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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

The role of chromatography in the hunt for red tide toxins.

An overview is given of the different approaches that have been used to identify toxins responsible for seafood poisoning incidents, to investigate the origins of toxins, and to monitor seafood on a routine basis. It is shown that advancements in our knowledge of toxins and our ability to protect the public have often followed key developments in separation and analysis technologies. Specific examples of research in this field are presented to illustrate the significant role that chromatographic methods play. The presentation will be given in an order that reflects the typical sequence of investigations that follow a new toxin episode.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Planning for the rising tides: the Humber Estuary Shoreline Management Plan.

The Humber Estuary Shoreline Management Plan provides the framework for investment in defences to reduce the risk of flooding to people, property and the environment. A key issue is the rise in sea level, which is reducing the standard of protection provided and is increasing erosion. The plan is developed from detailed geomorphological and ecological studies, and extensive consultation with interested organisations and the community. It takes into account the urban and industrial development on the floodplain, high-grade agricultural land, the historic environment and the Humber's status as an outstanding site for wildlife, which is protected under the Habitats Directive. A key aim is wherever possible to work with natural processes. Another is to ensure that there is no net loss of protected inter-tidal habitat. The options investigated include changes to the existing alignment of the embankments. The overall strategy provides for a continuing line of defence around the estuary and tidal rivers but with the use of managed retreat in some places. The creation of new inter-tidal habitat by this means is to gain more stable and cost-effective defences, and to offset the loss of protected sites, including by coastal squeeze. Further studies are in progress to appraise potential managed retreat sites.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The uneven tides of the health transition.

As spectacular mortality reductions have occurred in all developing nations at all national income levels, the epidemiologic transition theory suggests that cause-of-mortality patterns should shift from communicable diseases especially prevalent among infants and children to problems resulting from non-communicable conditions at older ages. Global estimates confirm this expectation, and mortality from these latter conditions has become predominant worldwide, leading some observers to argue for a corresponding shift in the public health agenda. In this paper, we nuance this finding by studying the important poverty-gradient concealed in the global estimates. Our results demonstrate the remaining cause-of-death disparities between the world's poorest and richest populations. We find that the poorest population (1st quintile) experiences higher mortality than the richest population (5th quintile) in each of the three main groups of mortality causes but that the excess mortality of the poorest population is mostly due to the higher incidence of communicable diseases (77% of excess deaths). Overall, those diseases only account for 34.2% of deaths in the world but still dominate mortality causes among the poorest 20% of the world population (58.6% of all deaths). Moreover, these results appear robust to alternative estimates of the international distribution of the world's poorest people. While recognizing the emerging agenda of the non-communicable conditions, we thus underscore the "unfinished agenda" of communicable diseases in many countries. As populations affected by these diseases are predominantly among the poorer, equity considerations should caution against a premature shift away from these diseases.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1997

Effects of intermittent transdermal nitroglycerin on occurrence of ischemia after patch removal: results of the second transdermal intermittent dosing evaluation study (TIDES-II).

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the effects of intermittent transdermal nitroglycerin (TD-NTG) on the occurrence of ischemia during patch-off hours in patients with stable angina pectoris receiving a beta-adrenergic blocking agent or calcium antagonist, or both. BACKGROUND: The current recommendations for the use of intermittent TD-NTG may be associated with the occurrence of rebound ischemia. METHODS: This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with three study periods. Tolerability to TD-NTG was assessed in Period I. Seventy-two patients were assigned to receive either double-blind transdermal placebo or maximally tolerated TD-NTG for 2 weeks (Period II) and were then crossed over to the alternative treatment for another 2 weeks (Period III). The patients were instructed to apply medication daily at 8 AM, to remove it at 10 PM and to note symptoms and sublingual nitroglycerin (SL-NTG) use in a diary. The occurrence of ischemia was assessed from patient-perceived angina, symptom-limited exercise treadmill test (ETT) and 48-h ambulatory electrocardiographic (AECG) monitoring. RESULTS: Transdermal NTG (0.2 to 0.4 mg/h) significantly reduced the magnitude of ST segment depression at angina onset during ETT compared with placebo. Total angina frequency was not significantly different between TD-NTG (mean [+/-SD] 3.2 +/- 4.2) and placebo (3.3 +/- 5.2). During patch-off hours, angina frequency increased with TD-NTG (1.1 +/- 2.1) compared with placebo (0.7 +/- 1.6) (p = 0.03). Similar trends for an increase in ischemia after TD-NTG were also observed from AECG analyses. Specifically, ischemia frequency tended to be lower during patch-off hours for placebo than with TD-NTG (0.05 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.08 +/- 0.20 episodes/h, respectively, p = 0.08), even though frequency of ischemia tended to be higher during patch-on hours for placebo than with TD-NTG (0.12 +/- 0.19 vs. 0.07 +/- 0.15 episodes/h, respectively, p = 0.11). During placebo, ischemia frequency decreased 58% (patch-on to patch-off, p = 0.01) compared with a 14% increase with TD-NTG. These changes attenuate the usual circadian variation in ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in ischemia frequency during patch-off hours after use of intermittent TD-NTG was perceived by patients, and this subjective finding was supported by a corresponding trend for AECG ischemia to increase during these same hours.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2002

