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PubMed2001

Variation and geographical distribution of the genotypes controlling the diagnostic spike morphology of two varieties of Aegilops caudata l.

Aegilops caudata L. is an annual wild relative of wheat distributed over the northeastern Mediterranean basin. It consists of two taxonomic varieties, var. typica with awnless lateral spikelets and var.polyathera with awned lateral spikelets. To clarify the variation and the geographical distribution of the genotypes controlling the diagnostic spike morphology of the two taxonomic varieties, three crossing experiments were carried out. First, two varieties collected from nine sympatric populations in the Aegean islands were crossed reciprocally. All of the F1 hybrids were var. typica and the segregation ratio in the F2 generation was 3 typica: 1 polyathera. Secondly, 13 typica accessions collected from the entire distribution area of the variety were crossed with a common polyathera accession. The F1 hybrids involving eight typica accessions from Greece and West Anatolia were var. typica, while those involving five typica accessions from East Anatolia, Syria and Iraq were var. polyathera. Thirdly, the typica F1 hybrids between the Aegean and the Syrian typica accessions were backcrossed to the latter. Four of the seven BC1F1 plants obtained were var. typica, but the other three were var. polyathera. Based on these results, the following two conclusions were made. First, the awnless lateral spikelets characteristic of var. typica are due to two different genotypes: one is a dominant allele suppressing awn development on lateral spikelets and the other is a recessive allele(s) for awnless lateral spikelets with no dominant suppressor allele. Secondly, the former genotype occurs only in the western region of the distribution area of the species, while the latter occurs in the eastern region. The present results and the recent palaeopalynological evidence also suggested that var. polyathera, with more awns than var. typica, rapidly colonized Central Anatolia from the Levant or East Taurus/Zagros mountains arc after the last glacial period.

Crosses, Genetic↗
PubMed2003

Death anxiety in Spain and five Arab countries.

The present study compared death anxiety among volunteer undergraduates from Spain and five Arab countries, i.e., Egypt, Kuwait, Qatar, Lebanon, and Syria. The Templer Death Anxiety Scale was used in its Spanish and Arabic forms, respectively. The Mean for the Spanish sample was lower than that of their Arabic counterparts in the five countries, whether the subjects were men or women.

Anxiety↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The malaria situation in the Syrian Arab Republic].

The problem of malaria in Syria is not large one, and because of good surveillance and management, malaria cases have decreased from 626 cases in 1995 to 68 cases in 1998, of which 14 cases were indigenous ones. Vivax malaria cases are registered in the country only.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Occurrence and diversity of egg pathogenic fungi of the Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode Heterodera latipons.

Eighteen fungal strains in nine genera present in German and Syrian soils were isolated from eggs of the barley cyst nematode H. latipons. The fungi were selected out of the soil microflora using the slide-frame baiting technique from a semiarid soil originating from Syria heavily infested with H. latipons and from a temperate soil from German heavily infested with H. schachtii. Fusarium and Acremonium were the most common fungi isolated from the both soils. The natural suppressiveness or antagonistic potential of egg pathogenic fungi in the Syrian and German soils toward H. latipons also was measured. The results demonstrated that a higher level of antagonistic potential and a greater level of fungal egg pathogen biodiversity is present in the semiarid Syrian soils. This is important for the natural control of the Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode H. latipons which is widely spread throughout the region. The high level of biodiversity in the soil may allow subsequent buffering of the pest even when unsuitable soil conditions for growth of the antagonistic fungi occur e.g. low organic matter, as is common in the semiarid soils of the Middle East. These isolates may also lend themselves to management in the field or to inundative approaches to biocontrol of cereal cyst nematodes in the semiarid production zone.

