components in determining the etiology. A diagnostic decision tree facilitates a systematic analysis and diagnosis of dental wear.

Decision Trees↗
PubMed1986

In vitro polishing effectiveness of interdental aids on root surfaces.

The purpose of this study was: to determine whether polishing standardized proximal root surfaces with dental floss, Superfloss, wood and plastic interdental cleaners, using a polishing paste, produces any significant change on root surface roughness; and to determine the effectiveness of different number of strokes in polishing. 80 tooth specimens were prepared, 10 in each of 8 sample groups. Each proximal root surface was standardized with 600A grit silicone carbide paper and polished with either waxed dental floss, Superfloss, wood or plastic interdental cleaners, using alkali aluminum silicate polishing paste. All specimens were mounted on a flossing machine and polished with 10 or 20 strokes. Before and after polishing, measurements were recorded with the Surfanalyzer 150 System to produce profile and average roughness tracings. Average maximum peak heights, mean number of peaks, and mean average roughness values were calculated from the tracings. The data were analyzed statistically by paired t-test and Student t-test. No significant mean differences were found between the number of strokes used. No significant differences were found for waxed dental floss in relation to the values analyzed. Significant differences were found for maximum peak heights for Superfloss following 20 strokes of polishing. However, no significant differences were found for Superfloss for mean number of peaks and average roughness. Significant differences were found for average roughness values, maximum peak heights, and mean number of peaks for the wood and plastic interdental cleaners. It was concluded that root surface roughness increased significantly with the use of wood and plastic interdental cleaners but not with waxed dental floss or Superfloss.

Carbon↗
PubMed1990

Root exposure in the primary dentition studied in human skulls.

The aims of the present study were to examine, on the primary dentition of 75 human dried skulls, the distance from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest, and to evaluate its relation to developmental age, bone morphology and attrition. The measurements from the CEJ to the alveolar crest were longer for the maxillary teeth, the second molars showed the shortest measurements, while the cuspids showed the longest. Significant positive partial correlations were found between age and the distance from the CEJ to the alveolar crest when controlling for attrition (r = 0.64), and between age and attrition when controlling for the distance from the CEJ to the alveolar bone crest (r = 0.54). The partial correlation between migration and attrition when controlling for age proved to be not significant (r = 0.13). Significant correlations were found between age and the distances from the mental foramen to: the alveolar crest (r = 0.90), and to the lower border of the mandible (r = 0.97). These findings suggest that root exposure takes place in the primary dentition, as the result of continuous eruption at a faster rate than formation of alveolar bone, presumably to compensate for facial growth.

Age Factors↗