A RIP tide in neuronal signal transduction.

The generation of nuclear signaling proteins by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) is a new paradigm of signal transduction. Mammalian proteins that are processed by RIP include SREBP-1, Notch-1, amyloid precursor protein (APP), and ErbB-4. Intramembranous gamma-secretase cleavage of APP plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease by generating the amyloid beta protein. An intriguing possibility is that the cognate C-terminal fragment generated by gamma-secretase cleavage could also play a role through the regulation of nuclear signaling events. Thus, RIP may contribute to both brain development and degeneration and may provide unexpected diversity to the signaling repertoire of a cell.

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2001

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis--can the tide be turned?

Despite continued control efforts, tuberculosis remains a leading cause of illness and death worldwide, with more cases today than at any previous time in history. Not only is there a global increase in the disease itself, there is a worrying rise in the number of cases resistant to the two principal antituberculosis drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin--so called multidrug resistance.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed2004

Effect of tides on solute flushing from a strait: imaging flow and transport in the East River with SF6.

In June 2003, two injections of approximately 3.9 mol of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) were made 8 days apart in the East River, a 25 km tidal strait, to observe solute mixing and dissipation. The first injection occurred at slack before flood, and the second at slack before ebb (flood = northward flow). Tidally synchronized surveys of the SF6 tracer patch, supplemented by vertical profiles, were conducted by boat for 6 and 4 days following the flood and ebb injections, respectively. Residence times for the tracer-tagged water mass in the East River were estimated to be 3.3 +/- 0.7 days and 1.7 +/- 0.5 days for the flood and ebb injections, respectively, after correcting SF6 inventories for losses of SF6 from the water column by air-water gas exchange. The data indicate that the majority of East River solutes are transported to New York Harbor and that tidal mixing dominates subtidal circulation with respectto solute transport. Surveys of the adjacent lower Hudson River revealed a northward-moving, intermediate layer of East River water. Our results suggest that tidal phasing of contaminant discharges in the East River could reduce environmental impacts, by increasing flushing rates and directing a greater fraction of material away from Long Island Sound.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1998

Angina pectoris in a contemporary population: characteristics and therapeutic implications. TIDES Investigators.

We characterized a contemporary, nonhospitalized population with angina pectoris by obtaining data from a geographically diverse cohort of 5125 outpatients with chronic stable angina cared for by 1266 primary-care physicians. Diagnosis was based on history supported by evidence for coronary artery disease (coronary angiography, old myocardial infarction [MI], and/or an abnormal stress test). Their mean age was 69 years and 53% were women. Seventy percent had more than one associated illness, and 65% used more than one cardiovascular drug. Calcium antagonists (46%) and nitrates (61%) were used most frequently. Median angina frequency was approximately 2 episodes/week, and increased angina frequency was associated (P < 0.0001) with decreased overall feeling of well-being. Although effort angina was present in 90% of patients, 47% also had rest angina and 34% had mental stress-evoked angina. Female gender (odds ratio: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.02-1.16), concomitant illness (1.17, 1.09-1.25), and pharmacotherapy (1.14, 1.07-1.22) were associated with rest angina. Younger age (1.30, 1.20-1.41), female gender (1.16, 1.07-1.26), concomitant illness (1.13, 1.03-1.24), and pharmacotherapy (1.28, 1.15-1.93) were associated with mental stress angina. Calcium antagonists were used for rest-evoked (1.09, 1.03-1.16) and mental stress-evoked (1.12, 1.04-1.21) angina. These data suggest that contemporary outpatients with angina are most likely to be women and elderly patients with high frequencies of associated illness, calcium antagonist and nitrate use, as well as rest- and mental stress-related angina. These characteristics differ from previous perceptions.

Age Distribution↗