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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

[Classification of thyroid gland tumors in accordance with 1974 WHO nomenclature. Histological follow-up examination of 327 malignant thyroid gland tumors].

In 1974 an international histological classification of thyroid tumours was published by the World Health torganization, Geneva (WHO). It usefulness has been tested on the surgical specimens of 353 patients with malignant or probably malignant thyroid tumours analyzed at the Institute of Pathology, University of Zürich, from 1962 to 1973. 10 out of the 353 histologically reexamined cases had to be eliminated because of insufficient material. Of the remaining 343 tumours only 30 (10%) are difficult to classify according to the WHO nomenclature. 13 of these 34 tumours can be classified as differentiated carcinomas, though a clear distinction between follicular and papillary carcinoma is not possible. In 21 of the 34 doubtful cases the problems are of definite clinical importance: in 9 of them it cannot be decided on morphological grounds alone whether the tumor is malignant or not; 7 tumours cannot definitely be differentiated from metastases in the thyroid; and in 5 tumours it is not possible to determine the grade of differentiation. Considering that 90% of our tumours are easily classifiable, the WHO nomenclature represents - for pathologists as well as for clinicians - a distinct and simple basis for the classification of thyroid cancers. There is no need to overemphasize the difficulties of differential diagnosis in about 10% of the tumours since in only 6,2% of all tumours do these difficulties have real bearing on therapeutic procedure. Moreover, these problems concern questions of malignancy or metastases and are quite indipendent of any kind of nomenclature.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

H-2 gene products influence susceptibility of target thyroid gland to damage in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis.

The restriction of the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) by H-2 gene products was investigated. EAT was induced by injecting thyroglobulin extract plus adjuvant into F1 hybrid mice that had been implanted under the kidney capsules with thyroid glands originating from either the EAT-susceptible or -resistant parental strain mice. We found relative H-2 restriction of thyroid damage to those glands originating from the H-2 susceptible parental strain. H-2 restriction of damage at the level of the target thyroid gland implicates cytotoxic effector T lymphocytes as a pathogenic agent of EAT.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Changes in thyroxine, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine and 3,3'5'-triiodothyronine content in the thyroid gland and in serum to thyroid tissue iodothyronine ratios during ontogenesis in the fetal pig.

The concentrations of thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3; rT3) in thyroid gland tissue and serum of the fetal pig (n = 68) from day 39 to 113 of gestation were measured. Tracer quantities of iodothyronines, displaying the onset of thyroid hormone activity, were found in the thyroid tissue on day 39, i.e. before the appearance of a measurable quantity of iodothyronines in the serum. The T4 and T3 thyroidal content showed the first rise between days 56 and 76. Then, T3 was increasing sharply from day 92 till birth, while T4 content was decreasing from about day 76 to a low value between day 92 and 105, and then showing an increase shortly before birth. The rT3 content was the highest on day 39 and then it was steadily decreasing to reach a nadir on about day 76. Measurable amounts of thyroid hormones (TH) in the serum were observed not earlier than on day 46 of gestation. Near birth, the tissues of the pig fetus are in a milieu characterised by the highest blood TH concentrations. The serum to thyroid concentration ratio for rT3 and T4 was generally below 1.0 until the last trimester of gestation, when it was over 5.0 for rT3 and over 4.0 for T4. By contrast, the T3 serum to thyroid ratio was below 0.5 throughout the gestation. The results show that the fetal pig thyroid displays a low rT3 and T4 content, but the marked T3 elevation observed near term supports the view that a high production and secretion of T3 near term may be a critical factor for normal postnatal adaptation to extrauterine cooling in the pig.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Thyroid gland diseases in old age. Clinical aspects and therapy. Part 2: Hypothyroidism, bland struma, thyroid gland neoplasms].

