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PubMed1986

Adult age differences in spatial memory: effects of distinctiveness and repeated experience.

Young (mean age = 25.0) and elderly (mean age = 65.0) women's memory for buildings in a large model town was assessed. Participants viewed and constructed the town on two trials. Building distinctiveness was manipulated by showing differentiated buildings with unique physical and functional properties (e.g., school, gas station), or nondifferentiated buildings that were not functionally distinct and only somewhat physically distinct (e.g., red cube-like structure with curved roof, yellow cube-like structure with flat roof). Building distinctiveness was further manipulated by verbally labeling or not labeling each building type. On Trial 1 young adults were more accurate than elderly adults only on the differentiated buildings; on Trial 2 this age difference was evident on differentiated and nondifferentiated buildings. Verbal labeling did not significantly affect construction accuracy. It was concluded that age differences occurred because elderly adults have more difficulty utilizing encoding strategies than young adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Impaired spatial memory in aged rats is associated with alterations in inositol phospholipid metabolism.

WE have investigated changes in inositol phospholipid turnover and membrane arachidonic acid concentration in the dentate gyrus and frontal cortex of animals aged 3-6 months, 14 months or 22 months which were trained in the Morris water maze. Ageing was associated with poorer performances in the behavioural test, characterized by increased variability in retention and acquisition amongst individuals, a decrease in membrane arachidonic acid concentration and increased unstimulated inositol phospholipid metabolism in synaptosomes prepared from frontal cortex and dentate gyrus. Arachidonic acid stimulated inositol phospholipid metabolism in synaptosomes, but in the older groups, stimulation was associated with good performance in the Morris water maze. In slices prepared from frontal cortex, responsiveness of inositol phospholipid metabolism to glutamate was also age- and performance-dependent. The findings highlight a correlation between age, inositol phospholipid metabolism and performance in the Morris water maze.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Does neuronal damage of CA1 relate to spatial memory performance of rats subjected to transient forebrain ischemia?

The effect of ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal damage on acquisition and performance in the Morris water maze task was investigated in male Wistar rats, subjected to 8 min of transient forebrain ischemia, induced by the 4-vessel occlusion (4-VO) method. After a morphological scoring of the neuronal damage within the CA1, CA2, and CA3 subfields of the anterior-dorsal part of hippocampus we found that rats with a total neuronal cell loss of the anterior-dorsal CA1 region showed memory performance impairments in the acquisition trials, in a probe trial, and in a reversal experiment. However, rats with only partial damage to the CA1 region did not exhibit significant impairments during the acquisition trials of the water maze test or in the probe trial and the reversal experiment. In conclusion, these results suggest that it is possible to relate the histological damage score of CA1 in the anterior-dorsal hippocampus to impaired memory performance in the present water maze setup.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Pigeons' spatial memory: II. Acquisition of delayed matching of key location and transfer to new locations.

Five hungry pigeons first received delayed matching of key location training. Trials began with a "ready" stimulus (brief operation of the grain feeder). Then one (randomly chosen) of a set of four keys from a three-by-three matrix was lit briefly as the sample. After a short delay (retention interval), the sample key was lit again along with one of the other eight keys. A peck at the key that had served as the sample produced grain reinforcement, whereas a peck to the other key produced only the intertrial interval. After delayed matching of key location was learned, the remaining five key locations were introduced as samples. Four of the five birds performed at considerably above-chance levels on the novel sample trials during the first as well as subsequent sessions. These results suggest that pigeons sometimes learn the single rule-"choose the location that matches the sample." The relevance of these results to the issue of whether pigeons learn a generalized matching rule (i.e., a concept of "sameness") is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Four-arm radial open maze (FAROM) as a tool for assessing the effect of atropine in spatial memory of the rats.

Place learning behaviour for working (short term) memory and reference (long term) memory is studied with the Four-arm radial open maze (FAROM) in 18 rats divided equally in three groups. In group I, 0.5 mg of atropine was injected intra-peritoneally 30 minutes before the trial. In group II, saline and in group III Glycopyrrolate were injected instead. Twenty three hours hungry animals were tested on each day in the maze to search for food kept in one of the eight cul-de-sacs of maze. The latency i.e. the time to reach the goal cul-de-sacs, as well as the error score i.e. the number of entries in the non-goal cul-de-sacs were counted during six consecutive trials, per day. Each trial duration was 5 minutes or the time taken by the animal to search the goal compartment whichever was less. The inter-trials period was 10 min and the work was carried out for a period of 3 weeks. The results show that atropine does block effectively both the memory faculties i.e. working and reference memory and that level of memory deficit induced by atropine is related to the rate of drug uptake by the central cholinergic receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of training on a spatial memory task on high affinity choline uptake in hippocampus and cortex in young adult and aged rats.

