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PubMed1984

[Pathomorphology of stachybotryotoxicosis in calves during the nursing period].

An enzootic of stachybotryotoxicosis was established on a dairy farm in 35-46-day-old calves due to the use of straw contaminated with Stachybotrys alternans. Studied were the epizootiology, the clinical picture, and chiefly the morphology of the disease. A characteristic clinical feature was the edema in the intermandibular space. Morphologically, there were numerous hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscles, abomasal and intestinal mucosa, kidney cortex, and urinary bladder as well as ulcerous and erosive colitis, edematized mesenterial lymph nodes and occasionally catarrhal and necrotic stomatitis, icterus, and perirenal edema. Contrary to the gross lesion picture known there were no changes in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum which were not sufficiently developed during that period. Histologically, there were degenerative nephrosis, focal hemorrhagic glomerulonephritis (occasionally coupled with bacterial embolization and dystrophic calcification of the kidneys), granular degeneration of the liver and heart, hemorrhages and edema of the lungs, and edema, hyperemia, and thrombi in the brain.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Certain peculiarities of biological action of the stachybotryotoxin preparations.

Some biological and toxigenic properties of 47 Stachybotrys alternans strains, isolated from different ecological niches have been studied. On the basis of antifungal, phytotoxic and dermacidic properties the strains studied can be divided into several characteristic groups: strains with clearly expressed dermacidic reaction and without other properties studied (19.1%); strains displayed only antifungal activity to a number of yeast test cultures (4.3%); strains with complex action (antifungal, phytotoxic and dermacidic activity) (46.8%). Considerable portion of strains (25.5%) did not show any biocidal activity tested. No clear dependence of strain activity on the term of storage under laboratory conditions (from 5 to 40 years) has been revealed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Pulmonary hemorrhage in an infant following 2 weeks of fungal exposure.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to indoor fungus growth and tobacco smoke has been epidemiologically linked to unexplained pulmonary hemorrhage in infants. OBJECTIVE: To describe the 40-day-old male infant who had been exposed to fungi for a discrete 2-week period followed by acute exposure to environmental tobacco smoke prior to development of a life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage. PATIENT AND METHODS: History and clinical evaluation of the infant immediately followed the pulmonary hemorrhage. Air and surface sampling for isolation and identification of fungal growth in the dwelling where the infant resided before the acute hemorrhage was accomplished when the homeowner returned from vacation 4 months after the clinical event. RESULTS: Two fungi associated with mycotoxin production were cultured from surface samples collected in the residence: Penicillium (possibly Penicillium purpurogenum) and a Trichoderma species. Stachybotrys atra was not isolated from air or surface samples. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure occurred over a discrete several-hour period prior to onset of the acute pulmonary hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: Avoidance of unnecessary exposure of infants to fungus growth in water-damaged environments or exposure to tobacco smoke is prudent. Further investigation into the toxic effects of indoor fungi as causes of infantile pulmonary hemorrhage is warranted.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1988

Mass spectral investigations on trichothecene mycotoxins. V. Direct analysis of satratoxins by tandem mass spectrometric techniques.

Under chemical ionization conditions, satratoxins preferentially produce negatively charged molecular ions (M-) over the positively charged protonated molecules. Collisionally activated dissociation of the M-.ions resulted in daughter ions and neutral losses which were characteristic of the macrocyclic ester bridges. Direct tandem mass spectrometric methods of analyses wee developed and applied for the detection and quantification of satratoxins in Stachybotrys atra fermentation broths. Minimum detectable levels for satratoxin standards were 5 pg. A synthetically modified macrocyclic trichothecene, 8-ketoverrucarin A, was used as an internal standard for the quantification of satratoxins in fermentation samples.

Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mycotoxin identification in moldy dwellings.

The objective of this study was to assess the level of macrocyclic trichothecenes (MCT), one of the most potent mycotoxins, on wall surfaces, floor dust and air samples from moldy dwellings. The study was based on an index group comprising 15 flooded dwellings contaminated by Stachybotrys chartarum or Chaetomium and a control group comprising nine dwellings without molds on visual inspection and mold sampling. Three samples were collected from each dwelling: a sample from the moldy wall, using a swab, a floor dust sample on a 0.5 m(2) surface with a cloth and an air sample using a pump comprising a 1 microm Teflon filter. The MCT level was measured using a monoclonal, antibody-based ELISA test. Compared with measurements performed in index dwellings, higher MCT values were measured on floor dust samples from moldy dwellings (P = 0.02). Samples from wall surfaces demonstrated nearly significant differences (P = 0.06). No significant differences were observed for air samples (P = 0.15), but some samples showed increased MCT levels. Significant correlations were observed between the levels measured on wall surfaces, floor dust and air samples (P = 0.02 to 0.05). In contrast, no correlation was observed between moldy surface and MCT levels. In conclusion, this paper reports for the first time direct evidence for the presence of MCT in moldy dwellings.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1990

Fungal flora associated with combine harvester wheat and sorghum dusts from Egypt.