Acremonium↗
PubMed2005

N-terminal-probrain natriuretic peptide and echocardiography in patients with systolic heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: To compare plasma N-terminal-probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels with echocardiographic data in patients with systolic heart failure. METHODS: The study included 101 patients with systolic heart failure admitted to Al-Assad and Al-Moussa Hospitals, Damascus, Syria over a 10-month period from February 2004 to January 2005. The findings of the physical examination, electrocardiogram and blood pressure measurement were recorded along with the patient's history, risk factors, and drug treatment. We divided the patients into 4 groups according to the New York Heart Association classifications; class I=19, class II=22, class III=28, class IV=32 patients. We compared the values with 21 age-matched controls with no heart diseases (age range 49-80 years). During the study period, we carried out the plasma NT-proBNP levels and echocardiography of all patients and controls group. We used electroche-miluminescence immunoassay in measuring plasma NT-proBNP. Authorized physicians evaluated the ejection fraction (EF), systolic pulmonary pressure, and left ventricular end systolic diameter. Statistical analysis used was T-Distribution, and the difference considered to be significant at p<0.05. RESULTS: The plasma NT-proBNP levels in patients of asymptomatic heart failure class I (mean 1,038 pg/ml) were significantly higher (p<0.001) as compared with the controls (40.9 pg/ml), and it increased directly with the severity of heart failure. Plasma NT-proBNP levels were conversely correlated with the ejection fraction EF (r= -0.56, p<0.001) and it increased as the EF declined. There was a significant direct linear correlation between plasma NT-proBNP levels and the left ventricular end systolic diameter (r=0.57) and systolic pulmonary pressure r=0.54. CONCLUSION: The left ventricle releases the B-type natriuretic peptide in response to volume or pressure overload, its high level reflects the poor cardiac systolic function, which corresponds with the echocardiographic data.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2006

Treatment outcome of asthma after one year follow-up in health centres of several developing countries.

SETTING: Seven selected out-patient clinics caring for asthma patients in Algeria, Guinea, Morocco, Syria, Turkey and Vietnam. DESIGN: Evaluation of treatment outcomes after one year of follow-up of a cohort of asthma patients consecutively enrolled in a prospective study evaluating routine practice. RESULTS: Among 310 asthma patients registered, the following outcomes were recorded after one year of follow-up: 95 (31%) successful, 61 (20%) under control, 35 (11%) failed, 116 (37%) defaulted and 3 (1%) transferred. Among the 167 (53.9%) patients still on treatment after one year there was a substantial increase in the proportion of patients classified as intermittent at the end of treatment (from 11% to 53%), with a decrease in all categories of persistent asthma (from 34% to 12% for mild, 45% to 28% for moderate and 10% to 8% for severe asthma). CONCLUSIONS: While patients' quality of life can be improved if they follow regular treatment, the key challenge in providing care is to ensure that patients adhere to their treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Pulmonary hydatid cyst. Presentation of a case].

One case of pulmonary hydatid cyst from Venezuela is reported. A 54-year-old man from Syria, was admitted to the hospital because of dyspnoea, fever and weight loss. A thoracic roentgenogram revealed a tumor in the basis of the left lung; a lobectomy was carried out. Histological study showed an unilocular hydatid cyst. The presence of scolices in alveoli and vessels suggest a probable dissemination of the parasite. Due to the rarity of the pulmonary hydatid cyst in Venezuela, the case is reported to call the attention about the existence of this pathology in the country, so that it can be diagnosed and treated correctly.

Echinococcosis, Pulmonary↗
PubMed1987

Spiroplasma citri detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), culture and dot hybridization.

We have used ELISA and culture of spiroplasmas in SP4 or M1A medium to detect Spiroplasma citri in citrus trees, periwinkles (Catharantus roseus) and leafhoppers in Iraq and Syria. On the basis of hundreds of analyses, we have found that the sensitivity of ELISA and culture are of the same order of magnitude. With citrus, both tests are able to detect S. citri in 95% of symptomatic nursery or field trees. The tests are not sensitive enough to reliably detect S. citri in symptomless trees. Therefore, a DNA hybridization technique was developed. The radioactive DNA probe was prepared either with total S. citri DNA or with the cloned DNA fragment carrying the spiralin gene of S. citri. Used in dot hybridization, the probe was able to detect concentrations of S. citri one 100th the size of those revealed by ELISA.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Association of hemoglobin E and thalassemia].