The relation of forebrain cholinergic function to learning and memory was explored by identification and characterization of a training-induced change in high-affinity choline uptake (HACU), an index of cholinergic activity. Young adult rats were trained to find an invisible escape platform in a water tank using environmental cues. After 4 d of this place-training (16 trials), hippocampal HACU was significantly reduced relative to that observed in rats trained to find a visible platform (cue-training), even when cue- and place-trained rats were yoked for swim time. These place- but not cue-trained rats showed significantly lower hippocampal HACU than did naive rats, and no effect of training was noted after only 1 d of training. Similar results were obtained in parietal cortex. These differential training effects on HACU correspond to previous reports that muscarinic blockade impairs place, but not cue, learning. A further experiment revealed that the decrease in HACU in hippocampus, but not in parietal cortex, occurred only during the acquisition phase of learning and was related to the rate of acquisition for individual animals. Hippocampal HACU in naive young and aged (24-27 months) rats did not differ, but the response of the septohippocampal cholinergic system to training was diminished in the aged rats. Old rats displayed impaired place learning and a corresponding dampening of the training-induced change in HACU. These results suggest that there is a task-specific engagement of cholinergic function in young animals that does not occur in behaviorally impaired aged animals, a finding that is consistent with a role for cholinergic dysfunction in memory impairments associated with aging.

Aging↗
PubMed1979

Short-term spatial memory deficits in men arrested for driving while intoxicated.

In the light of the fact that ethyl alcohol can cause damage to the brain, especially in the area of motor control, a study of the incidence of alcohol-related neuropsychological impairment in individuals arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) would be of great value. The authors report on 100 DWI offenders given a Memory-for Designs Test: 33% of the offenders were in the borderline range for organicity and a further 24% were in the critical range. Although they advise caution in interpreting these data, the authors point out a number of implications their analyses have for those interested in alcohol-related highway safety programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Human nerve growth factor improves spatial memory in aged but not in young rats.

The behavioral effects of human nerve growth factor (NGF) were assessed in Fischer-344 rats of two ages: 4 months old (4MO) and 23 months old (23MO). Recent memory was tested in delayed alteration (T maze), reference memory in a place discrimination (water maze), and sensorimotor skills in a battery of sensorimotor tasks. Each rat was preoperatively trained in each task, given either a control procedure (CON), or continuous infusion of human NGF via an osmotic minipump, and retested again 3 weeks later. Two doses of NGF were delivered: 40 micrograms and 160 micrograms (total amount infused over a period of 4 weeks). In 23MO-NGF rats, both doses improved performance in the recent memory task, and in some measures of the place learning task, but had no effect on sensorimotor skills. In 4MO-NGF rats, the low dose impaired performance in the recent memory task, but not in the place discrimination or in the sensorimotor tasks. These data indicate that human NGF can reverse age-related cognitive impairments in old rats. However, the present study also raises the issue of potential detrimental effects that NGF may exert in young normal subjects.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Short-term spatial memory in mice].

White mice were presented with two visually identical small cups, one containing a sugar solution, and the other a salt solution. After having once rejected in the course of search for sugar the cup with salt, the mice did not as a rule inspect it the second time, as is usually done by melliferous bees. With three of four cups, of which one contained a sugar solution, and the rest of salt solution, the number of repeated examinations sharply increased, still it did not attain that made by melliferous bees with the same number of objects. Hence, for the given class of problems, the behaviour of mice is superior to that of bees.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Determinants of spatial priming in environmental memory.

Spatial priming in recognizing objects in experimentally learned environments has been proposed as strong evidence for spatial organization of environmental memory. However, in all studies showing recognition priming effects, encoding and rehearsal contiguity may have coincided with spatial proximity, and thus priming may have been due to temporal associations formed during rehearsal, not encoded spatial relations per se. We investigated this question in four experiments, using a trip trial learning method in which temporal contiguity and spatial relations were independent. In Experiment 1, no spatial priming in recognition was found, even though indirect evidence suggested that subjects had encoded spatial relations. In Experiment 2, the trip trial method was compared with the free study procedure commonly used in previous priming studies. Spatial priming occurred only for free study subjects, even though the two groups were equivalent on direct measures of encoding accuracy. In Experiment 3, spatial priming in recognition was obtained with a modification of the trip trial method in which temporal and spatial contiguity were deliberately confounded. In Experiment 4, the unmodified trip trial method produced spatial priming in a location-decision task. Taken together, our results suggest that environmental memory may be spatially organized, but retrieval of object identities does not necessarily activate encoded spatial relations.

Adult↗