107 species and 8 species varieties belonging to 44 genera were collected from combine harvester wheat and sorghum dusts (35 genera and 91 species + 4 varieties) and from the atmosphere of their hay sites (26 genera and 69 species + 4 varieties) on glucose- and cellulose-Czapek's Dox agar at 28 degrees C and 45 degrees C. The mycoflora of wheat and sorghum dusts were basically similar on the two types of media and the most common fungi were: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. sydowii, A. terreus, Cochliobolus spicifer, Emericella nidulans, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. duclauxii, P. funiculosum and P. oxalicum. Truly thermophilic species were frequently encountered from the two substrates: Chaetomium thermophilum, Humicola grisea var. thermoidae, H. insolens, Malbranchea pulchella var., sulphurea, Rhizomucor pusillus, Sporotrichum thermophilum, Talaromyces thermophilus, Thermoascus thermophilus and Thermomyces lanuginosus. The airborne fungi in the two atmospheres were basically similar and the most prevalent species were members of Alternaria (1 species), Aspergillus (18 species + 2 varieties), Chaetomium (2 species), Cochliobolus(3 species), Emericella (3 species + 2 varieties), Fusarium (3 species), Mucor (1 species), Penicillium (14 species) and Stachybotrys (1 species).

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1993

Effect of phenol on the mycelial growth and fructification in some of basidiomycetous fungi.

Cometabolic growth studies with phenol were undertaken to screen 32 strains of white and brown rot fungi. All the cultures studied grew well up to 4 mM of phenol on Czapekdox agar except Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom) and Pleurotus cystidiosus. Most of them could grow even up to 6 mM of phenol. Phenol induced a brown pigmentation of the culture medium. P. flabellatus and P. pulmonarius metabolized 67 and 64 mg/l phenol in 10 days. Studies have indicated that phenol (0.1 to 1.0 mM) incorporated in malt-extract agar has no inhibitory effect on fruitbody formation. Preliminary studies indicate that soaking of wheat straw with phenol solution up to 1600 mg/l give better mycelial growth and fructification of P. cornucopiae, P. ostreatus Z-15 and Calocybe indica than water soaked. Soaking of wheat straw in phenol inhibited the growth of common competitor weed fungi like Stachybotrys sp. and Coprinus sp.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1980

Rhizosphere fungi of five plants in Egypt.

75 species which belong to 25 genera were collected during this investigation. All of these fungi were previously isolated from Egyptian soils and other sources. The total count and the number of genera and species in the rhizosphere soil of the 5 plants were regularly higher than in non-rhizosphere soil. The composition of the rhizosphere fungus flora was considerably influenced by the type and the age of the plant. The most prevalent fungi in the rhizosphere of the test plants after 45, 90, and 150 days were as follows: in Helianthus annuus, Stachybotrys atra and Aspergillus niger; in Chrysanthemum coronarium, Cladosporium herbarum, A. sydowii and Penicillium funiculosum; in Nigella sativa, Fusarium moniliforme and A. sydowii; in Datura innoxia, A. fumigatus and A. terreus; in Hyoscyamus muticus, C. herbarum and A. sydowii; and in soil, P. funiculosum, A. terreus and A. niger. The counts of total fungi and most of the common fungal species, except in the case of Datura innoxia, reached their maxima after 90 days and sharply declined after 150 days.

Egypt↗
PubMed2000

Development of a fungus-specific PCR assay for detecting low-level fungi in an indoor environment.

A fungus-specific PCR assay using only one primer set has been developed for detecting indoor fungi. Four fungal primer sets, NS3/NS4, NS5/NS6, FF1/FR1 and FF2/FR1, were tested with DNA from humans, rats, mice, bacteria, pollens and six commonly found fungal species (Alternaria chamydospora, Aspergillus flavus, Candida famata, Cladosporium fermentans, Penicillium chrycoIgenum and Stachybotrys chartarum). Results indicated that, although all four primer sets could amplify the fungal DNA, only FF2/FR1 demonstrated no cross-amplification with non-fungal DNA. In addition, these amplified fragments were sequenced to ensure that they indeed matched known fungal DNA sequences. Furthermore, besides the tested fungi, eighteen more genera of fungal sequences were examined and found to match the FF2/FR1. Here, the method of bead-beating was identified as the most effective way for spore breakage and fungal DNA release. The PCR amplification efficiency and potential inhibition were examined using different process solutions and preparation procedures. It was found that, when using 20% nutrient media and homogenization-first procedure, a higher amplification efficiency with less inhibition was achieved. Although positive bands were observed at 0.2 fungal spore/reaction using the homogenization-first procedure, the sensitivity of this assay would be two fungal spores/reaction for environmental samples.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2000

Apoptosis induction by the satratoxins and other trichothecene mycotoxins: relationship to ERK, p38 MAPK, and SAPK/JNK activation.