Double heterozygotism Hb E-beta zero thalassemia was discovered in two children born to an Alaouite Syrian family. Clinical, biological and radiological findings were similar to those in Cooley disease. Splenectomy allowed reduction in the frequency of blood transfusions. Hb E disease is frequent in South East Asia and results in a mild hemolytic anemia in homozygous patients. Hb E disease is a thalassemia syndrome with decrease production of beta E RNA messenger, and imbalanced alpha/beta E chains. Association with the thalassemia gene increases the imbalanced of chain synthesis explaining the severity of the disease. These were the first cases of Hb E-thal in Syria.

Child↗
PubMed1972

Experience with mass drug administration as a supplementary attack measure in areas of vivax malaria.

Mass drug administration was introduced in Syria to supplement DDT spraying after the main malaria vector Anopheles sacharovi had developed considerable resistance to the insecticide. Mass administration of weekly doses of chloroquine and pyrimethamine was carried out in the Ghab area from August to October, the coverage obtained being over 80% for most of the time. The number of cases with positive blood films declined rapidly from August onwards. Entomological observations showed that the house-resting density decreased shortly after the second round of DDT spraying but soon regained its previous level. Some relapsing cases were detected in 1969 but none were found in 1970, and it is considered that the possibility of relapses should not deter authorities from using mass drug administration in emergency situations.

Anopheles↗
PubMed1968

The dynamics of malaria.

Previous studies on dynamic systems of transmission of malaria, and of eradication of infection following the interruption of transmission, have now been adapted for advanced techniques using the facilities offered by computers.The computer programmes have been designed for a deterministic model suitable for a large community and also for a stochastic model relevant to small populations in which infections reach very low finite numbers. In this model, new infections and recoveries are assessed by the daily inoculation rate and are subject to laws of chance. Such a representation is closer than previous models to natural happenings in the process of malaria eradication. Further refinements of the new approach include the seasonal transmission and simulation of mass chemotherapy aimed at a cure of P. falciparum infections.These programmes present models on which the actual or expected results of changes due to various factors can be studied by the analysis of specific malaria situations recorded in the field. The value of control methods can also be tested by the study of such hypothetical epidemiological models and by trying out various procedures.Two specific malaria situations (in a pilot project in Northern Nigeria and in an outbreak in Syria) were studied by this method and provided some interesting results of operational value. The attack measures in the pilot project in Northern Nigeria were carried out according to the theoretical model derived from the basic data obtained in the field.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1995

Parasite nematode infections in Awassi adult sheep: distribution through Syrian farm flocks.

A survey was conducted on 1,474 adult sheep from 73 flocks distributed in the 13 provinces of Syria. Faecal egg and larval nematode outputs were studied. Marshallagia and Nematodirus infections were higher in the driest areas; infections by other nematodes, Dictyocaulus and small lungworms (Cystocaulus and Muellerius) were higher in the more rainy areas. A long transhumance limited small lungworm infections, which were higher in flocks using wet night shelters.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Current status of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis has been endemic in Aleppo, Syria, for generations. Recently there has been a clear increase in the incidence of the disease, and more patients have shown a lack of response to antimonials. We report the results of a survey, undertaken over the period 2-17 January 1995, at a general hospital in Aleppo, of all patients presenting with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Patients were grouped according to the stage of their disease, and surgical biopsies were carried out for histopathological investigation. Patients who were unresponsive to treatment and proceeded to chronicity were predominantly children aged under 15 years with facial lesions. Histopathological examination showed that the inflammatory changes had reached the upper layers of the subcutaneous tissues in 10 of the 25 chronic cases (40%) and three of the four acute cases (75%). These levels of the skin are not directly reached by the antimonials administered intralesionally. The inadequacy of the intralesional method alone and technical errors in administration are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of dental maturity between two ethnic groups.