Because of the slow lingering course of this disease, the diagnosis of hypothyroidism is generally made by chance particularly because the euthyroidism can change unobserved into manifest hypothyroidism. In old age the course of hypothyroidism may be oligosymptomatic: only adynamia and abnormal susceptibility to cold may be diagnosed. Because of the augmented oxygen requirement of tissues during therapy with thyroid hormones the medical treatment of hypothyroidism has to start - especially in old age - with a fractional part of the final dose. In old age bland struma more and more changes to nodular struma, where small autonomic areas are often developed. Conservative therapy with thyroid hormones predominates in this case. Radioiodotherapy is indicated when medical treatment has been without success and operation is contraindicated because of high risk. Cancer of the thyroid is important - with respect to differential diagnosis - especially in older patients. Cancer of the thyroid is most common in patients aged between 50-70 years, and the anaplastic carcinoma is the most frequently observed malignant growth of old age. Concerning therapy, a radical operation comes into consideration; if radical operation is combined with too high risks, remaining tissue may be treated by radioiodotherapy without danger.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[Late effects of ionizing radiations on the thyroid gland].

The thyroid is the purest endocrine gland in the body and is likely to produce clinically significant abnormalities after external radiotherapy. Functional clinical modifications after direct irradiation exceeding 30 Gy are essentially related to hypothyroidism which may be clinically overt or subclinical with normal serum free thyroxine levels and high thyrotropin concentrations; the risk of hyperthyroidism, silent thyroiditis and Hashimoto's disease is also increased. Secondary hypothyroidism related to irradiation of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland may arise with doses over 40-50 Gy following treatment for brain and nasopharyngeal tumors--Morphological glandular modifications induced by radiotherapy are responsible for the appearance of benign adenomas, more rarely cystic degenerations and specially well differentiated papillary or follicular carcinomas among children and adults. After irradiation during childhood for benign or malignant tumors, thyroid cancers are more frequent, higher for younger children, and the relative excess risk is increased from 15.6-to 53-fold; tumors can belatedly occur, more than 35 years after initial therapy. Thereby, in order to limit excess morbidity, it is evident that long term supervision with careful clinical and biological evaluations is necessary for patients who previously received neck, upper mediastinum and pituitary radiation therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Thyroid gland pigmentation and minocycline therapy.

Thyroid pigments in black thyroid glands from minocycline-treated patients were compared by light and electron microscopy, histochemistry, and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis with minocycline-induced pigment in thyroid glands of laboratory animals, and with naturally occurring lipofuscins in untreated laboratory animals and humans. All thyroid samples examined contained nonbirefringent, Schmorl-positive pigment. However, the pigments in black thyroids from minocycline-treated patients resembled lipofuscins of untreated humans since both fluoresced and were Ziehl-Neelsen- and Sudan IV-positive. Minocycline induced pigment in rats was nonfluorescent and Ziehl-Neelsen- and Sudan IV-negative. Ultrastructurally, pigments in black thyroid glands of minocycline-treated humans resembled lipofuscins in untreated humans, and initial elemental analyses yielded similar spectra. Repeated analyses of the most electron-dense pigment deposits yielded spectra that resembled those of minocycline-induced pigment in laboratory animals-ie, both contained calcium. Black thyroid glands associated with minocycline administration contained predominantly lipofuscins with a small amount of another, possibly minocycline-related pigment. The absence of functional changes in patients and animals given minocycline suggests that discoloration of the thyroid gland associated with minocycline administration is innocuous. This is further supported by the lack of documented changes in thyroid physiology in patients that have received tetracyclines for a variety of indications in the last 30-odd years since their introduction to therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Subcellular structure of bovine thyroid gland. A study on bovine thyroid membranes by buoyant-density-gradient centrifugation in a B-XIV zonal rotor.

A combined mitochondrial and light mitochondrial fraction and a microsomal fraction were isolated from bovine thyroid gland and fractionated further in a B-XIV zonal rotor. A density gradient ranging from 20 to 50% (w/w) sucrose was used. The rotor was operated for 3 h at 45 000 rev./min. All manipulations were performed at 4 degrees C and at pH 7.4. 2. Membranous material was recovered in two zones: zone I, containing microsomal material derived from both smooth endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes and probably also from other smooth membranes; zone II, containing material from rough endoplasmic reticulum. 3. Increasing the pH of the medium up to 8.6, or the addition of Mg2+ to the medium resulted in the formation of a single zone at intermediate densities (aggregation of membranes?). An analogous effect was obtained after treatment with Pb (NO3) 2. 4. In the presence of heparin (50 i.u./ml) the bulk of the membranes was found in zone I. This was due to the release of ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Acid Phosphatase↗