The satratoxins are members of the trichothecene mycotoxin family that are produced by the fungus Stachybotrys and that have been etiologically associated with building-related health problems. The purpose of this study was to relate cytotoxic and apoptotic capacities of satratoxins and other trichothecenes to the activation of three groups of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK, and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK)). Two myeloid models, RAW 264.7 murine macrophage and U937 human leukemic cells were used. Upon evaluating representative trichothecenes in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cleavage assay, cytotoxicity was evident according to the following rank order: satratoxin G, roridin A, and verrucarin A > T-2 toxin, satratoxin F, H > nivalenol, and vomitoxin. Comparable results were found when measuring trichothecene-mediated apoptosis using DNA fragmentation and fluorescence microscopy assays, thus suggesting that cytotoxicity was mediated through an apoptotic process. Assessment of MAPK activation using Western blot analysis revealed that trichothecenes activated not only SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK but also ERK. Activation of MAPKs by satratoxins and other trichothecenes correlated with and preceded apoptosis. The concentration of satratoxin G sufficient for protein synthesis inhibition correlated with that required for apoptosis and activation of all three MAPKs. Cycloheximide had similar effects to trichothecenes, suggesting that ribosome binding or protein synthesis inhibition may play roles in MAPK activation and apoptosis induction. Apoptosis induction by satratoxin G and vomitoxin was markedly enhanced when ERK activation was selectively inhibited by ERK-specific inhibitor PD98059, thus indicating a negative role for ERK. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity with the p38-specific inhibitor SB203580 had no effect on apoptosis induction by the highly toxic satratoxin G. However, SB203580 moderately inhibited apoptosis induction by the less toxic trichothecene vomitoxin, thus implying a partial role of p38 MAPK in trichothecene-induced apoptosis. The results suggest that the satratoxins are among the most potent trichothecenes and that MAPKs may play integral roles in the diverse toxic manifestations of these mycotoxins.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Chemistry and toxicology of molds isolated from water-damaged buildings.

There is increasing evidence of health risks associated with damp buildings and homes in which high levels of microbes are found. Although concerns have traditionally centered on microbial pathogens and allergenic effects, recent work has suggested that fungi pose the more serious risk. Evidence is accumulating that certain toxigenic molds are particularly a risk for human health through exposure, via inhalation, of fungal spores. Many of these fungi produce toxins (mycotoxins) some of which have been shown to cause animal and human intoxications, usually in an agricultural setting. The fungus, Stachybotrys chartarum (S. atra) is considered to be one of the more serious threats to people living and working in water-damaged buildings. This mold has a long history of being responsible for animal toxicoses, and in recent years, being associated with infant pulmonary hemosiderosis (bleeding in the lungs) of infants exposed to spores of this fungus in their homes. S. atra produces a variety of potent toxins and immunosuppressant agents, including a novel class of diterpenes (atranones) of unusual structure. More research is needed to determine the impact to health resulting from inhalation of toxigenic mold spores.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Further studies on Egyptian soil fungi: succession of sugar and osmophilic fungi in soil amended with five organic substrates.

The sugar and osmophilic fungal composition of soils amended with five organic substrates (newspaper, orange peel, bromegrass leaves, wheat straw and wood sawdust) was estimated after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks using the dilution plate method on glucose and 50% sucrose Czapek's agar media. Wheat straw was the best substrate for total counts of both sugar and osmophilic fungi followed by newspaper, bromegrass leaves, wood sawdust and orange peel. Wood sawdust supported the highest average counts of total sugar fungi, Fusarium, Mucor, Scopulariopsis, Trichoderma and Trimmatostroma spp.; Newspaper, of Aspergillus (8 spp.), Penicillium (4 spp.) and Chaetomium sp.; bromegrass leaves of Cladosporium sp., Humicola sp. and Sporotrichum sp.; orange peel, of Alternaria sp., Circinella sp. and Stachybotrys sp.; and wheat straw, of Botryotrichum sp. and Myrothecium sp. Bromegrass leaves and orange peel supported the highest average counts of total osmophilic fungi, Aspergillus (10 spp.), Cladosporium sp. Paecillomyces sp. and Rhizopus sp.; and of Stemphylium sp., Trichoderma sp., Humicola sp. and Circinella sp. respectively; wheat straw, of Epicoccum sp., Scopulariopsis sp. and Trichothecium sp.; newspaper, of Penicillium (4 spp.) and Alternaria sp.; and wood sawdust of Curvularia sp. and Fusarium (3 spp.). The best colonizers throughout the experimental periods were Aspergilus and Penicillium spp.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1987

Fungi associated with urea-formaldehyde foam insulation in Canada.