Dental maturity is one of the indicators of the craniofacial region growth and development. The aim of the study was to identify and compare dental growth and development in two ethnic groups. The material consisted of 480 orthopantomograms; 240 selected from orthodontic and dental patients from Zagreb (Croatia) and Damascus (Syria) each. Each ethnic group included 120 boys and 120 girls, while the radiographs were classified into 6 groups of 20 each, according to sex and chronologic age (8-13 years). Dental maturity was evaluated by the method of Nolla. The results were statistically analyzed and presented in tables. The subjects from Damascus showed a delay in dental maturity by 1 (girls) to 2 (boys) years compared to the homologous group from Zagreb. The reference values determined in the study may serve as a diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic tool in the orthodontics and pedodontics of the respective cities.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Molecular study of WISP3 in nine families originating from the Middle-East and presenting with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia: identification of two novel mutations, and description of a founder effect.

Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by the presence of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia associated with pain, stiffness, and swelling of multiple joints, osteoporosis, and the absence of destructive bone changes. The disorder is caused by mutations of the WISP3 gene located on chromosome 6q22. We hereby report the molecular study of the WISP3 gene in nine unrelated consanguineous families originating from the Middle-East: three from Lebanon, five from Syria, and one from Palestinian Bedouin descent, all affected with PPD. Five different sequence variations were identified in the WISP3 gene, two of them being new mutations: the c.589G --> C transversion at codon 197, responsible for a splicing defect (A197fsX201); and the c.536_537delGT deletion (C179fsX), both in exon 3. In all other families, the affected patients were homozygous for a previously described nonsense mutation, namely c.156C --> A (C52X). Interestingly, in the latter families, the C52X mutation was always found associated with a novel c.248G --> A (G83E) variation, suggesting the existence of a founder effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Laryngeal hirudiniasis: an unusual cause of airway obstruction and hemoptysis.

Cases of childhood hemoptysis are rare and usually result from foreign body aspiration or congenital heart or lung diseases. However, human hirudiniasis due to the leech still exists, and could involve the upper airways after drinking infested water from quiet streams and pools. We report the case of a 6-year-old child who presented suffocating at the emergency room after having been misdiagnosed and treated for asthma over a 1-month period. His mother reported he had had recurrent hemoptysis, as well. The child inadvertently drank leech-infested water in a rural area of northern Syria. Surgical removal of the leech resulted in prompt resolution of the symptoms. Although laryngeal hirudiniasis is rare in the developed world, it remains a possible cause of childhood airway obstruction, hemoptysis, and anemia which needs to be considered in patients with a suggestive history.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1991

Identification of potyvirus isolates from faba bean (Vicia faba L.), and the relationships between bean yellow mosaic virus and clover yellow vein virus.

Clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) isolate H and the related potyvirus isolates E178, E197, and E242 could be distinguished from bean yellow mosaic (BYMV) isolates by their wider host range among non-legume test plant species, the peculiar enlargement of the nucleolus in infected plants, and the larger size of their coat protein as evidenced by slower migration in SDS-PAGE. Serologically, they are qualitatively indistinguishable in electro-blot immunoassay (EBIA) also with antibodies specific to the N-terminal part of BYMV-B25 coat protein, implying therefore that CYVV and BYMV coat proteins contain identical amino acid sequences in the N-terminal region. The faba-bean virus isolates from Sudan, Syria, and The Netherlands could be identified as BYMV isolates especially adapted to faba bean. All of them were weakly pathogenic to Phaseolus bean with the exception of SV205, assuming an intermediate position between Phaseolus-bean isolates, with low pathogenicity to faba bean, and faba-bean isolates, usually having low pathogenicity to Phaseolus bean. Strains of BYMV are thus hard to delimit.

Antibodies, Viral↗