Sixty-eight fungal taxa were identified from samples of urea-formaldehyde foam insulation taken from Canadian residences. Mesophilic taxa were predominant, with Penicillium spp., Trichoderma harzianum and Paecilomyces variotii observed most frequently. Extensive or conspicuous growth also was seen for Hormoconis resinae, Stachybotrys chartarum and Trichoderma viride in some samples. The potential for these fungi to have contributed to the adverse health effects reported in some homes containing UF-foam insulation is discussed.

Canada↗
PubMed1986

Mycoflora and mycotoxin-producing fungi of air-dust particles from Egypt.

Using the dilution-plate method, 27 genera and 64 species were collected from 20 air-dust samples on glucose - (24 genera and 57 species) and cellulose - (21 genera and 45 species) Czapek's agar at 28 degrees C. There are basic similarities between the mycoflora of air-dust on the two media and the most prevalent species were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, A. versicolor, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. funiculosum, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Trichoderma viride. Chaetomium globosum, Stachybotrys chartarum, Humicola grisea and Arthrobotrys oligospora were common only on cellulose agar plates. Extracts of mycelium from 25 isolates were tested with brine schrimp (Artemia salina); of these 23 displayed varying degrees of toxicity. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of 12 isolates of Aspergillus flavus revealed that 4 strains were producing detectable aflatoxin. Zearalenone production was noted for 3 out of 5 strains of Fusarium oxysporum and 2 out of 5 strains of F. solani.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1986

Fungi on the hair of large mammals in Egypt.

The frequency of occurrence of fungi in 260 hair samples of dog, donkey and cow collected from Veterinary Medicine Hospital of Assiut University was determined. Twenty-three species which belong to fifteen genera were collected. In low frequency, several dermatophytes (Chrysosporium, Microsporum, Arthroderma and Trichophyton) were found as well as some other fungal species pathogenic to man and animals (Aspergillus fumigatus, Stachybotrys chartarum, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Cephalosporium acremonium).

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Mycotoxins producing fungi and mycoflora of air-dust from Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Using the dilution plate method, 70 species and 31 genera were collected from 20 dust samples on glucose (28 genera and 64 species) and cellulose Czapek's agar (22 genera and 46 species) at 28 degrees C. The most common fungi were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. flavus var. columnaris, Phoma glomerata, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Mucor racemosus; and A. nidulans, Phoma humicola, Drechslera spicifera and Stachybotrys chartarum on the two media, respectively. Toxicity test showed that about 85% of the isolates tested were toxic to brine shrimp (Artemia salina). Thin layer chromatographic analysis revealed that 13 out of 23 toxic isolates produced known mycotoxins. Toxins identified were: aflatoxins B1 and B2, Kojic acid and trichodermine.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1987

Mycoflora and trichothecene toxins of paddy grains from Egypt.

120 species and 38 genera were collected from 64 samples of paddy grains on glucose- and cellulose-Czapek's agar at 28 degrees C. The total count of glycophilic and cellulose-decomposing fungi fluctuated between 216-29760; and 124-11320 colonies/g paddy grains on the two media, respectively. On glucose agar, the most common species were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. sydowi, A. terreus, A. fumigatus, A. ochraceus, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. corylophilum, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Trichoderma viride and Mucor racemosus. On cellulose agar with pH 5.5 & 8.0, the most prevalent fungi were Stachybotrys chartarum, S. bisybi, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Drechslera sativus and Acremonium strictum. Extracts from 64 paddy samples were tested against brine shrimp larvae (Artemis salina). Of these 9 displayed varying degrees of toxicity. Trichothecene-toxins were detected in the extracts of three paddy samples only. Diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin were detected in two samples and only T-2 toxin in the other.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Microflora of the atmosphere in the city of Trujillo (Peru). III. Genera isolated during the year 1971].

There were 1762 fungi isolated from the atmosphere of Trujillo city (Peru) during the year 1971. These isolants belonged to 23 genera of fungi. The most frequently isolated were: Cladosporium, Penicillium, Fusarium, Stemphylium, Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Aspergillus and Tilachlidium. Nine genera are reported for first time from the air of the city (Tilachlidium, Cephalosporium, Mucor, Aureobasidium, Hormiscium, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys, Paecilomyces and Fisidium). Six genera may be alergenic for asthmatic patients of Trujillo city.

Air Microbiology↗